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PubMed1982

Exorcism and possession in psychotherapy practice.

There has been an evolution in the layman's concept of mental disorder. Medieval belief in possession by demons and witches gave way to a 19th century medical model and more recently classical psychoanalytic formulations. Concurrently professional helping endeavor has moved increasingly from a more traditionally medical to psychotherapeutic process, and from a classical psychotherapeutic process wherein the therapist remained to a degree unresponsive and detached to a more modern emphasis on such qualities as empathy, sensitivity, reliability, and optimism as ingredients of successful psychotherapeutic practice. Freud's account of Haizmann's demonological neurosis usefully formulates the possession concept in psychological terms. However, recent developments in psychotherapeutic practice argue for a validity in the possession model of psychological distress. The possessing forces of object relations psychology are of course not the possessing demons and witches of medieval times but the possessing good and bad objects of early intrapsychic life set up through processes of introjection and incorporation in response to frustration in the early infant-mother relationship. Points of similarity in this comparison should not obscure features of contrast--ther is no place for histrionic manipulation nor for a moralistic attitude in the practice of psychotherapy. A case is described to illustrate these points.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Interpersonal exposure to danger and risk-taking in the group therapy process].

The writer singles out from the complexities of the group psychotherapeutic process the dynamic pair: inter-personal exposure to danger and the taking of risk. According to his empirical experience and tests the degree of risk-taking is a good parameter for assessing the psychotherapeutic process. For this purpose the inter-action matrix devised by Hill proves itself most useful.

Humans↗
PubMed1988

Psychotherapy and the etiology of psychiatric disorders.

This paper compares two broad views of psychotherapy, the etiological and the rehabilitative. The etiological view is based on the premise that the psychotherapeutic process provides a basis for laying bare the causal link between 'deeply repressed' unconscious forces and the patient's current condition. Spence's critique of this position is based on drawing a distinction between narrative truth and historical truth, pointing out the persuasive or rhetorical power of a coherent synthesis of the material presented by the patient, regardless of its historical veracity. Michels also draws attention to this difficulty by pointing to Freud's discovery that reports from childhood were based not on fact, but on fantasies which re-emerge in the transference relationship. The proposal that the therapist provides a context more conducive to the resolution of childhood trauma implies that the trauma was fact and not fantasy. Frank has drawn the parallel between confession in a cueless vacuum with brainwashing techniques which result in the confession of non-events. Besides these difficulties, the etiological approach cannot establish the direction of supposed causality linking childhood events, repressed psychological forces and the patient's condition. The apparently consistent pattern of expectations, perceptions, behavior and 'defenses' may themselves be the effects rather than the causes of the patient's condition. The psychotherapeutic process is intrinsically incapable of deciding objectively between these possibilities. Grunbaum has emphasized this epistemological weakness in the etiological position. The author therefore proposes a more pragmatic, rehabilitative, view of the psychotherapeutic process. Psychotherapy that deals with the personal and social life of the patient may help to alter the circumstances that contribute to discomfort, or change behavior that leads to dissatisfaction, without any commitment to unproven etiological theories. In this sense, psychotherapy, like physiotherapy and rehabilitation, is non-specific and can be applied without making any assumptions regarding specific causal conditions or pathogenetic factors.

Fantasy↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The use of narrative data to inform the psychotherapeutic group process with suicide survivors.

While bereavement is considered by many to be among one of the most stressful life events, it becomes even more distressing when it is related to the suicide of a loved one. A synopsis of psychosocial outcomes of suicide survivor bereavement is presented along with an overview of group interventions designed to help these survivors cope with their grief. The structure of an ongoing eight-week bereavement support group is described to lay a foundation for the application of narrative theory within the group process. Using narrative theory and structural analysis, the discourse of group members is presented and various themes are discussed in an effort to contribute to the task of developing effective psychotherapeutic group interventions for survivors of suicide.

Adaptation, Psychological↗
PubMed1981

Units of observation and perspectives on the psychoanalytic process.

Over the past quarter century, brief segments of tape-recorded psychotherapy have become the most widely employed unit for the empirical investigation of the psychotherapeutic process. Our aim was to see how judgements based upon brief segments of tape-recorded psychoanalysis corresponded with judgements based upon the hours from which they were taken. Seven experienced psychoanalysts independently made clinical and quantitative judgements about 29 treatment-related variables on 24 five-minute segments excerpted from psychoanalytic sessions and on the 12 whole sessions from which they were taken. It was found that judgements about the major dimensions of the therapeutic relationship, i.e. transference, based upon segments did not correlate with judgements based upon entire sessions. Judgements based upon segments were less reliable and tended to isolate one participant from another. Judgements based upon sessions were more reliable and captured the basic dimensions of the treatment process, particularly as related to the transference and therapeutic relationship. These findings confirm the results of the only other reported study (Mintz & Luborsky, 1971) in which such comparisons were made and suggest that brief segments cannot be naïvely substituted for entire sessions for the study of the psychotherapeutic process.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

[Role of countertransference in complex psychotherapy].

The psychotherapist has a key position in any psychotherapeutic situation, participating in the psychotherapeutic process with all his personality and responding both consciously and unconsciously to the patient and the entire psychotherapeutic system. Countertransference consists of those actions and emotional manifestations on the part of the psychotherapist, which originate from his unconscious strata as a reaction to the overall situation. The existence of countertransference and its possible interference with, and perhaps adverse effect on, the psychotherapeutic process require close scientific and social controls. Also, it will be necessary to make "self-experience" psychotherapy (educational analysis) a required subject. Countertransference also has important perception- and empathy-promoting functions.

Countertransference↗
PubMed1999

[The role of Islam in the therapeutic rehabilitation process in raped women].

This paper is based on the author's experience from the psychotherapy group of raped women. The paper will present the flow of psychotherapeutic process of the group of women who were the victims of the massive rape during the aggression on Bosnia and Herzegovina. The rape of the women in B&H by the aggressor was a part of the strategy of the genocidal war that occurred recently. The role of Islam in our tradition is seen through the whole psychotherapeutic process. The Islam was the strongest therapeutic factor in the process of reintegration of the raped women's personalities.

Bosnia and Herzegovina↗
PubMed1992

[German version of the Vanderbilt Psychotherapy Scales: description and use in two brief psychotherapies].

The Vanderbilt-Psychotherapy-Scales appeared to be useful instruments for the identification of process characteristics determining the outcome of brief dynamic psychotherapies. The German versions of the two scales measuring important components of the psychotherapeutic process and of negative indicators are described in this article. It could be shown that--similar to the original versions--both scales can be used economically and that rater agreement soon reaches satisfactory levels. To demonstrate the potential use of the scales, their application in two different short term treatments are described which are presently analysed in a multi-center study of "single case oriented process research" using a variety of different methods. The example demonstrates that both scales are useful to discriminate both different theoretical foundations of the treatments as well as specific features of the patients and their therapists. The usefulness of the scales in a broader context is mainly based upon the experience that they reveal a lot of important informations about the psychotherapeutic process with a minimum of expense.

Anxiety Disorders↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Verbal and preverbal technics in residential psychotherapy (new therapeutic approaches to the patient with psychosomatic disorders)].

Many of patients with psychosomatic symptoms and patients of lower social strata do not possess the requirements to enter the psychotherapeutic process. They are not in the position for introspection, they need help to translate physical symptoms in a psychological and life history context. They have to undergo a labilisation process to reconceive the pre-determindes life situation. Here, inpatient psychotherapy is a valuable preparation and initiation to the psychotherapeutic process. In a therapeutic community informal contacts with other patients can provide stimulate facilitating the transposition of physical complaints. Concentrative movement therapy, group therapy and other methods are helpful for the psychosomatic patient. This results in a positive indication for patients regarded hitherto insuitable for psychotherapy.

Exercise Therapy↗
PubMed2005

From synapse to psychotherapy: the fascinating evolution of neuroscience.

This paper reviews neuroscientific advances across the therapeutic disciplines and outlines new potential insights into understanding the biology of the psychotherapeutic processes. In a quest to understand the modus operandi of psychotherapy, the author reviews the evolution of the biology of psychotherapy. The mechanisms involved in learning processes, such as memory and priming, attachment, and long-term consequences of early life trauma, demonstrate how brain structures can be affected by environmental changes. Finally, the author proposes that verbal and non-verbal aspects of the psychotherapeutic process mediate their therapeutic effects through biological changes as they work on primitive emotional reflexes and stimulate mentalization processes.

Emotions↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Psychotherapy and sociology: flirtation, marriage or divorce?

Psychotherapy and sociology are themselves products of mixed marriages; each experiences problems of identity and their children face problems of legitimacy. This paper considers the relevance of some sociological perspectives to the psychotherapeutic process, using the following analogies; (1) Flirtation: Why the attraction? 'going steady' or 'femme fatale'? (2) Marriage: Mutual enrichment, cross-fertilisation and new life? Examples of shared perspectives in the work of E. Becker, Erikson, Goffman etc. Influence of psychosocial contexts on psychotherapeutic processes. (3) Divorce: Too little shared life or too much destructive criticism? If the world within man and the world between men are interrelated, psychotherapy and sociology--although at times uneasy bedfellows--have much to give each other.

Psychotherapy↗
PubMed1981

Influence of the setting on a psychotherapeutic relationship in analytically oriented brief psychotherapy.

In this brief review, the author stresses the interest of short-term psychotherapy in the study of psychotherapeutic processes: through modifications of time and space factors of the cure (limited duration - face-to-face) one can appreciate better the influence of the setting on the nature of the process. By comparing the psychotherapeutic situation (face-to-face) to the psychoanalytic situation (back-to-face), the author highlights some specific features of psychotherapies, in particular the influence of the infraverbal language and its consequences on the cure. In a face-to-face situation for example, the subject unconsciously tries to incorporate the therapist in his ego, and this very powerful merging mechanism may hinder the evolutive process of the treatment. Some of the aspects examined apply to any doctor-patient-relationship.

Humans↗