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PubMed1982

Stool output and composition in the chronic non-specific diarrhoea syndrome.

Stool output and composition were studied in 7 children with chronic, non-specific diarrhoea syndrome and the results were compared with those of children with malabsorption due to cystic fibrosis or to bacterial overgrowth syndrome, and with stools from controls. Daily quantities of stool, fat, and total bile acids were normal in patients with chronic, non-specific diarrhoea syndrome. Faecal sodium concentration was high compared with that of controls or patients with cystic fibrosis. The extractable water phase of stools appreciably increased in patients with chronic, non-specific diarrhoea syndrome and contained 50% of the total stool bile acids; this was also the case in patients with bacterial overgrowth syndrome. It is suggested that a secretory state of the large-bowel due to mucosal exposure of large quantities of bile salts in the extractable water phase may be contributory to the diarrhoea of chronic, non-specific diarrhoea syndrome.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Drug Enforcement Administration--controlled substances in emergency kits for long term care facilities. Statement of policy.

The Drug Enforcement Administration has received numerous requests from State licensing and regulatory boards, pharmaceutical associations, and professional organizations concerning this agency's policy for the use and handling of controlled substances in emergency kits for patients in Long Term Care Facilities (LTCF). The Drug Enforcement Administration has determined that an amendment to current regulations is not necessary or desirable, in that LTCF's are not controlled premises under Federal law. However, issuance of a Statement of Policy will provide the individual State licensing and regulatory boards with general guidelines under which they may, in turn, promulgate specific rules for the use and handling of controlled substances in emergency kits in Long Term Care Facilities. Additionally, this course of action should improve health care services to such patients and decrease the quantities of controlled substances which might otherwise accumulate at Long Term Care Facilities which federally are non-registered locations.

Drug and Narcotic Control↗

PubMed1979

Preparation and characterization of large amounts of restriction fragments containing the E. coli lac control elements.

Large quantities of pure DNA fragments (789, 203 and 95 bp in length) containing the Escherichia coli lac controlling elements (operator, promoter, CRP binding site) were prepared from appropriate recombinant plasmids. High pressure liquid chromatography on RPC-5 or preparative sucrose gradient centrifugation was used to fractionate the pVH51 vector from the inserts. The fragments had few, if any, nicks or depurinated sites, and the majority of the fragment ends were intact. Absorbance-temperature profiles on the fragments showed multiphasic transitions.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2004

[Effects of the health sector reform upon tuberculosis control interventions in Valle del Cauca, Colombia].

Implementation of the General System of Social Security in Health (GSSSH) was initiated for the control of tuberculosis (TBC) in the state of Valle del Cauca, Colombia, between 1991-2000. A study of its effects was centered in 7 municipalities of Valle del Cauca with a complementary set of qualitative and quantitative techniques for data collection and analysis. A reduction in planning, control and regulation of TBC activities by state agencies was observed. New administrative structures and new funding sources did not produce the expected positive effects on tuberculosis control. Instead, the quantity and quality of tuberculosis control activity were reduced as a consequence of the health sector reform. In conclusion, GSSSH implementation affected negatively tuberculosis control activity.

Colombia↗

PubMed1984

Substance P immunoreactivity in the rat mammary nipple and the effects of capsaicin treatment on lactation.

Tissue concentrations of substance P immunoreactivity (SP-I) were measured in rat mammary nipples and were significantly greater than in ventral abdominal skin in nonpregnant and pregnant rats. In contrast, the concentration of nipple SP-I was lower than that of skin in twelve day lactating animals. The mean total SP-I content of the pooled twelve nipples from each rat was not significantly different in nonpregnant, pregnant or lactating rats. However, the mean weight of the pooled twelve nipples from each rat was significantly higher in the lactating rats than in pregnant rats. Immunohistochemistry revealed SP-I nerve trunks and single fibers throughout the nipples of lactating rats. Nerve fibers were observed among smooth muscle and along blood vessels throughout the dermis and in association with epidermal structures. Some SP-I fibers were also observed in association with the main lactiferous duct and mammary gland secretory parenchyma. Radioimmunoassay and immunohistochemistry of nipples from lactating rats treated with capsaicin as neonates revealed a marked depletion of SP-I. Rats treated with capsaicin as neonates had a normal gestation period and produced litters of normal size and birth weight. However, the litters of these lactating rats grew at a significantly slower rate than litters from controls. The quantity of milk obtained from capsaicin-treated lactating dams, following a one hour suckling period on the twelfth day of lactation, was significantly less than that obtained by litters of control dams. It is concluded that capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory nerves of the mammary nipple play a role in the afferent limb of the suckling reflex. One transmitter candidate for these nerves is substance P.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Computerized surveillance in clinical microbiology with time series analysis.

An automatic surveillance system to detect changes in the incidences of microorganisms diagnosed in the department of clinical microbiology has been developed. The program is incorporated into the laboratory computer system and gives a weekly list of microorganisms whose isolation rates compared with those of a previous period exceed a chosen limit. The system uses time series analysis with moving weighted averages, and the detection limit is based on the distribution of the residuals. Output from the system included information about potential outbreaks of gastroenteritis, nosocomial infection with Corynebacterium jeikeium, and a seasonal epidemic of respiratory syncytial virus. The system also listed organisms not commonly isolated in the laboratory and detected incorrect reports. We conclude that continuous surveillance of laboratory data with time series analysis is a valuable tool for epidemiologic surveillance and quality control. Large quantities of data may be screened.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2003

[Recent medication to renal osteodystrophy].

P control according to phosphorus (P) adsorbent by the medication to renalosteodystrophy (ROD) and the medical treatment by active vitamin D are main. Although the present calcium carbonate is used as P adsorbent, sufficient quantity to control P for hypercalcemia may be unable to be prescribed for the patient. The near future use of sevelamer hydrochloride under development which does not cause hypercalcemia will be attained at such a case. Although alphacalcidol and calcitriol are used for some time, the present clinical use of the vitamin derivatives which made calcitriol basic structure and made the action powerful, such as maxacalcitol and falecalcitriol, is developed and carried out. Thus, although the choice of vitamin D medical treatment increased by clinical use of much active vitamin D or its derivative having been attained and the adaptation range also spread, there is no view which now unified how such a medicine would be used properly. The validity to ROD, such as calcitonin, vitamin K, and bisphosphonates, is examined in addition to P adsorbent, or vitamin D and its derivative, and calcimimetics is developed as a new medicine.

English Abstract↗

PubMed1988

Growth factors, mitogens, cytokines, and bone morphogenetic protein in induced chondrogenesis in tissue culture.

Connective tissue outgrowths of neonatal muscle onto a substratum of bone matrix differentiate into cartilage in response to a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP). The BMP can be separated from bone matrix by extraction with 4 M guanidine hydrochloride (GuHCl) or degraded in situ by endogenous proteolytic enzymes to deactivate the matrix. Rat triceps muscle was minced in a suspension of noncollagenous bone matrix proteins including BMP (BMP/NCP) in culture medium. To investigate the possible synergistic interactions in induced chondrogenesis, six biosynthesized, highly purified growth factors were similarly added to the culture alone or in combination with BMP. Human interleukin-1 (IL-1) and Forskolin were also introduced to test the effects on BMP/NCP-induced chondrogenesis. On Day 14 of cultivation, [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA and [35S]sulfate incorporation into glycosaminoglycans (GAG) were measured, and the values were expressed as percentages of the control. The quantity of induced cartilage formation was estimated by a histomorphometric scoring system. Under the influence of BMP/NCP, cultures grew on deactivated matrix, incorporated 55% more [3H]thymidine into DNA, incorporated 115% more [35S]sulfate into GAG than control cultures, and differentiated into cartilage. Without BMP/NCP, growth factors, IL-1, and Forskolin did not produce a comparable incorporation of either [3H]thymidine or [35S]sulfate, and they induced differentiation of fibrous tissue only. In the presence of BMP/NCP, cartilage developed in nearly all cultures. When the media were supplemented with growth factors, measurable increases in uptake of [3H]thymidine occurred with human epidermal growth factor (h-EGF), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), nerve growth factor (NGF), transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta), bovine acidic fibroblast growth factor (baFGF), IL-1, bovine basic fibroblast growth factor (bbFGF), and Forskolin. Measurable increases in uptake of [35S]sulfate into GAG occurred with IL-1, baFGF, TGF-beta, h-EGF, IGF-1, bbFGF, NGF, and Forskolin. Synergistic interaction with BMP was considered when the quantity of cartilage developed (on a scale of 0-12 scores) in excess of the quantity of Score 4 induced by BMP/NCP alone. A cytokine, IL-1, had the greatest effect (Score 9). TGF-beta (Score 7), baFGF (Score 6), and NGF (Score 6) had relatively little effect. h-EGF, IGF-1, bbFGF, and Forskolin had no effect on cartilage development.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1979

[Regression of diabetic glomerular changes following islet transplantation. A study of rats with streptozotocin diabetes].

The precise etiology and pathogenesis of diabetic glomerulosclerosis still remain obscure. The aim of the present study was 1. to evaluate the morphologic and functional alterations of mesangial cells in long term diabetic rats and 2. to study the effect of islet transplantation on these lesions. Diabetes was induced in inbred Lewis rats with streptozotocin (65 mg per kg). 7 month later glomeruli of diabetic rats showed hyaline nodular deposits, exsudative lesions and glomerular aneurysms. The thickening of the mesangium measured by point counting method was statistically significant compared with age matched controls. Large quantities of IgG, beta 1c and fibrinogen in a predominantly mesangial pattern could be demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy. After injection of aggregated immunoglobulin the uptake of IgG by the mesangial cells was delayed in the diabetics compared with normal controls. Islet transplantation resulted in a marked reduction of the light microscopic and immunohistological glomerular lesions and restored the phagocytic capacity of the mesangial cells almost completely. From these results it is concluded, that the fundamental defect in diabetic glomerulosclerosis is a metabolically induced functional defect of the mesangial cells.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Federal and state regulation of opioids.

Federal and state policy governing opioids is discussed in relation to achieving balance between efforts to control drug abuse and maintain drug availability for legitimate medical purposes. Federal controlled substances law affirms the essential medical value of many drugs that are controlled substances, and states that opioids may be used for extended periods in treatment of patients with intractable pain. Providing opioids to addicts is otherwise unlawful unless the physician is separately registered to treat addiction. State laws, while they permit prescribing of opioids for pain, do not provide affirmative recognition of the medical value of controlled substances. Imprecise legal definition of terms allows patients to be confused with addicts. In addition, some states require physicians to report opioid-dependent patients to the government, regulate prescribing of Schedule II opioids more strictly, and limit the quantity of controlled substances that may be prescribed at one time. Recommendations are offered to revise state laws and to improve communication between health care professionals and regulators.

Analgesics, Opioid↗

PubMed1995

Morphological changes of the venous system in uremic patients. A histopathologic study.

UNLABELLED: Because of the decreased venous compliance in hypertensive dialysis patients, it was investigated whether their venous system exhibited structural abnormalities. Venous samples were taken during transplantation from the common and external iliac vein in 12 hypertensive and 6 normotensive uremic patients and from the distal inferior caval vein and the common iliac vein in 7 kidney donors and 5 autopsy patients without history of cardiovascular disease. The thickness of the venous media was significantly increased in hypertensive uremic patients as compared to controls, but did not differ between normotensive patients and controls. The quantity of medial collagen did not differ among the various groups. The smooth muscle content of the media was increased in 5 uremic patients (2 normotensive and 3 hypertensive patients), whereas almost no smooth muscle was observed in the media of controls. Intimal thickening was observed neither in uremic patients nor in controls. IN CONCLUSION: increased medial thickness in hypertensive dialysis patients could be an explanation for the decreased venous compliance previously found in these patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Mechanisms of airway epithelial ion transport.

Airway epithelia contain the transport mechanisms required to effect either chloride secretion or sodium absorption. Thus, depending on the local neurohumoral environment, they have the ability to either secrete or absorb fluid. Therefore, they are in a unique position to precisely regulate the quantity and composition of the respiratory tract fluid. The importance of the respiratory tract fluid as a pulmonary defense mechanism is clear. This point is emphasized by the substantial morbidity and mortality that result from abnormalities of airway epithelial function in controlling the quantity and composition of fluid in diseases such as cystic fibrosis and asthma, and in conditions such as cigarette smoking. Therefore, it is essential to understand the function of the epithelium, its regulation, and the mechanism of ion transport at the level of the individual transport processes on the two cell membranes. As our understanding of the mechanism of ion transport increases, we may be able to define a more rational therapy of disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Effect of immunologic reactions on rat intestinal epithelium. Correlation of increased permeability to chromium 51-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and ovalbumin during acute inflammation and anaphylaxis.

In these studies we compared jejunal permeability to two probes--chromium 51-labeled ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (51Cr-EDTA) (mol wt, 360) and ovalbumin (mol wt, 45,000)--under control conditions, during acute intestinal inflammation, and in response to systemic anaphylaxis. Acute inflammation was produced after infection with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis and rats were studied at day 0 (control), day 4 (early), day 10 (acute), and day 35 (postinfection). At the latter stage, immune rats were also studied during anaphylaxis induced by i.v. N. brasiliensis antigen. In each study, blood and urine were sampled over 5 h after the probes were simultaneously injected into ligated loops in anesthetized rats. In controls, small quantities (less than 0.04% and 0.002% of the administered dose for 51Cr-EDTA and ovalbumin, respectively) appeared in the circulation and plateaued at 1 h. During acute inflammation, the appearance of both probes continued to increase with time. Compared with controls, 5-h values for 51Cr-EDTA and ovalbumin were (a) significantly elevated at day 4 (p less than 0.005), (b) increased approximately 20-fold at day 10 (p less than 0.005 and less than 0.01, respectively), and (c) normal at day 35. Urinary recovery of 51Cr-EDTA followed the same pattern. During anaphylaxis, appearance of the probes in the circulation increased at 1 h to values approximately 10-fold those in controls (p less than 0.001 and less than 0.01, for 51Cr-EDTA and ovalbumin, respectively), and then declined. Urinary recovery of 51Cr-EDTA over 5 h was also significantly increased. We conclude that epithelial barrier function becomes impaired during both acute inflammation and anaphylaxis. In this rat model, gut permeability changes to 51Cr-EDTA reflect gut permeability changes to macromolecular antigens. If similar conditions exist in humans, urinary recovery of 51Cr-EDTA may be useful in monitoring intestinal abnormalities associated with inflammation.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Utilization of mathematical processing of retinal images with use of adaptive contrast control (ACC) method to detect quantity of vascular endings.

PURPOSE: The authors investigated whether the method of mathematical processing of retinal images with the use of a computer can be used to evaluate ocular background figures of patients with physiologic retinal findings. This method is based on identification of vascular endings in an examined retinal area. When the authors mention vascular endings, they do not refer to factual endings, but recognizable vascular endings; there are no endings in a vascular system. METHODS: Adaptive contrast control (ACC) method was used to determine a number of vascular endings. The method is based on mathematical processing of a digitized retina picture with the use of a computer. On a digitized retinal picture, the vascular system is identified with the use of the conditional erosion methodology, and the number of vascular endings is then determined. The ACC method was used to process a file of retinal pictures of 38 patients (76 eyes) with physiologic retinal findings. RESULTS: Based on the results of statistical analysis, the authors detected that the number of vascular endings showed a normal curve (Gaussian distribution, p=0.05). A tight correlation between quantities of vascular endings in the right and the left eyes was also detected, which means that the quantity of vascular endings in the right and the left eyes is in a very close correlation (p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The authors highlight that the curve of the number of vascular endings of patients with physiologic retinal findings shows a Gaussian distribution.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

In vitro and in vivo study in rats of rectal suppositories containing furosemide.

The aim of our experimental work was to formulate furosemide-containing rectal suppositories, to study drug release with in vitro membrane diffusion examinations and to increase drug liberation with the use of non-ionic surfactants (Solutol HS 15, Cremophor RH 60, Montanox 60 DF), which were incorporated in the suppository base in various concentrations. Suppocire AS2X proved to be the best suppository base (diffused drug: 69.78%). The use of 1% Cremophor RH 60 additive with the Witepsol H 15 base increased the quantity of the diffused drug from 62 to 75%. The membrane diffusion examinations were followed by studying the influence of suppository bases and additives exerted on the actual diuretic effect in Sprague-Dawley male rats. Once again the Suppocire AS2X suppository base gave the best results compared to the control; the quantity of the animals' urine showed a fourfold increase. Used with the Witepsol H 15 base, even 1% of all the three additives resulted in a considerable increase of diuretic effect, so their use proved to be advantageous. The comparison of the membrane diffusion examinations with the in vivo diuretic effect reveals that in vitro drug release and the pharmacological effect usually showed the same tendency, that is a greater extent of in vitro furosemide release was associated with a greater quantity of rat urine.

Administration, Rectal↗

PubMed2005

Functionalized polydiacetylene-glycolipid vesicles interacted with Escherichia coli under the TiO2 colloid.

The interaction of the conjugated system between functionalized polydiacetylene-glycolipid vesicles and Escherichia coli was investigated under the bactericidal effect of TiO(2) colloid. With various pre-incubation and irradiation time, controllable bacteria quantity in the presence of TiO(2) colloid was obtained in real time. UV-visible and Raman spectra were utilized to monitor and evaluate the structural transition of bacteria-polydiacetylene-glycolipid vesicles conjugated system under the different conditions, which supplied the detailed information of the transform of the polydiacetylene backbone in real time. Thus controllable conjugated bio-interaction between two bio-interfaces was obtained through the introduction of the third factor and monitored in real time. This would be great aid in fundamental understanding more complex interfaces in the biological environment and would be applicable to the biomedical and biophysical fields.

Acetylene↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of follicular fluid administration on serum bioactive and immunoreactive FSH concentrations and compensatory testosterone secretion in hemicastrated adult rats.

In adult rats, removal of one testis (hemicastration) results in an elevation of serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) concentrations and a compensation in testosterone secretion by the remaining testis without a corresponding increase in testis size. To determine whether changes in FSH secretion and compensatory androgen production are related, serum testosterone concentrations were measured after inhibin-rich porcine follicular fluid was administered twice daily for 4 days to block the hemicastration-induced rise in FSH. Both serum immunoreactive FSH (immuno-FSH) and bioactive FSH (bio-FSH) concentrations were increased 4 days after hemicastration. The significant increase in serum immuno-FSH in hemicastrated animals was prevented by follicular fluid administration, whereas the serum bio-FSH activity and biologic to immunologic (B/I) ratios were increased in follicular fluid-treated animals. The follicular fluid-induced reduction in serum immuno-FSH had no effect on serum testosterone secretion in hemicastrated rats. Serum inhibin concentrations were reduced 27% in hemicastrated rats compared with intact controls, while administration of exogenous follicular fluid increased serum inhibin concentrations. An elevation in serum immuno-FSH secretion after hemicastration apparently is not required for the compensatory testosterone response. However, the observation of increased bio-FSH in hemicastrated and follicular fluid-treated animals raises questions about the importance of FSH quality (bioactivity), rather than quantity, for controlling testicular steroidogenic activity.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

[Equipment for SARS control in patient care units and in units that process infected samples. 2003].

The information on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) that has been gathered up to this point has made it possible to prepare recommendations concerning the equipment needed to protect health workers responsible for patient care and for processing potentially infected samples. Protecting such personnel is a key element in the strategy to control the spread of SARS. The needed equipment includes clothing; footwear; such protective devices as masks, safety glasses, and gloves; disinfectant solutions; laboratory equipment; and materials for obtaining and transporting samples. Prepared by the Western Pacific Regional Office of the World Health Organization, this list will help implement measures to contain the epidemic. The list gives the recommended quantities, specifications for the items, and possible alternatives for some items. This list of equipment is not exhaustive; it is intended to provide a small emergency supply for a period of 3 or 4 days for a single isolation unit with approximately 50 workers. To guarantee the availability of the equipment in the needed quantities, infection control authorities should take into account the number of isolation units needed and the length of time that containment measures will need to be in place. Adequate reserves should be available 24 hours a day, and plans should be made for rapid access to larger stocks in the event of a larger outbreak.

Communicable Diseases, Emerging↗