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PubMed2004

Differentiation of Pasteurella multocida isolates from cases of atrophic rhinitis in pigs from Zimbabwe by RAPD and ribotyping.

Atrophic rhinitis in pigs is rarely reported in Southern Africa. To determine the relationship between Pasteurella multocida clones from clinical cases of atrophic rhinitis, twenty-one strains were characterised by selected phenotypic and genotypic methods. Biochemical analysis classified 18 strains as P. multocida subspecies multocida, whilst the remainder were grouped into separate unassigned biotypes. Capsular groups A (16/21) and D (l/21) were found among the isolates by PCR. Four ribotype patterns were obtained following HpaII ribotyping, whilst random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) revealed three main clusters. However, subclusters were also noted for each RAPD cluster. Our results indicate that RAPD offers a better discrimination of strains than ribotyping and that none of the phenotypic characters were directly related to the genotypic clusters.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Management of saddle nose deformity in atrophic rhinitis.

Correction of a saddle nose deformity due to atrophic rhinitis is a formidable task. The thick and puckered skin secondary to long standing disease makes the creation of a dorsal subdermal pocket difficult. On the one hand, these patients tolerate synthetic implants poorly and on the other they show an unusually high rate of absorption of autologous bone graft. Our experience of treating 15 patients with saddle nose deformity secondary to atrophic rhinitis is presented.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

A comparison of different challenge methods for induction of atrophic rhinitis in pigs.

Transmission and development of atrophic rhinitis (AR) was studied in 5- to 15-week-old pigs (Groups 2-7) originating from a herd free of AR, and compared to unexposed healthy pigs (Group 1), and pigs from a herd with endemic AR (Group 8). At the start of the trial, pigs in Groups 2-5 were challenged intranasally twice a week for 3 weeks with pure cultures of bacteria originating from the endemic AR herd: Nontoxigenic Pasteurella multocida type A (PmA) plus Bordetella bronchiseptica phase I (Bb) (Group 2); PmA + toxigenic Pm type D (PmD) (Group 3); PmD only (Group 4); and PmD + Bb (Group 5). Group 6 pigs were challenged with nasal wash of pigs from the endemic AR herd, and Group 7 pigs were challenged by being housed together in the same pen with Group 8 pigs throughout the study. Nasal swabs of all pigs were cultured 5 times during the study. Serum was collected at 6 weeks post challenge. Average daily gain (ADG) and turbinate lesions (turbinate gross lesions by visual scoring and by Turbinate Perimeter Ratio, TPR, scoring, and histopathological lesions) were measured at the time of slaughter at 15 weeks of age. Mean TPR value for the Group 1 pigs was 1.64, which was significantly (P less than 0.05) different from the mean TPR value of 0.58 for the pigs from the endemic AR herd (Group 8), the 0.79 value for Group 6 pigs, and 1.03 value for Group 7 pigs. Of pigs challenged with pure bacterial cultures, only Group 5 (PmD + Bb) developed significant AR (mean TPR = 1.24). Only one pig in each of Groups 2 and 3, and two pigs in Group 4 showed TPR values indicative of AR (TPR less than 1.30). However, histopathological examination showed that those pigs were recovering from the infection 7 weeks post challenge. Constant exposure to certain bacteria or other factors in nasal washings, stress of crowding or poor environmental conditions might be required to experimentally produce AR in 5-week and older pigs similar to that in naturally infected pigs. There was no relationship between turbinate lesions and the isolation frequency or quantity of PmA, PmD, or Bb. Antibody levels against PmA or PmD had moderate to high correlation with TPR values (r = -0.694 and -0.503 respectively). ELISA values also corresponded well with the type of bacteria inoculated in each group of pigs and appeared to be a sensitive test for PmA, PmD, and Bb infections in pigs.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Isolation of toxigenic Pasteurella multocida from an outbreak of atrophic rhinitis in pigs.

An outbreak of severe atrophic rhinitis is described. A toxigenic strain of P. multocida was isolated from one affected pig. Severe turbinate atrophy was not associated with significantly reduced bodyweight gain in a batch of 34 pigs examined at slaughter. The history of the outbreak suggested that pigs recently introduced from overseas may have been the source of the disease.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

Recombinant derivatives of Pasteurella multocida toxin: candidates for a vaccine against progressive atrophic rhinitis.

Potential vaccine components for protection against atrophic rhinitis in pigs were developed. This was achieved by deletion mutagenesis of the gene encoding the Pasteurella multocida toxin. Four purified toxin derivatives lacking different and widely separated regions in the amino acid sequence were characterized by a lack of toxic activity. One such component was shown to induce efficient protection of vaccinated female mice and their offspring against challenge with purified P. multocida toxin.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1995

[A preliminary study on etiology of atrophic rhinitis in Zunyi].

200 cases (households with atrophic rhinitis (AR) diagnosed from outpatients and mobile medical team as the AR group were studied. Another 200 cases (households) served as the control group, who were residents of countryside and members of a factory in Zunyi, and they have lived in Zunyi for more than 20 years. The subjects between the two groups were similar in age and sex. Each of these two groups was further divided into two groups, the opentype stove group (100 cases) and the closetype stove group (100 cases). The heritability (h2, 59.4 +/- 0.032%) was estimated by using the method of Falconer liability threshold. The concentration of SO2 in living environment was monitored with Parafuchsin colorimetry. The daily average SO2 concentrations have been drawn for comparison. The result showed that the SO2 concentration of living environment in AR group was significantly higher than that in control group (P < 0.01). We believe that the contraction and development of AR were determined by the combination of inheritance with environment. This fact suggests that AR may be transmitted in a multigenic and multifacterial modes.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

Experimental model of atrophic rhinitis in gnotobiotic pigs.

To study the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis, gnotobiotic pigs (n = 6) were inoculated intranasally with a sterile sonicate of a toxigenic strain of Bordetella bronchiseptica (0.16 mg of protein per ml) at 5 days of age, and they were then inoculated intranasally with 1 ml (5,250 CFU/ml) of a live, toxigenic strain of Pasteurella multocida at 7 days of age. Pigs were necropsied at 2, 5, 9, 14, 21, and 28 days postinoculation; those pigs necropsied after 5 days had developed turbinate atrophy. Other gnotobiotic pigs received the following inoculation protocols: (i) a sterile sonicate of a nontoxigenic strain of B. bronchiseptica (0.2 mg of protein per ml), followed by toxigenic P. multocida (n = 4); (ii) toxigenic P. multocida alone (n = 7); (iii) diluent (sterile tryptose broth) (n = 2); (iv) the sterile sonicate of toxigenic B. bronchiseptica alone (n = 2); or (v) the sterile sonicate of a nontoxigenic strain of B. bronchiseptica alone (n = 2). Turbinate atrophy did not occur in the latter groups except for one pig inoculated with only toxigenic P. multocida. These studies show that turbinate atrophy occurs in pigs given the toxigenic B. bronchiseptica sonicate and then given live, toxigenic P. multocida. This experimental regimen is a useful model for (i) studying the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis and (ii) testing vaccine strategies.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Patterns associated with season and facilities for atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia in slaughter swine.

Three slaughter checks were performed for each of 21 swine producers at 6-month intervals. Two slaughter checks were performed during the winter, and 1 slaughter check was performed during the summer. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia were evaluated during the slaughter checks. Two types of farrowing facilities and 4 types of grower/finisher facilities were used by the swine producers. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia were compared among seasons and among types of facilities. Lesions of both atrophic rhinitis and pneumonia varied with season. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis were more severe among hogs slaughtered in the summer, whereas lesions of pneumonia were more severe among hogs slaughtered in the winter. Lesions of atrophic rhinitis were more severe in hogs farrowed in central, enclosed farrowing houses and finished in enclosed, mechanically ventilated buildings than in hogs farrowed individually in sow huts and finished on dirt lots. Knowledge of disease patterns associated with season and facilities is useful for assessment of herd health status and for implementation of control programs.

Abattoirs↗
PubMed1983

Monitoring for atrophic rhinitis: five years' experience with a pilot control scheme.

A pilot control scheme for atrophic rhinitis was initiated in Britain by the Pig Health Control Association in January 1977. To qualify, herds must have maintained a low degree of turbinate damage and not shown clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis over a period of at least two years. Qualifying herds can import pigs only from other qualifying herds or via hysterectomy/hysterotomy methods. During the first five years, 45 herds qualified at some stage, and at the end of 1982, 34 herds (comprising about 7200 sows) were still listed. Although the scheme is not related to particular infectious agents, atrophic rhinitis has not appeared within it or in herds established entirely from listed herds, despite the fact that 31 of the 45 qualifying herds had imported stock from 15 other qualifying herds.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of nasal culturing procedures for the control of atrophic rhinitis caused by Bordetella bronchiseptica in swine.

Control of infectious atrophic rhinitis in swine breeding herds by culturing of 3 series of nasal swab specimens from each animal, with subsequent elimination of Bordetella bronchiseptica culture-positive animals, was evaluated. Thirteen of 17 (77%) B bronchiseptica-infected herds experiencing clinical atrophic rhinitis were feedic rhinitis were freed of clinical signs of the disease by the use of this nasal culturing procedure. In 15 of 23 (65%) B bronchiseptica-infected herds, pigs were cultured negative for this organism at 4 to 10 weeks of age.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Triosite implants and fibrin glue in the treatment of atrophic rhinitis: technique and results.

Nine patients with primary or secondary atrophic rhinitis were treated by narrowing of the nasal fossae using a new surgical technique (derived from the Eryes procedure) in which a Triosite and fibrin glue mixture is implanted via the labial vestibule route. The results were good or excellent in seven patients. No rejections occurred. Osseocoalescence, as evaluated by computed axial tomography at 6 months, was good. Inspiratory intrasnasal pain in patients with postsurgical atrophic rhinitis improved following the operation. The surgical technique, which is quick and easy to perform, avoids the discomfort of nostril closure or the implantation of grafts from other parts of the body. Complicated flap procedures are also avoided.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Computed tomographic findings in atrophic rhinitis.

Computed tomography (CT) has been used increasingly in the assessment of patients with symptoms of sinonasal disease since the introduction of functional endoscopic surgery for the treatment of chronic sinusitis. The association of sinusitis and atrophic rhinitis will inevitably lead to more frequent imaging of patients with atrophic rhinitis. Correct interpretation of the CT appearances of atrophic rhinitis is important as misinterpretation may have serious implications during sinus surgery. These appearances have not been described previously. We describe and discuss the CT findings in three patients with clinical evidence of atrophic rhinitis.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

Effect of Klebsiella ozaenae on ciliary activity in vitro: implications in the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis.

Klebsiella ozaenae is a gram-negative rod that has been isolated with relative frequency from patients with atrophic rhinitis. The relationship of this bacterium to the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis is not understood, and whether this bacterium is simply an opportunistic colonizer of the injured nose or the etiologic agent of the disease is unclear. This study was designed to investigate a potential role for bacterially produced cilioinhibition as a mechanism for the pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis.

Cilia↗
PubMed1993

[The effect of a Bordetella live vaccine on the occurrence and manifestation of atrophic rhinitis suum and the aerogenous infection burden in field strains of the agent].

A field study was carried out in a large scale unit for swine breeding and fattening with the object to influence the high morbidity rate of Atrophic Rhinitis and pneumonia with the help of a Bordetella live vaccine. The results show that it is possible to decrease the infectious pressure by B. bronchiseptica and to reduce the pathomorphological signs of Atrophic Rhinitis in consequence of the application of the live vaccine. The pathologic-anatomical investigations of nasal turbinates in immunized slaughtered fattening pigs show a significant lower morbidity concerning Atrophic Rhinitis and a higher percentage of pigs without changes at conchae nasales and septum nasi. We find also a lower contamination of the air with B. bronchiseptica field strains during vaccine application. The results also explain that a high infectious pressure by B. bronchiseptica and the possibility of communication between unvaccinated and vaccinated groups of pigs counteract a better efficiency of the vaccine. The decrease of the morbidity rate of Atrophic Rhinitis appears so much more important because toxicogenic Pasteurella multocida strains were isolated from nasal swabs of vaccinated pigs during the investigations. But these strains influenced the Atrophic Rhinitis frequency only accidentally. All results as a whole point out that in pig houses with a high animal density one has to pay more attention to virulent B. bronchiseptica strains than it was been done till now.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Altered cell mediated immunity in atrophic rhinitis.

Cellular immunity was studied in patients with atrophic rhinitis using the in vitro leucocyte migration and the spontaneous rosette tests. Cellular hypersensitivity to crude nasal homogenate was detected in 90 per cent of our cases as shown by inhibition of the leucocyte migration. The spontaneous rosette test showed a reduction in the number of T-cells forming rosettes which reflects a decrease in the absolute number of T-lymphocytes. This altered cellular reactivity or loss of tolerance to nasal tissues may be precipitated primarily by virus infection, malnutrition and/or immuno-deficiency which trigger a destructive auto-immune process with the release of antigen(s) of nasal mucosa into the circulation.

Adolescent↗