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Results for “RINDERPEST”

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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed1999

Rinderpest vaccination and the incidence and development of trypanosomosis in cattle.

An investigation was made into whether recent vaccination of cattle with tissue culture rinderpest virus would cause immunosuppression and lead to more frequent or more severe infection with trypanosomes in animals grazing in tsetse-infested areas. Herds of cattle on Galana Ranch in Kenya were divided, with approximately half of each herd being vaccinated with tissue culture rinderpest virus strain Kabete 'O', while the rest remained unvaccinated. The herds were then exposed to the risk of natural infection with trypanosomes on the ranch. Three experiments were performed during different seasons. Infections with Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax were frequently detected but there was no evidence that vaccinated animals were more likely to acquire trypanosome infections or to show a more severe disease than unvaccinated cattle. It is concluded that tissue culture rinderpest vaccine does not cause immunosuppression and can safely be used in cattle likely to be exposed to tsetse flies and trypanosomosis.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Mapping of T-helper epitopes of Rinderpest virus hemagglutinin protein.

Rinderpest virus (RPV) is a highly contagious and often fatal disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by rinderpest virus of the genus Morbillivirus under the family Paramyxoviridae. Hemagglutinin (H) and fusion (F) proteins of this enveloped virus confer protective immunity against experimental challenge with virulent rinderpest virus. We have earlier demonstrated that immunization with a single dose of recombinant extracellular baculovirus expressing H protein elicits H-specific humoral and lymphoproliferative responses in cattle. The lymphoproliferative responses are predominantly BoLA class II restricted. In this work, we have analyzed lymphoproliferative responses of peripheral lymphocytes from immunized cattle to truncated H protein fragments expressed in E. coli for locating domains harboring Th epitopes. One region (aa 113-182) recognized by immune T cells is conserved in the H protein of measles virus, which was earlier shown to contain a dominant Th epitope in mouse. Synthetic peptides within this region of measles virus H protein were used to identify a Th epitope conserved in the H protein of RPV virus (aa 123-137) in cattle. A second Th epitope located at the C-terminus of RPV-H was mapped to the region corresponding to aa 512-609 using truncated protein fragments expressed in E. coli. The C-terminal epitope (aa 575-583) was mapped using synthetic peptides corresponding to measles virus H as well as RPV-H protein.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Recombinant rinderpest vaccines expressing membrane-anchored proteins as genetic markers: evidence of exclusion of marker protein from the virus envelope.

Rinderpest virus (RPV) causes a severe disease of cattle resulting in serious economic losses in parts of the developing world. Effective control and elimination of this disease require a genetically marked rinderpest vaccine that allows serological differentiation between animals that have been vaccinated against rinderpest and those which have recovered from natural infection. We have constructed two modified cDNA clones of the vaccine strain RNA genome of the virus, with the coding sequence of either a receptor site mutant form of the influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) gene or a membrane-anchored form of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) gene (ANC-GFP), inserted as a potential genetic marker. Infectious recombinant virus was rescued in cell culture from both constructs. The RPVINS-HA and RPVANC-GFP viruses were designed to express either the HA or ANC-GFP protein on the surface of virus-infected cells with the aim of stimulating a strong humoral antibody response to the marker protein. In vitro studies showed that the marker proteins were expressed on the surface of virus-infected cells, although to different extents, but neither was incorporated into the envelope of the virus particles. RPVINS-HA- or RPVANC-GFP-vaccinated cattle produced normal levels of humoral anti-RPV antibodies and significant levels of anti-HA or anti-GFP antibodies, respectively. Both viruses were effective in stimulating protective immunity against RPV and antibody responses to the marker protein in all animals when tested in a cattle vaccination trial.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Prevalence of rinderpest antibodies in sheep and goats in southern India.

Rinderpest antibodies were demonstrated in 37 per cent of 2400 sheep and 29.5 per cent of 1000 goats in the southern states of India by the avidin-biotin enzyme linked immunosorbent assay technique. This technique, besides quantifying rinderpest antibodies, has provided a simple method for the differentiation of positive and negative serum samples on the basis of the development of a pink colour, a great advantage in the screening of large numbers of sera for field epidemiological studies. The presence of the antibodies in apparently healthy small ruminants is of great significance in the context of the control of rinderpest in India.

Animals↗

PubMed1967

Colostral transfer of rinderpest neutralizing antibody to offspring of vaccinated dams.

The transfer of maternal antibodies to Friesian and buffalo calves born of dams vaccinated against rinderpest was through colostrum only. Colostral antibody titers at the time of parturition were higher than the serum titer. Two hours after suckling, a high level of rinderpest neutralizing antibodies was detected in the sera of newborn animals. The half-life of maternal antibodies in buffalo and Friesian calves was found to be approximately 33 and 29 days respectively. By the age of 7-8 months, 60 per cent of buffalo calves and 80 per cent of Friesian calves had no detectable levels of rinderpest neutralizing antibody.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Detection of rinderpest virus antigens in vitro and in vivo by direct immunofluorescence.

Cell-culture attenuated and virulent strains of rinderpest virus (RV) were inoculated on to bovine kidney cell cultures. A direct immunofluorescent antibody test detected RV antigens in cell cultures within one to three days after inoculation whereas RV cytopathic effects usually took three to nine days to develop. Cells containing RV antigens were also detected in impression smears and frozen sections of tissues collected from RV infected animals at post mortem examination, and in smears of lymph node biopsies taken from cattle with clinical rinderpest. These techniques may offer additional methods for rapid diagnosis of rinderpest.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Stabilization of rinderpest vaccine by modification of the lyophilization process.

Rinderpest (RP), a lethal disease of cattle, was almost eradicated from the African continent under Joint Project 15 (JP15), using an excellent modified live virus vaccine. Due to marked instability of the vaccine, a cold chain was required to ensure that the vaccine was potent at the time of application. Rinderpest re-emerged in the early 1980s. The Pan African Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) was developed to combat the new epidemic. For PARC to be efficacious and affordable, there was a clear need to have a vaccine that was thermostable. The need for a stable vaccine was underscored in politically unstable areas such as the Sudan, where the veterinary infrastructure has diminished and vaccination has been left in the hands of personnel who must act expeditiously. This paper reviews studies on various stabilizers and a modified lyophilization cycle that resulted in a highly thermostable RP vaccine. The useful shelf life of the vaccine, under African field conditions, was increased from less than one week to at least 100 days. For practical reasons, PARC recommends that the vaccine be used within 30 days of leaving refrigeration (the cold chain).

Africa↗

PubMed1987

A recent outbreak of rinderpest in East Africa.

Rinderpest was brought under control in Kenya in 1976 but in April 1986 an outbreak of the disease occurred in cattle in Western Kenya, five kilometres from the Kenya-Uganda border. This was the first confirmed field outbreak of the disease in Kenya after a lull of over 10 years. Clinical disease was confined to unvaccinated zebu calves aged six to eight months from which rinderpest virus was isolated. High titres of antibodies to rinderpest virus were demonstrated in sera collected from sheep and goats that were grazing together with the affected cattle herds; there was, however, no evidence of clinical disease in these small ruminants and wildlife species in the affected area. The disease outbreak was rapidly stamped out by quarantine and vaccination.

Africa, Eastern↗

PubMed1984

Serological studies with peste des petits ruminants and rinderpest viruses in Nigeria.

One hundred and ninety-five goat and 67 sheep sera collected from various parts of southern Nigeria were screened for neutralising antibodies to both the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and rinderpest viruses. Neutralising antibodies against both viruses were found in the sheep and goat sera examined. Parallel titration of samples which neutralised both viruses indicated a primary infection with the PPR virus (PPRV). However, some samples which failed to neutralise PPRV neutralised the rinderpest virus (RV) indicating RV activity in sheep and goats in Nigeria. These findings are discussed in relation to the diagnosis of PPRV infection and the recent reappearance of bovine rinderpest in Nigeria.

Animals↗

PubMed1977

Studies on the methods of preparation of rinderpest hyperimmune sera in rabbits.

The procedures for the preparation of the rinderpest hyperimmune sera in rabbits were studied by comparing the sera from rabbits immunised by three different schedules of inoculations. The best sera for use in immunodiffusion tests were obtained from rabbits inoculated first with rinderpest hyperimmune serum and lapinised virus, and then with lapinised virus mixed with oil adjuvant twice at weekly intervals. Those rabbits which received additional one or two intravenous inoculations with lapinised virus yielded satisfactory sera for use in the diagnosis of rinderpest by immunodiffusion technique.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Analysis of the polypeptides synthesized in rinderpest virus-infected cells.

We have identified, by [35S]methionine labeling, eight major induced proteins and a number of minor proteins in rinderpest virus-infected bovine kidney cells. The polypeptides ranged in molecular weight from 212 to 21.5 kDa. The majority of these polypeptides are virus specific, as demonstrated by immunoprecipitation with rabbit hyperimmune serum against rinderpest. Infected cells radiolabeled with glucosamine contained a 75-kDa polypeptide and a broad band migrating at 80 kDa, both identified as virus specific by immunoprecipitation. Phosphorylated virus-specific proteins of 65 kDa and a complex of polypeptides at 92.5 kDa were also identified. Monospecific and monoclonal antibodies against measles virus and canine distemper virus hemagglutinin, fusion protein, nucleocapsid protein, and phosphoproteins confirmed the identity of the corresponding rinderpest virus-specific polypeptides.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Synthesis of leader RNA and editing of P mRNA during transcription by rinderpest virus.

Purified rinderpest virus was earlier shown to transcribe in vitro, all virus-specific mRNAs with the promoter-proximal N mRNA being the most abundant. Presently, this transcription system has been shown to synthesize full length monocistronic mRNAs comparable to those made in infected cells. Small quantities of bi- and tricistronic mRNAs are also synthesized. Rinderpest virus synthesizes in vitro, a leader RNA of approximately 55 nucleotides in length. Purified rinderpest virus also exhibits RNA editing activity during the synthesis of P mRNA as shown by primer extension analysis of the mRNA products.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Prospects for the total eradication of rinderpest.

Rinderpest, a major economic problem of Africa and Asia, is a highly contagious viral disease of cattle and buffalo with greater than 90% mortality in susceptible herds. We have developed an effective vaccinia virus recombinant vaccine for rinderpest which protects cattle against challenge by more than 1000 times the lethal dose of the virus. The vaccine circumvents the major logistical problems of the Plowright tissue culture vaccine that occasioned previous failures to eradicate rinderpest by vaccination. The recombinant can easily be propagated and administered by scarification, using methods employed in the world-wide eradication of smallpox. More importantly, the lyophilized form of vaccinia virus is thermostable and does not require maintenance of the cold chain, a distinct advantage in the hot and arid regions of Africa and Asia.

Animals↗

PubMed1995

Protection of goats against peste des petits ruminants with recombinant capripoxviruses expressing the fusion and haemagglutinin protein genes of rinderpest virus.

Goats were protected against a lethal challenge of peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus following vaccination with a recombinant capripoxvirus containing either the fusion (F) gene of rinderpest virus or the haemagglutinin (H) gene of rinderpest virus. The H gene recombinant produced high titres of neutralizing antibody to rinderpest virus in the vaccinated goats, whereas the F gene recombinant failed to stimulate detectable levels of neutralizing antibody. A similar response to the two recombinant vaccines has previously been reported for cattle. Neither recombinant produced detectable levels of specific antibodies to PPR virus.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

Comparison of rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants viruses using anti-nucleoprotein monoclonal antibodies.

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were obtained using a purified preparation of the RBOK strain of a rinderpest vaccine virus. The cytoplasmic immunofluorescent staining test showed that these clones had specificity for the nucleoprotein (N) of the virus. Six clones which immunoprecipitated the N protein corroborated these results. Thirteen anti-N MAbs were used to compare geographically widespread rinderpest viruses (RPV) and peste des petits ruminants viruses (PPRV) to two other morbilliviruses, measles (MV) and canine distemper (CDV). The N protein antigen profiles of the 23 isolates determined by immunofluorescent staining and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) on infected cells enabled us to classify the strains into groups. A differential identification of the morbilliviruses can be made using one MAb or associations of the MAbs. The potential to distinguish between RPV and PPRV and between virulent and avirulent strains of rinderpest is of primary interest.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Effect of single amino acid mutations in the conserved GDNQ motif of L protein of Rinderpest virus on RNA synthesis in vitro and in vivo.

The paramyxovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase consists of two subunits, the transcription co-factor phosphoprotein P and the large protein L, which possesses all the catalytic functions such as RNA synthesis (both transcription replication), methylation, capping and polyadenylation. The L protein has high sequence homology among the negative sense RNA viruses. The domains and residues on the L protein involved in the above-mentioned activities are not well defined, although the role of conserved GDNQ motif of the putative catalytic centre of L protein of few related viruses have been examined. In order to gain insight into the role played by the GDNQ motif of the L protein of Rinderpest virus (RPV), we have examined mutations at each amino acid in this motif of the L protein of Rinderpest virus and tested the biological activity in vivo and in vitro. Site directed mutants were generated and transiently expressed in mammalian cells and were shown to interact with P protein similar to wild type L. The biological activity of mutant L proteins has been tested in an in vitro reconstituted system capable of carrying out cell-free RNA synthesis on synthetic Rinderpest N-RNA template. Further, the role played by individual amino acids has also been defined in vivo using an in vivo minigenome replication/transcription system which indicated the importance of this conserved sequence in viral RNA synthesis.

Amino Acid Motifs↗

PubMed1998

Seroepidemiology of rinderpest in bovids in Sri Lanka using the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique.

Approximately 0.2% (n = 4397) of the bovids (cattle and buffalo) in Sri Lanka were sampled, from June 1992 using a multi-stage sampling procedure. Serum antibodies for the rinderpest virus were detected using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The age, the agroclimatic zone, the management system practiced in the farms, and the vaccination history of the sampled bovids were studied as potential risk factors for being seropositive. The prevalence of rinderpest antibodies in non-vaccinated bovids was 3.5% (n = 4101). The prevalence was higher in the dry zone (9%; where the outbreak emerged in 1987), compared to bovids in the other zones (1%). Seropositive bovids over three years of age were approximately at fourfold higher chances of being seropositive compared to those that were < or = 3 years old. The higher prevalence in older animals is probably due to exposure to the virus during the 1987 epidemic. Bovids from the dry zone (annual rainfall 20 to 35 inches) were at higher odds of being seropositive even after controlling for the possible effects of age, agroclimatic zone, management system and vaccination. The fact that 62% of bovids from the dry zone in this study were reared under extensive management system (free grazing) which allow unrestricted contact between animals, may be the reason for the above finding. A relatively poor response to vaccination observed in vaccinated bovids (seroprevalence = 12%; n = 296) could be attributed to difficulties in maintaining the vaccine at recommended temperatures in the field. This is the first island-wide study on seroprevalence of rinderpest in Sri Lanka.

Animals↗

PubMed2003

Oral immunization of cattle with hemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus expressed in transgenic peanut induces specific immune responses.

Rinderpest is an acute, highly contagious often fatal disease of large and small ruminants, both domestic and wild. Global eradication of rinderpest needs a robust, safe and cost-effective vaccine. The causative agent, rinderpest virus (RPV) is an important member of the genus Morbillivirus in the Paramyxoviridae family. We have generated transgenic peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) plants expressing hemagglutinin protein of RPV and report here, the induction of immune responses in cattle following oral feeding with transgenic leaves expressing hemagglutinin protein without oral adjuvant. Hemagglutinin-specific antibody was detected in the serum as confirmed by immunohistochemical staining of virus-infected cells, and in vitro neutralization of virus infectivity. Oral delivery also resulted in cell-mediated immune responses.

Adjuvants, Immunologic↗