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PubMed2001

Roman Catholic couples: wrath and religion.

Qualitative methods were used to research the effects of the religious beliefs and practices of ten Roman Catholic couples on the ways in which they managed anger and conflict in their marital relationship. The couples were interviewed separately, twice each, using Grounded Theory techniques in the first, semi-structured interview, and Repertory Grids in the second. Religious beliefs supported a broad range of positions on anger management from self-control through to the thoughtful expression of anger. It is suggested that religious beliefs and practices can be thought of as expanding or restricting "space" by reducing the intensity of anger experienced and by providing an opportunity for reflection which enabled participants to take greater responsibility for their part in conflicts. The relationship with God affected the "space" in the couple relationship by meeting some of the unmet needs of individuals and by detouring anger away from the spouse to God where it was felt to be safely contained. This procedure was used more by wives; their husbands seemed more often to fear and avoid conflicts and the expression of anger. Links were made between the marital relationship and the relationship with God. It was proposed that these systems are both evolving interactively with changes in one resulting in changes in the other. However, there can be a delay before changes in one system can be integrated with conflicting beliefs or practices in the reciprocal system, which may result in ambivalent attitudes toward anger and conflict. Clinical implications and directions for future research were suggested.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1980

The analysis of interpersonal perceptions as a repertory grid.

In order to set goals and evaluate progress in therapy with couples it is important to begin with a clear formulation of the problem. The technique described provides quantitative data on three aspects of a relationship. Firstly, the extent to which a couple are in fact using a common language. Second, the extent to which they agree, understand each other's point of view, and realize how they are understood. Thirdly, the differences between their perception of the present and their goals for themselves and one another in the future. The investigation uses personal constructs elicited from the couple and the results are analysed as a repertory grid. Summary measures provided by the grid analysis organize the large amount of data and provide a general context for understanding the relationship within which particular aspects can be identified for more detailed analysis.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Assessing patients' preferences for treatments for angina using a modified repertory grid method.

A current popular theme in medicine concerns whether and how patients should be involved in treatment choice. Assuming patient involvement is desirable, how should one go about eliciting preferences? A variety of quantitative and qualitative methods exist that may be used for this purpose, one of which is the repertory grid method. This method involves eliciting constructs (reasons) for preferences through comparing sets of three options. This method allows the structured elicitation of the reasons behind individual preferences, but also, when used with generalised procrustes analysis (GPA), allows aggregation of individual data to reveal general preference patterns. In this study the repertory grid method was used to examine patient preferences for angina treatments with the goal of, first, gaining some understanding of general patterns of patient preference, and second, examining the likely utility of the technique in this setting. A sample of 21 patients with mild and stable angina from two general practices in Norfolk, UK was interviewed using the repertory grid method to elicit the constructs underlying their preferences amongst seven angina treatments (including 'no treatment'). Individualised questionnaires were then produced and sent to the patients for self-completion, which required rating the extent to which each construct was relevant for each treatment (scored on visual analogue rating scales). Analysis of the ratings, using GPA, showed that the constructs clustered around two dimensions: 'some treatment' versus 'no treatment', and drug treatment versus surgical treatment. While some treatment was generally preferred to no treatment, individuals varied in preference for drug treatments or surgical treatments. Although the latter were generally perceived as 'effective' they were also perceived, for example, as 'invasive', 'frightening', related to 'negative experiences', and being more appropriate for when symptoms are severe ('proportionate'). We consider the implications of these results for involving patients in choosing amongst treatments.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Idiogrid: software for the management and analysis of repertory grids.

Idiogrid is a computer program for analyzing repertory grids in both research and applied settings. With this software, which runs under the Windows operating system, grids of virtually any size can be managed and analyzed. Grids can be transformed, manipulated, merged, and subjected to a host of statistical analyses. Descriptive statistics, principal components analysis, grid comparison techniques, and coordinate grid analysis are all available in the software. A number of indices commonly applied to repertory grids are also computed by Idiogrid, such as measures of ordination, cognitive complexity, and intensity. Text output as well as high-resolution graphics are produced by the software, and grids themselves can be exported to other statistical programs for further analysis.

Humans↗

PubMed1986

Self-esteem in depression: a controlled repertory grid investigation.

Repertory grids were used to investigate self-esteem and social perception in three groups: depressed in-patients, non-depressed psychiatric in-patients and a general hospital control group. Depression was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory. Depressives had significantly lower self-esteem and more negative social perception and negative feelings associated with 'actual self', as predicted by Beck's cognitive theory. Repertory grids are potentially useful tools for the development of cognitive theories of depression, and may also have a role in clinical practice using cognitive techniques.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

The reflective dialogue and repertory grid: a research approach to identify the unique contribution of nursing, midwifery or health visiting to the therapeutic milieu.

This paper seeks to demonstrate the use of two research methods within the interpretive paradigm: the reflective dialogue and the repertory grid. At first sight, the use of these two methods might appear contradictory; however this paper seeks to demonstrate the complementary fashion in which both techniques elicit rich and contextualized data. Both methods use extended interviews to illuminate practitioners' perceptions about their unique contribution to the therapeutic milieu. The approach primarily seeks to identify how practitioners' perceptions alter in the light of contextual change and seeks to enable practitioners to identify their developmental needs to meet future challenges. Fundamental assumptions underpin the approach: reciprocity, the equality of researcher and participant, and that research can be an act of empowerment and education. These issues are explored throughout the paper which closes with an invitation to add to the debate about the evolution of such an approach.

Community Health Nursing↗

PubMed1975

A technique for measuring outcome in group psychotherapy.

A technique for measuring a patient's progress and outcome in group psychotherapy is presented. The various measured parameters are derived from the Symptom Check List plus individualized repertory grid rating scales. This measurement model was tested on an out-patient group over 18 months and shows potential as a device for measuring outcome in diverse types of psychotherapy groups.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

[Relations between intrapsychic and familial structures in schizophrenic patients].

The authors present the results of a research project that points out the connections of the clinical signs of schizophrenia with the intrapsychic space referring to the repertory-grid test and with the circumplex model of family dimensions (Olson-Faces II). The acute psychotic episode was connected with characteristic arrangements of the representational elements in groups and with disintegration of the family rules system. Also the postpsychotic phase displayed a characteristic constellation of the representational elements in the repertory-grid test. The results of the research project underline the important role of the affects during both the acute and the postpsychotic phase of schizophrenia as organizing and integrating factors of the affective-cognitive reference system described by Ciompi.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1981

Psychological change in neurotic depression: a repertory grid and personal construct theory approach.

Personal construct theory and repertory grid methodology were applied to a study of psychological change experienced by a sample of ten neurotic depressives and their matched controls during short-term hospitalization. All subjects completed a repertory grid and the Zung depression scale on admission to hospital. Depressives were characterized by lower self-esteem, more negative social perception and higher scores on the Zung scale. Both measures were repeated at the time of discharge from hospital. Depressives showed a significant reduction in depressive mood, more positive social perception, and a change in th construing of the self; controls showed no changes. It is argued that the use of a quantitative assessment technique reinforced by a theoretical framework results in a more refined understanding of psychological change.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Self-hypnosis in chronic pain. A multiple baseline study of five highly hypnotisable subjects.

The efficacy of self-hypnosis in the treatment of chronic pain was evaluated using a multiple baseline design for five patients referred to the Auckland Hospital Pain Clinic. Subjects were selected for high hypnotisability using the Stanford Hypnotic Clinical Scale. Daily records of pain intensity, sleep quality, medication requirements, and self-hypnosis practice were completed. At four research interviews the Health Locus of Control survey, the McGill Pain Questionnaire, and the Illness Self Concept Repertory Grid (ISCRG) were administered. Subjects also reported on daily activities and quality of life. Postal follow-up assessment occurred after 2 years. Two subjects reported overall improvement, two demonstrated little change in condition, although self-hypnosis was effective on some occasions, and one subject experienced deterioration in her condition. The patients showed an increase in personal locus of control and a shift of self-concept away from physical illness on the ISCRG. The results suggest that self-hypnosis can be a highly effective technique for some patients with chronic pain but not for all. Selection criteria and clinical factors other than hypnotisability need to be considered in further research, since even highly hypnotisable subjects may derive limited benefit from self-hypnosis.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Reliability of coordinate grid data.

The reliability of data obtained from a modified repertory grid procedure was examined. The coordinate grid, developed by Chambers (1983), measures the logical inconsistency and integrative complexity of an individual's view of different people. 56 college students completed two forms of the coordinate grid on each of two testing occasions. Analysis indicated low reliability for measures of both logical inconsistency (r = -.04) and integrative complexity (r = .31) with respect to the people entered into the grid. The test-retest results were better (r = .51 for logical inconsistency; r = .35 for integrative complexity) but still well below acceptable reliability. Hence, generalizations beyond a particular grid may be unwarranted.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Identification of criteria for the prioritisation of patients for elective general surgery.

OBJECTIVE: A single visual analogue scale is used in New Zealand to prioritise patients for elective general surgery. Although it reflects clinical judgement, it has been criticised for its lack of transparency. We wished to elicit generic criteria used by surgeons for prioritisation of patients for elective general surgery in order to improve the transparency of the visual analogue scale. METHODS: Semi-structured interviews were undertaken with 15 general surgeons. Using the repertory grid method, surgeons were asked to explain their rationale for distinguishing between patients they considered a high, medium or low priority for treatment. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and analysed for themes. The accuracy of the thematic analysis was checked using a five-point Likert scale to assess surgeons' agreement with the identified themes. Further testing to check for face, content and construct validity was undertaken with a purposive sample of six surgeons prioritising patient vignettes. RESULTS: Eight major themes were deduced: diagnosis; treatment; patient characteristics; symptomatology and sequelae to date; future complications; quality of life; psychological/emotional impact; and socio-political/logistic factors. The utilisation of these themes by surgeons was confirmed. Tests of collinearity indicated good content validity. Factor analysis confirmed the hypothesis of one underlying construct, namely priority. CONCLUSION: Seven of the themes became the basis for a new clinical priority assessment criteria tool using visual analogue scales to determine priority of patients for elective general surgery. Further testing of reliability and validity is needed.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗