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Results for “Return Migration”

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PubMed1991

Sequential migration theory and evidence from Peru.

"The standard human capital model of labor migration has been successful in explaining several empirical regularities of the migration process. However, there are a number of empirical facts that have not yet been explained or empirically tested; among them, that migrants usually perform more than one move in their lifetime; return migration accounts for a very important share of total migration rates; and there is a high positive correlation between in- and out-migration rates in the more advantageous regions. This paper presents both a simple model explaining these facts and an empirical analysis using data from Peru."

Americas↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The elderly and international migration in Canada: 1971-1986.

"This paper addresses issues of elderly immigrants in Canada within two areas: their characteristics as immigrants and their contribution to the social phenomenon of the aging of the Canadian population. The patterns of net immigration of persons aged 60 years and over are identified according to sex, age and place of origin of immigrants.... Emigration of this group is studied separately. The results of the analysis demonstrate that the elderly immigrant population displays migration patterns significantly different from that of the total immigrant population. Older immigrants participate even more extensively than their younger counterparts in the process of remigration or return migration. As a consequence, an increase of the proportion of older immigrants...does not necessarily accelerate the aging of the Canadian population." (SUMMARY IN ITA)

Adult↗

PubMed1996

[From Ivory Coast to Italy. Burkina Faso migration patterns and national interests].

"Ivory Coast represents nowadays the first immigration country of West Africa.... The movement of Burkinabe migrants [from Burkina Faso], Bissa in particular, from Ivory Coast to Italy does not improve the fundamental instability.... Italian restrictive immigration policy, at the beginning of the 1990s, in accordance with [the] Schengen agreement, has progressively prevented Burkinabe immigrants from obtaining a regular status, which would assure them of basic rights.... New Italian laws, like the French immigration policy of the mid 1970s, are in fact discouraging return migration and fostering stable migration with the relevant integration policy for those, a small number indeed, who are granted a residence permit." (SUMMARY IN ENG)

Acculturation↗

PubMed1982

International migration in the Dominican Republic: implications for development planning.

"The Dominican Republic represents a microcosm of all the major migration patterns: substantial emigration and immigration, sizeable return migration, and persistent internal rural-urban migration. The impacts of these various types of migration are related and have a significant influence on the development process. This study analyzes the causes of these migrations as well as the costs and benefits in terms of the individual migrants and the country as a whole. Finally, it investigates the implications of migration for development planning in the Dominican Republic." The authors conclude "that the migration issue is not an area distinct from the various development focuses, but rather cuts across and is related to many of the program areas in which the government is involved."

Americas↗

PubMed1994

Population migration and the spread of types 1 and 2 human immunodeficiency viruses.

Over 14 million people are estimated to be infected with the human immunodeficiency viruses (HIV), with nearly three-fourths of the infected persons residing in developing countries. One factor responsible for dissemination of both HIV-1 and HIV-2 worldwide was the intense migration of individuals, from rural to urban centers with subsequent return migration and internationally due to civil wars, tourism, business purposes, and the drug trade. In sub-Saharan Africa, between 1960 and 1980, urban centers with more than 500,000 inhabitants increased from 3 to 28, and more than 75 military coups occurred in 30 countries. The result was a massive migration of rural inhabitants to urban centers concomitant with the spread of HIV-1 to large population centers. With the associated demographic, economic, and social changes, an epidemic of sexually transmitted diseases and HIV-1 was ignited. Migratory patterns were also responsible for the spread of endemic HIV-2 to neighboring West African countries and eventually to Europe, the Americans, and India. Although Southeast Asia was the last region in which HIV-1 was introduced, it has the greatest potential for rapid spread due to population density and inherent risk behaviors. Thus, the migration of poor, rural, and young sexually active individuals to urban centers coupled with large international movements of HIV-infected individuals played a prominent role in the dissemination of HIV globally. The economic recession has aggravated the transmission of HIV by directly increasing the population at risk through increased urban migration, disruption of rural families and cultural values, poverty, and prostitution and indirectly through a decrease in health care provision. Consequently, social and economic reform as well as sexual behavior education need to be intensified if HIV transmission is to be controlled.

Behavior↗

PubMed1984

American emigration: similarities and differences among migrants to Australia and Israel.

"... The primary objective of this paper [is] to study American emigrants with respect to their motivations for migration, their absorption in the host country, and the factors in return migration to the United States." The focus of the paper is on U.S. migration to Australia and Israel. The data are from interviews and surveys conducted by the authors since 1974 and by the Israeli Central Bureau of Statistics. The similarities and differences between the two groups of migrants are discussed.

Americas↗

PubMed1981

Granulocyte chemotaxis in Crohn's disease.

The granulocyte chemotaxis was investigated in patients with Crohn's disease on different occasions while in various stages of disease activity. Both the directed and undirected granulocyte migrations were found to be significantly depressed (p less than or equal to 0.01) when patients were in active disease states. The observed reductions were not due to intrinsic cell defects, as improved cell reactivity could be induced by a cell washing procedure. Plasma inhibitors of migration were not found in a selected few cases studied. As the patients improved in clinical status, the granulocyte migration returned to normal levels, demonstrating a direct relationship between the granulocyte migration response and the degree of disease activity.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2003

Radar observations of the autumn migration of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and other moths in northern China.

The autumn return migration of the beet armyworm Spodoptera exigua Hübner and other insects in northern China was observed with radar and with a simultaneously-operated searchlight trap and ground light-trap at a site in Langfang, near Beijing. The searchlight trap was found to be an efficient tool for trapping migrants and, operated alongside a ground light-trap, could distinguish migrant from locally-flying species. It was confirmed that S. exigua and some other species were high-altitude nocturnal windborne migrants during September and October in northern China. Maximum density of moths typically occurred below 500 m, and strong layering was often observed at about 200 m above ground level in airflows that would carry the moths towards the south. Descent of S. exigua in the vicinity of the radar site in late September was often associated with rain.

Animal Migration↗

PubMed2000

From austerity to prosperity? Migration and child poverty among mainland and island Puerto Ricans.

Analyses of migrants' economic circumstances typically use the native-born in the destination as a comparison group. We use the 1990 Census Public Use Microdata Samples for the United States and Puerto Rico to demonstrate the benefits of a comparative approach that includes data from both the origin and the destination. Specifically, the primary objective is to determine how and why the risk of child poverty is associated with migration from Puerto Rico to the United States. The results show that migration reduces the risk of child poverty, partly because better jobs are available on the mainland. Employment, human capital, family structure, and public assistance cannot completely explain observed differences. The results also show that the economic benefits of migration continue for the native-born on the mainland and that return migration to Puerto Rico is associated with impoverishment.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1997

Primary, return and onward migration in the U.S. and Canada: is there a difference?

"Using microdata sources available from the U.S. Census Bureau and Statistics Canada, this paper contrasts primary, return and onward migration in the two countries. These classifications are based on information on the region (state or province) of birth and region of residence at the start and end of the census period. To study the propensities to make a primary, return or onward migration, rates are calculated...and compared with previous census periods. Analysis reveals that both countries have experienced similar temporal patterns, and that primary, return and onward migration patterns tend to be similar. Analysis using a nested logit model further reveals that return and onward migration in both countries can be similarly explained." Data are from the Public Use Micro Sample (PUMS) for the United States and the Public Use Micro File (PUMF) for Canada.

Americas↗

PubMed1989

[Acclimatization of relocated children and adolescents].

The effects of return migration on emotional well-being were studied in those school-aged children and adolescents who had returned to northern Finland from Sweden during 1984 and 1985. Each of the 320 returning children and adolescents was assigned a control from the same class at school, matched for age and sex, who had not emigrated. According to a parent questionnaire, the returning boys were irritable more often than the control boys, and they also scored higher on the self-report scale "Children's Depression Inventory." In the teachers' evaluations (Rutter B2 Scale), the returning boys had psychiatric disorders more often than their controls. For both returning boys and girls, overall scholastic achievement was poorer than in the controls, but performance in foreign languages (mainly English) was better. If the father was absent from the family, this was reflected in the scholastic achievement and emotional well-being of both the returnees and the control subjects. How well the children coped with their return to Finland was also affected by what the language of instruction had been in Sweden, whether there had been a language change upon returning to Finland and how much mental preparation there had been for moving.

Acculturation↗

PubMed2003

Wage rentals for reproducible human capital: evidence from Ghana and the Ivory Coast.

Education, child nutrition, adult health/nutrition, and labor mobility are critical factors in achieving recent sustained growth in factor productivity. To compare the contribution of these four human capital inputs, an expanded specification of the wage function is estimated from household (LSMS) surveys of the Ivory Coast and Ghana. Specification tests assess whether the human capital inputs are exogenous, and instrumental variable techniques are used to estimate the wage function. Smaller panels from the Ivory Coast imply the magnitude of measurement error in the human capital inputs and provide more efficient instruments to estimate the wage equation. The conclusion emerges that weight-for-height and height are endogenous, particularly prone to measurement error, and heterogeneous in their effects on wages. Overall returns to these four forms of human capital are similar within each country for men and women, but education and migration returns are higher in the more rapidly growing Ivory Coast, and the wage effects of child nutrition proxied by height are greater in poorer, more malnourished Ghana.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1955

The effect of ionizing radiation on phagocytosis and the bactericidal power of the blood. I. The effect of radiation on migration of leucocytes.

Exposure of rats to 600 r total body radiation did not influence either the rate or the extent of migration of their leucocytes 1 day after irradiation, but did decrease their migration on the 2nd and the 5th postirradiation day. Migration of rat leucocytes was not altered by infection of the animal with M. aureus. Leucocytes of rabbits irradiated with 100 r showed a normal rate and extent of migration. However rabbits exposed to 500 r or 800 r showed depression of leucocyte migration at two postirradiation intervals, on the 3rd to 5th and the 10th to 13th days after irradiation, with normal activity intervening. By the 21st postirradiation day the ability of leucocytes to migrate returned to normal. The effect of radiation on total and differential W.B.C. counts and the relationship of this effect to migration is discussed. The decrease in leucocyte migration could not be ascribed either to leucopenia or to plasma factors.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

International migration and control of communicable diseases.

The epidemiology and policy implications of communicable disease (CD) transmission associated with international migration have received little systematic study. This is a review of clinical and epidemiological reports in search of strategies to assess and manage the impact of international migration on the transmission of CDs. The economics and demography of migration from less developed to industrialized nations is considered. Migration-related transmission should differentiate between actual transmission as opposed to geographic relocation of disease. Limitations of current screening and disease prevention strategies are discussed. Social and ecological processes through which migration can contribute to increased CD transmission are described, including placement in refugee camps, unclear legal status of migrants in recipient nations, and temporary return migration. Strategies for non-discriminatory and non-punitive control of migration-related CDs, needed changes in clinical practice, and complexities presented by CDs of long latency (such as HIV infection) are reviewed.

Communicable Disease Control↗

PubMed1995

Housing aspirations and migration in later life: developments during the 1980s.

"This paper tests hypotheses concerning the differentiation of early and late old age in the United Kingdom with reference to housing preferences and requirements and their translation into migration. Evidence is drawn from the 1991...census and from a representative sample of elderly people in SE England. The sources demonstrate the continued elaboration of long-distance, metropolitan-decentralizing migrations around the age of retirement. Also shown are relatively high rates of residential mobility among people in their seventies and eighties. Most of their migrations are short distance, but nonetheless with a net redistributional effect that sustains urban decentralization at the oldest ages. There is no evidence of significant return migration to London at advanced ages. From the survey responses, distinctive housing dissatisfactions are identified in early and late retirement, but neither set exactly matches expressed motivations for moves."

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Changing patterns of migration in the Adriatic region.

International migration in the Adriatic countries of Albania, Greece, Italy, San Marino, and Yugoslavia is briefly examined using data from official and other published sources. The main types of migratory movements identified by the author within the region are "1) economically motivated migration (legal and clandestine); 2) immigration of refugees for resettlement; 3) immigration with the scope of final resettlement in a third country (transit movements); [and] 4) return migration by former emigrants."

Albania↗

PubMed2005

Global circumnavigations: tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding albatrosses.

Although albatrosses are paradigms of oceanic specialization, their foraging areas and migration routes when not breeding remain essentially unknown. Our continuous remote tracking of 22 adult gray-headed albatrosses for over 30 bird-years reveals three distinct strategies: (i) Stay in breeding home range; (ii) make return migrations to a specific area of the southwest Indian Ocean; and (iii) make one or more global circumnavigations (the fastest in just 46 days). The consistencies in patterns, routes, and timings offer the first hope of identifying areas of critical habitat for nonbreeding albatrosses, wherein appropriate management of longline fisheries might alleviate the plight of the world's most threatened family of birds.

Animal Migration↗

PubMed1989

Irish on the move.

Trends in emigration from Ireland over time are reviewed. "During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries overseas migration to the United States and seasonal harvest migration to Britain were the main types of movement, but over the past 100 years the Irish have developed a special affinity for settling in British towns. Although the outflow was halted for a time during the 1970s, when return migration took over, the 1980s have seen a renewal of the exodus. This time, however, the character of the flow has changed from predominantly low-skill construction and factory workers to embrace better-educated emigrants, including many graduates. This shift reflects Ireland's changing position in the international market for labour."

Demography↗