SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Running”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed1978

Specificity of run training on VO2 max and heart rate cganges during running and swimming.

To further evaluate the specificity of aerobic training, maximum physiologic measures (VO2, VE, HR, and R) and submaximal exercise heart rate were determined in control (N = 8) and experimental (N = 11) subjects prior to and following 10-week interval run training. Experimental subjects significantly increased (P less than 0.01) treadmill VO2 max by 252 ml O2 or 6.3%. This was siginificantly larger (P less than 0.01) than the 87 ml O2 or 2.6% increase (P less than 0.05) observed during swimming. Max HR decreased significantly in both forms of exercise. In addition, heart rate at two submaximal work levels during running and swimming was significantly lower after training. No changes in metabolic and physiologic measures were demonstrated for the controls after the 10-wk period. These results further support the concept of the specificity of the metabolic adaptation to aerobic training and strongly suggest that local adaptations in skeletal muscle significantly contribute to improvement in VO2 max. However, running may produce a general training adaptation in maximal and submaximal heart rate.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

A comparison of hospital scale effects in short-run and long-run cost functions.

Numerous estimates of economies of scale in the hospital setting have been obtained since the early 1980s from both flexible long-run and short-run cost functions. Although the theoretical superiority of the latter approach is widely recognized, it has been previously suggested that the two cost specifications yield quite similar econometric findings regarding scale effects. This paper utilizes a new data set consisting of 91 Greek NHS hospitals in order to empirically examine this proposition by comparing economies of scale estimates derived from both translog total and variable cost functions. The results indicate that the use of long-run equations might seriously mislead policy makers and that constant returns to scale prevail in Greek public hospitals.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

PubMed1993

Effects of haloperidol on a run-climb-run behavioral task: distance climbed does not alter within-session decrements.

Effects of haloperidol (0.04-0.32 mg/kg) were assessed in 10 hungry rats trained in a 10-trials-per-day format to run down an alleyway, climb a vertical rope, and run across a horizontal board to obtain sweetened milk. Rope lengths of 0.59 m and 1.32 m defined low- and high-effort requirements, respectively. Haloperidol produced substantial within-session decrements on Trials 2-10, but the drug did not affect rope-climbing speed more than horizontal running speed. Drug-induced within-session decrements were similar for both low- and high-effort requirements. After treatment with the 0.16-mg/kg dose, force-time waveforms of the climbing behavior documented instances of arrest of movement on the rope, but no bradykinesia of individual locomotor acts was discerned. Results suggest that haloperidol may produce associative deficits as well as disruptions of motor processes.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Raclopride, but not SCH 23,390, induces maldirected jumping in rats trained to perform a run-climb-run behavioral task.

In order to explore further the putative differential behavioral consequences of D1 dopamine and D2 dopamine receptor antagonism, SCH 23,390 (0.01-0.12 mg/kg) and raclopride (0.12-1.0 mg/kg) were administered to two separate groups of rats that had been trained in an eight-trial-per-day format to run down an alleyway, climb a vertical rope, and run across a horizontal board to access sweetened milk. Although both drugs dose-dependently reduced the speed of task completion, only raclopride produced vigorous, maldirected jumping behavior in the floor segment of the apparatus. The number of such jumps increased with dose. This raclopride-specific jumping phenomenon may provide a new behavioral arena for investigating the functional differences between D1 and D2 receptor antagonism.

Animals↗

PubMed1998

Leg kinematics and muscle activity during treadmill running in the cockroach, Blaberus discoidalis: I. Slow running.

We have combined high-speed video motion analysis of leg movements with electromyogram (EMG) recordings from leg muscles in cockroaches running on a treadmill. The mesothoracic (T2) and metathoracic (T3) legs have different kinematics. While in each leg the coxa-femur (CF) joint moves in unison with the femurtibia (FT) joint, the relative joint excursions differ between T2 and T3 legs. In T3 legs, the two joints move through approximately the same excursion. In T2 legs, the FT joint moves through a narrower range of angles than the CF joint. In spite of these differences in motion, no differences between the T2 and T3 legs were seen in timing or qualitative patterns of depressor coxa and extensor tibia activity. The average firing frequencies of slow depressor coxa (Ds) and slow extensor tibia (SETi) motor neurons are directly proportional to the average angular velocity of their joints during stance. The average Ds and SETi firing frequency appears to be modulated on a cycle-by-cycle basis to control running speed and orientation. In contrast, while the frequency variations within Ds and SETi bursts were consistent across cycles, the variations within each burst did not parallel variations in the velocity of the relevant joints.

Animals↗

PubMed2005

Spatiotemporal characteristics of the walk-to-run and run-to-walk transition when gradually changing speed.

The purpose of this study was to examine spatiotemporal parameters of the walk-to-run transition (WRT) and run-to-walk transition (RWT) when speed is altered with different constant accelerations. Twenty women (height: 168.9+/-3.36cm) performed three accelerations (0.05, 0.07 and 0.1ms(-2)) and three decelerations (-0.05, -0.07 and -0.1ms(-2)) on a motor-driven treadmill. The transition step in the WRT (first step with a flight phase) and RWT (first step with a double stance phase) occurred at the same speed for all accelerations but these did not occur in the same way. The most striking difference was the presence of a transition step with specific spatiotemporal characteristics in the WRT, whereas this was not observed in the RWT. The transition is not a sudden one-step-event. WRT occurred before transition and consisted of a "pre-transition period" and the transition step whereas RWT occurred after transition and consisted of the transition step and a "post-transition period". Both transition periods were characterized by an exponential evolution of step frequency and step length. Step frequency and step length showed a linear evolution before and after transition. The flight phase of the transition step in the WRT reached a minimum with comparable duration of the last flight phase in the RWT. The flight phase could be considered as an intrinsic dynamical factor of transition. Further research in kinematics, the trajectory of the body centre of mass and energy fluctuations will give more insight in these transitions.

Acceleration↗

PubMed2004

Running for health: how much running for how much health?

Increasing physical activity has been shown to reduce physiological markers of cardiovascular disease, such as high blood pressure, vascular endothelial cell reactivity and arterial stiffness. In this issue of Clinical Science, Hägg and colleagues have chosen the spontaneously hypertensive rat model to investigate the effect of exercise on vascular function. They found that spontaneous running increased aortic compliance and antioxidant capacity with decreased oxidative stress in mesenteric arteries, presenting support for the cardiovascular protective effects of physical activity. Two important aspects of their study include the magnitude of the running stimulus and the choice of artery to evaluate.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Biochemical, hematological and endocrinological parameters during repeated intense short-term running in comparison to ultra-long-distance running.

In order to see the differences in the acute effects of two kinds of running on biochemical, hematological and hormonal parameters, we investigated in one 24 h race (same exterior conditions) two groups of runners (NR = nonstop runners; RR = relay runners). From each participant blood samples were taken before, 3 times during and after the race. In both groups the lipid parameters cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL-cholesterol declined significantly, triglycerides even to 40% of their initial value, whereas HDL-cholesterol increased significantly. Renal parameters showed similar increases in both groups except for uric acid, which rose by 73% in RR compared with only 23% increase in NR. A difference was also found in the lactate and glucose concentrations, showing a four-fold increase and a 34% increase at 4 h respectively in RR, whereas the NR remained constant. Changes in the hematological parameters were similar in both groups. Cortisol and prolactin showed similar alterations during the race but LH and testosterone declined to approximately half of their initial concentration (p greater than 0.05) in NR after 4 to 8 h, in contrast to RR, where the concentration of LH or testosterone remained constant or changed only moderately but insignificantly during the race. Our investigation indicates that in ultra-long-distance running and intense short-term exercise performed under the same exterior conditions, many parameters show similar changes but great differences can be found as well if certain hormones, glucose metabolism and renal parameters are considered.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

[Running injuries and running shoe construction: demonstration of possible correlations].

Previous investigations about the running shoe design demonstrated a relationship between the geometry of the shoe sole, the ground reaction forces and the foot movements during impact. Thus, the question arised in which way this relationship would influence the internal forces. The purpose of this investigation was to model the impact situation and to simulate different sole geometries in order to calculate the internal forces and the pronation velocity. The results show that the geometry has a small effect upon the joint forces, but a very high effect on the pronation velocity. As a consequence, the joint forces changed only by 10% or less, but the load of the structures which are stressed by pronation is increased up to 200%. Thus, the control of the initial pronation is much more important in current running shoe design than the shock-absorption.

Ankle Injuries↗

PubMed1984

A high velocity treadmill running test to assess endurance running potential.

The power-endurance time curve described for cycle ergometry has been examined with respect to high velocity treadmill running to exhaustion. On a cycle ergometer, a hyperbolic function has been described that can be linearized by expressing power relative to the inverse of time to exhaustion. The mathematical relationship of this linear function is P = W'/t + theta f, where P = power output, W' = slope of regression, and theta f = fatigue threshold (intercept of power output). Six cross-country runners took part as subjects. Each ran to exhaustion with the treadmill at 6 different velocities between 19.2 and 22.4 km/h. The linear regressions fitted to velocity versus 1/time had correlation coefficients between r = 0.979 and 0.997. It was concluded that the treadmill velocity-endurance time relationship for runs of 2-12 min duration conformed to a similar hyperbolic function as that described for cycle ergometry. The two parameters W' and theta f might provide valuable indices of physical performance potential, which can be used to monitor training responses in competitive runners.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The running shoe--a means of preventing running complaints].

One possible means of influencing and reducing the load on the human locomotive apparatus is the running shoe. Taking this as an example it can be shown how strategies for achieving this goal can be selected. The running shoe has three important characteristics: cushioning, support, and guidance. To achieve ideal cushioning, it is important to consider not so much the material of the inner sole, but rather the geometry of the shoe sole and the entire shoe. An analogous commentary may be made as regards support. By modifying the heel part of the shoe to approximate the human heel, pronation movement can be reduced. Lateral supports in the forefoot make it possible to control the propulsive movement (guidance). Consistent application of these considerations should bring about a reduction in the load on the locomotor apparatus and thus help prevent overstrain phenomena.

Ankle Joint↗

PubMed1987

A multi-stage shuttle run as a predictor of running performance and maximal oxygen uptake in adults.

The aim of this study was to assess the validity of a 20 metre multi-stage shuttle run (20-MST) as both a field test of cardiorespiratory endurance and as a predictor of competitive performance in a 10 kilometre (10 km) race. Nine male subjects (age 35.4 +/- 5.8 years) (mean +/- SD) underwent a laboratory test of maximum oxygen uptake on a treadmill (VO2 max 59.0 +/- 9.9 ml.kg.-1min-1), completed the 20-MST (score 105 +/- 23.7 laps/11.4 +/- 2.7 paliers) and competed in a 10 km race (finishing time 41.8 +/- 7.3 minutes). Analysis using Pearson's Product Moment Coefficient revealed high correlations between these variables (20-MST vs. VO2 max, r = 0.93; 20-MST vs. 10 km, r = -0.93; VO2 max vs. 10 km, r = -0.95). These results confirm that the 20-MST is a valid field test of cardio-respiratory endurance and suggest that it can additionally be used to predict relative running performance over 10 km.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

A collisional model of the energetic cost of support work qualitatively explains leg sequencing in walking and galloping, pseudo-elastic leg behavior in running and the walk-to-run transition.

Terrestrial legged locomotion requires repeated support forces to redirect the body's vertical velocity component from down to up. We assume that the redirection is accomplished by impulsive leg forces that cause small-angle glancing collisions of a point-mass model of the animal. We estimate the energetic costs of these collisions by assuming a metabolic cost proportional to positive muscle work involved in generating the impulses. The cost of bipedal running estimated from this collisional model becomes less than that of walking at a Froude number (v2/gl) of about 0.7. Two strategies to reduce locomotion costs associated with the motion redirection are: (1) having legs simulate purely elastic springs, as is observed in human running; and (2) sequencing the leg forces during the redirection phase; examples of this sequencing are the ba-da-dump pattern of a horse gallop and having push-off followed by heel-strike in human walking.

Animals↗

PubMed1985

A runs test based on run lengths.

A procedure is proposed for testing the hypothesis that Bernoulli trials (successes and failures) are independent with common probability of success. Equivalently, the procedure may be used to test the hypothesis that the arrangement of a fixed number of successes and failures was determined randomly. The procedure is based on a weighted linear combination of the variances of run lengths of successes and failures. It is shown to have desirable asymptotic properties and to be generally more powerful than the usual runs test, while preserving computational simplicity.

Axons↗

PubMed2000

Reproducibility of the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and run time to exhaustion during short-distance running.

The aim of this study was to determine the reproducibility of the maximal accumulated oxygen deficit and the associated exercise time to exhaustion during short-distance running. Fifteen well-trained males (mean +/- s: VO2max = 58.0+/-4.6 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)) performed the maximum accumulated oxygen deficit test at an exercise intensity equivalent to 125% VO2max. The test was repeated at the same time of day on three occasions within 3 weeks. There was no significant systematic bias between trials for either maximum accumulated oxygen deficit (man +/- s: trial 1 = 69.0+/-13.1; trial 2 = 71.4+/-12.5; trial 3 = 70.4+/-15.0 ml O2 Eq x kg(-1); ANOVA, F = 0.70, PP= 0.51) or exercise time to exhaustion (trial 1 = 194 + 31.1; trial 2 = 198 + 33.2; trial 3 = 201 + 36.8 s; F= 1.49, P = 0.24). In addition, other traditional measures of reliability were also favourable. These included intraclass correlation coefficients of 0.91 and 0.87, and sample coefficients of variation of 6.8% and 5.0%, for maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and exercise time to exhaustion respectively. However, the '95% limits of agreement' were 0+/-15.1 ml O2 Eq (1.01 multiply/divide 1.26 as a ratio) and 0+/-33.5 s (1.0 multiply/divide 1.18 as a ratio) for maximum accumulated oxygen deficit and exercise time to exhaustion respectively. We estimate that the sample sizes required to detect a 10% change in exercise time to exhaustion and maximum accumulated oxygen deficit after a repeated measures experiment are 10 and 20 respectively. Unlike the results of previous maximum accumulated oxygen deficit studies, we conclude that it is not a reliable measure.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Mathematical analysis of running performance and world running records.

The objective of this study was to develop an empirical model relating human running performance to some characteristics of metabolic energy-yielding processes using A, the capacity of anaerobic metabolism (J/kg); MAP, the maximal aerobic power (W/kg); and E, the reduction in peak aerobic power with the natural logarithm of race duration T, when T greater than TMAP = 420 s. Accordingly, the model developed describes the average power output PT (W/kg) sustained over any T as PT = [S/T(1 - e-T/k2)] + 1/T integral of T O [BMR + B(1 - e-t/k1)]dt where S = A and B = MAP - BMR (basal metabolic rate) when T less than TMAP; and S = A + [Af ln(T/TMAP)] and B = (MAP - BMR) + [E ln(T/TMAP)] when T greater than TMAP; k1 = 30 s and k2 = 20 s are time constants describing the kinetics of aerobic and anaerobic metabolism, respectively, at the beginning of exercise; f is a constant describing the reduction in the amount of energy provided from anaerobic metabolism with increasing T; and t is the time from the onset of the race. This model accurately estimates actual power outputs sustained over a wide range of events, e.g., average absolute error between actual and estimated T for men's 1987 world records from 60 m to the marathon = 0.73%. In addition, satisfactory estimations of the metabolic characteristics of world-class male runners were made as follows: A = 1,658 J/kg; MAP = 83.5 ml O2.kg-1.min-1; 83.5% MAP sustained over the marathon distance. Application of the model to analysis of the evolution of A, MAP, and E, and of the progression of men's and women's world records over the years, is presented.

Female↗

PubMed1984

Is running an analogue of anorexia nervosa? An empirical study of obligatory running and anorexia nervosa.

A recent report suggested that compulsive runners share a common set of psychological traits and behavioral dispositions with patients with anorexia nervosa. In an effort to objectively assess the similarity between anorexia nervosa and obligatory running, 43 runners and 24 patients with anorexia nervosa completed the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI). Results indicated that the obligatory runners generally scored within the normal range, while the anorectic patients did not. The anorectic patients obtained more pathological scores than the runners on eight of the ten clinical subscales of the MMPI. Fifty percent of the anorectic patients obtained elevations on three or more of the MMPI subscales, while no runners obtained more than two scale elevations. Depression (scale 2) and psychopathy (scale 4) were particularly prevalent in the anorectic group. We conclude that obligatory runners do not suffer from the same degree of psychopathology as do patients with anorexia nervosa.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Influence of running wheel activity on free-running sleep/wake and drinking circadian rhythms in mice.

Previous studies have indicated that manipulation of activity levels can modify characteristics of sleep/wake and activity rhythms. The generality of these observations was evaluated by simultaneously measuring drinking and sleep/wake rhythms while mice had free or no access to a running wheel in constant conditions (DD). Robust circadian rhythms in all parameters were observed in the "wheel free" (unrestricted) condition. When wheels were locked, the peak amplitude of the sleep/wake circadian rhythm decreased by approximately 50% without affecting the amplitude of the drinking rhythm. Total wake time decreased 11% per circadian day when wheels were locked with increases in both NREM and REM sleep. Whereas the amplitude of the drinking waveform was unaffected, wheel restriction caused an equivalent increase in period length (tau) for both rhythms. These results indicate that, unlike the generalized effects of activity on tau, activity restriction influences on rhythm amplitude do not generalize to all behavioral and/or physiological variables. This work also supports the notion that activity influences on sleep/wake rhythm amplitude reflect behavioral "masking" rather than a fundamental change in the direct coupling mechanisms of the biological clock.

Animals↗