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PubMed1992

[Epidemiological studies on scalded children admitted to the burns unit at the Hvidovre hospital during 1981-1990].

During the ten year period 1981 to 1990, a total of 436 children aged 0-5 years were admitted for scalds at the Burns Unit of Hvidovre Hospital. We did not find any reduction in the number of admissions during this period nor was any change in the patterns of scalds found. Water, tea and coffee were the main causal agents of scalds and the dominant group of scalded children was between the ages one to two years. In 37% of cases, the scalds required grafting and the average stay in hospital was 16 days. The background for this unchanged pattern could be that the prophylactive campaigns have been insufficient.

Burns↗

PubMed2003

[The changes in the prostaglandin level and the prostaglandin transfer factor mRNA expression in the intestinal mucosa in scalded rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the changes in the PGE(2) and PGI(2), TXA(2) levels and PGT mRNA expression in the intestinal mucosa in scalded rats. METHODS: Wistar rats inflicted with TBSA 30% III degree scald were employed as the model. The PGE(2) and PGI(2) and TXA(2) contents in the intestinal mucosa were measured by radioimmunoassay, and the expression of PGT mRNA was detected by in situ hybridization. RESULTS: The PGE(2) and PGI(2) levels in intestinal mucosa were increased at 12 postburn hours (PBHs) and thereafter decreased dramatically (P < 0.05). The TXA(2) level in intestinal mucosa of scalded rats was obviously higher than that of normal level at 24 and 48 PBHs (P < 0.05), and the expression of PGT mRNA seemed to be increased after scalding. CONCLUSION: The decrease of PGE(2) level and the increase of TXA(2) level in the intestinal mucosa of scalded rats might be involved in rat mucosal injury, and PGT played an important role in the regulation of PGs levels.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Effect of exogenous basic fibroblast growth factor on proliferation and migration of endothelial cells of partial thickness scald in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the proliferation and migration of endothelial cells after 30% total burn surface area (TBSA) of deep partial thickness scald, and the effect of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on angiogenesis during wound healing. METHODS: A total of 133 male Wistar rats were divided randomly into normal control (n = 7), injured control group (n = 42), bFGF group (n = 42) and anti-c-fos group (n = 42). The apoptosis expression of fibroblasts was determined with in situ hybridization and the changes of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), focal adhesion rinase(FAK), c-fos and extracellular signal-regulated kinase(ERK) proteins expression were detected with immunohistochemistry staining technique after 3 hours, 6 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 7 days, 14 days and 21 days of scald. RESULTS: In injured control group and bFGF group, the proliferation rate of the vascular endothelial had evident changes 7 days and 14 days after scald; the expression of FAK was increased 14 days after scald. ERK proteins expression was different between injury control group and bFGF group at initial stage after scald. Stimulation of ERKs by bFGF led to up-regulation of c-fos and strong expression of FAK. CONCLUSION: Exogenous bFGF extended the influence on wound healing process by ERK signaling pathway, affecting migration cascade of vascular endothelial cell. The oncogene proteins play an important role on accelerating angiogenesis during wound healing.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Therapeutic effect of infrared radiation on skin scald in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the therapeutic effect of infrared radiation (IR) on the skin scald in rats. METHODS: Thirty-nine male Wistar rats were used in the study, and they were randomly divided into normal control (C, n = 13), scald (S, n = 13, no treatment after scalding) and treatment (T, n = 13, with IR radiation treatment for 5 days since 2nd post scalding day (PSD) groups. The rats in S and T groups were subjected to deep partial thickness scalding on the back. The cutaneous tissue samples from rat wound in each group were harvested on the 3rd and 7th PSD for pathomorphological examination. DNA synthesis in wound tissue was analyzed by 3H-TdR incorporation method, and the vascular permeability in cutaneous tissue, degree of tissue edema and MDA content were determined by corresponding methods. RESULTS: Epidermal exfoliation, cutaneous ulcer, follicular atrophy and damage, and massive formation of collagen were identified in the skin wound of rats in S group on the 7th PSD compared with C group. The skin in T group was smooth with slight atrophy and a few collagen fibers in follicles. The 3H-TdR incorporation amount in the rats in T group (1856.33 +/- 343.81 cpm/mg) on the 7th PSD was significantly higher than that in S group (1353.95 +/- 274.48 cpm/mg) (P < 0.01). The tissue permeability, edema degree and MDA content in the cutaneous tissue in S group were obviously higher than those in group C, while these indices were markedly lower in T group when compared with those in S group (P < 0.01-0.001). CONCLUSION: Treatment with IR seemed to be beneficial to the promotion of skin tissue metabolism and tissue repair.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

[Skin temperature changes in Wistar rats with second-degree scald injury in hot and humid environment after cooling therapy].

OBJECTIVE: To observe the changes in skin temperature after cooling therapy immediate following superficial second-degree scald injury in Wistar rats in a hot and humid environment, and evaluate the effect of the dressing materials for the cooling therapy. METHODS: Twenty-four Wistar rats were randomly divided into normal temperature control (NTC), normal temperature cooling therapy (NCT), hot and humid control (HHC), and hot and humid cooling therapy (HCT) groups (n=6). Different interventions were applied to the scalded rats: dry bulb temperature (Tdb) of 26.33+/-1.29 degree with a relative humidity (rh) of 71.05%+/-4.57% for the two normal temperature groups, and Tdb 35.33+/-0.35 degree with rh of 70.81%+/-1.38% for the two hot and humid environment groups. The dressing materials for the cooling therapy were applied to the two cooling therapy groups but not for the two control groups. The exposure time for the therapy was 125 min, and the skin temperature was measured every 20 min, starting from 5 min after the scald. RESULTS: The skin temperature rose in hot and humid environment and decreased when cold therapy was applied (P<0.001). Interactions were found between the exposure time and environmental temperature (P<0.002), between the exposure time and cooling therapy (P<0.05), and between these 3 factors (P<0.05) to influence the skin temperature, which was 1.92+/-2.13 degrees Celsius lower in NCT group than in NTC group, and 2.36+/-1.03 degrees Celsius lower in HCT group than in HHC group. CONCLUSION: The dressing materials for cooling therapy effectively reduce the skin temperature at the site of the scald injury to prevent the progression of heat-induced injury and the unfavorable effects of the heat remaining on the scalded skin.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

[The biological characteristics of dermal fibroblasts of the diabetic rats with deep-partial thickness scald].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the biological characteristics of dermal fibroblasts of the diabetic rats with deep partial thickness scald, and to explore its relationship with delayed wound healing due to diabetes. METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 250 g were randomly divided into control (NM, n=40) and STZ-induced diabetic (DM, n=50) groups, and then deep partial thickness scald involving 10% TBSA were reproduced in the two groups. Skin samples were harvested from the wounds on 0, 3, 7, 14 and 21 post scald day (PSD) for the determination of certain histological characteristics. RESULTS: The thickness of dermis layer in DM group before injury was obviously thinner than that in NM group (P < 0.01). There was an infiltration of a large amount of chronic inflammatory cells and increased content of cutaneous glucose in the dermal tissue in DM group (2.77 mg/g) compared with 0.85 mg/g in NM group, (P < 0.01). An accumulation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) was found in the dermal tissue in DM group. After the scalding, the percentage of fibroblasts in S phase and hydroxyproline synthesis in DM group was evidently lower than those in NM group. But the apoptosis rate of fibroblasts was much higher in DM group than that in NM group (P < 0.05 or 0.01). CONCLUSION: It is found that the high contents of glucose and AGEs in diabetic skin exert untoward effects on biological characteristics of dermal fibroblast, probably constituting one of the underlying mechanisms of delay wound healing of scald in diabetic rats.

Animals↗

PubMed1990

[Scalding accidents among children--an epidemiologic study].

During the periods March 1 1983 to February 29, 1984 in the Aarhus County Hospital and from November 1 1982 to November 30 1983 in the Central Hospital in Randers, a total of 47 scalding accidents in children were registered among 338 burns resulting from accidents in the home. The incidence of scalds was greatest in the age group 0-2 years. The number of scalds was greater during winter and no less than five children were admitted to intensive care units in hospital, one of these being transferred to the Burns Unit of Hvidovre Hospital, Copenhagen. The commonest accident mechanism was scalding when the child pulled a cloth or electric cable attached to a coffee machine, thereby upsetting a container of hot water. This explains why the most frequent localizations of scalding were the face, head, neck, trunk and upper limbs.

Accidents, Home↗

PubMed1986

The effect of alpha and beta adrenergic blockade on Ni induced coronary spasm in scalded rats.

After 20% total body surface scalding inducing 3d degree burn in rats the following parameters were studied in ebb and flow phases, as well as in burn disease, 2 hours, 2 and 7 days postburn: atomic absorption spectrophotometric study of the serum and myocardial Ni levels; the effect of Ni ions (10(-8)-10(-4) M/l) in vitro on total coronary resistance in the isolated perfused rat heart; the effect of alpha and beta adrenergic blocking agents (phenoxibenzamine, oxprenolol) on Ni-induced coronary vasoconstriction; electron cytochemical study of the ultrastructural changes of the myocardium 7 days after scalding. It was found that: During the first 2-3 hours after scalding or bleeding there was a significant elevation of serum Ni level which levelled off by the end of the first week. Total coronary resistance (TCR) increasing effect of Ni ions was significantly augmented during the first 2-3 hours after burn and bleeding (ebb phase). In the scalded group it decreased to the control value by the 2-3d day (flow phase) and increased again a week later (burn disease). In the scalded groups in vivo pretreatment with oxprenolol (10(-4) g/kg) completely inhibited the Ni induced coronary spasm. PBZ treatment in vitro (10(-5) M/l) had similar effect in the three postburn periods tested. Ultrastructural changes and intracellular Ni-dimetilglyoxim complexes could be detected. Oxprenolol treatment continuously applied from the 4th day postburn (2 X 0.5 mg/kg) prevented the development of myocardial damage, while the electron dense complexes containing Ni were still detectable. In view of our previous data we assume that the endogenous Ni increase in the serum after burn may be cardiopathogenic. The phasic changes of the sensitivity of the coronary vessels to Ni ion and the similarity of the effects of alpha and beta adrenergic blocking agents may be explained by the alterations in the neuroendocrine system and metabolic disturbances.

Animals↗

PubMed1980

Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of proteins from human skin scalded in vitro and dissolved with dodecylsulphate.

Human skin was scalded in vitro at different temperatures. Strips of scalded skin were dissolved in sodium dodecylsulphate and submitted to polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Negative correlation was found between temperature of scalding and relative heights of some of the peaks estimated by densitography. Human skin scalded at temperature up to 100 degrees C did not show qualitative changes in protein composition. Appearance of high molecular weight protein fractions in skin scalded at 120 degrees C was demonstrated.

Burns↗

PubMed1993

[Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in scalded rats and protective effect of chloroquine (CQ) in lung injury].

Wistar rats were scalded and then divided at random into control group and scalded+CQ group. They were sacrificed in lots at 6, 24 and 48 hours after the scald and blood was drawn for the determination of ACE, PLAa, Pa02. Pathological examination was also done. The results revealed that, 1. after scald, the rat's serum ACE was reduced below normal value, and it occurred before changes in blood gas, suggesting that ACE might be used as a valuable supplementary diagnostic criterion for pulmonary failure; 2. CQ provided certain amount of protection in pulmonary failure of scalded rat.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

[A study on expression of the heat shock suppressed gene in distal organs of rats after scalding].

In order to address the question whether stress in intact higher animals may induce cellular heat shock response in distal organs, the inhibition of normal gene expression was studied on the basis of our previous findings about the induction of heat shock proteins in liver and brain of rats after scalding. Male SD rats were scalded on the back, 10-240 min thereafter decapitated, and the heat shock suppressed gene-1 was quantitated by dot blotting. The results showed that gene-1 decreased rapidly after scalding in both the organs, and did not recover to control levels even 240 min after scalding. The decrease of gene-1 went parallell with the severity of scalding. Thus it may be concluded that stress may induce heat shock response of distant organs in intact animals. Possible pathological significance of these findings was discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

Bullous impetigo. Occurrence of localized scalded skin syndrome in an adult.

The localized form of staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, bullous impetigo, occurs commonly in children but rarely in adults. We will describe a case of bullous impetigo in an adult which developed while the patient was receiving short-term therapy with orally administered corticosteriods. Scalded skin syndrome in this case was characterized by isolation of phage group 2 staphylococci from intact bullae and by the presence of an intraepidermal, subgranular cleavage plane in histological sections. Features that differentiate the localized form of scalded skin syndrome from generalized forms include the presence of dermal infiltrate and the absence of cutaneous erythema and tenderness. On the basis of available experimental evidence, the rarity of both localized and generalized scalded skin syndrome in adults can be attributed to immunologic competence or enhanced capacity of adults to metabolize the staphylococcal exfoliatin.

Diagnosis, Differential↗

PubMed1982

Effect of cold water immersion on oedema formation in the scalded mouse ear.

One ear of adult white NMRI hairy mice was first scalded and then immersed in cold water in order to study the effect of cooling on oedema formation. Oedema was determined by wet-dry weight measurements of punch biopsies from the ear and expressed as an increase in tissue water content. The temperature of the cold water was 8 degrees C and periods of cooling from 15 to 240 minutes were used. The contralateral ear and the quadriceps muscle were used to study distant effects of scalding and cooling. After scalding, significant oedema was found in the burned ear. Cooling for 30 minutes gave a significant reduction of oedema in this model. Shorter or longer periods of cooling did not reduce oedema significantly. Cooling did not influence the oedema formation of the contralateral (unburned ear). Neither scalding nor cooling changed the water content of the muscle.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

Acute airway obstruction following facial scalding: differential diagnosis between a thermal and infective cause.

A 16-month-old boy received a 6 per cent hot water scald to his face and chest. The child had been suffering from an upper respiratory tract infection for 10 days prior to the injury. However, as the child rapidly developed respiratory tract obstruction, a differential diagnosis between acute infective epiglottitis and thermal injury to the hypopharynx was required. In fact, the hot water had reached the epiglottis and the aryepiglottic folds causing significant damage, whilst sparing the tongue and mouth. The child was admitted to the intensive care unit, intubated and ventilated for 4 1/2 days. The external burns eventually healed spontaneously. This case report demonstrates the rare occurrence of a minor scalding injury resulting in significant obstruction to the upper airway. Of additional interest is the presence of pre-existing symptoms of an upper respiratory tract infection and the total absence of any signs of intraoral burning. These additional factors demonstrate the necessity for absolute vigilance in the management of any scald in the region of a child's mouth. Intubation can be life saving and should be considered in any case of scalding associated with increasing respiratory distress.

Airway Obstruction↗

PubMed2006

Mechanism of altered TNF-alpha expression by macrophage and the modulatory effect of Panax notoginseng saponins in scald mice.

AIM: To explore the mechanism of altered tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) expression by peritoneal macrophages (PMPhi) and Panax notoginseng saponins (PNS) modulation in light of NF-kappaB signal transduction in severely scalded mice. METHODS: Eighteen percent total body surface area (TBSA) full-thickness scalded mice were used. PMPhi was collected at different time intervals (0, 2, 6, 12, 24 and 48 post-burn hour (PBH)) separately. The following parameters were measured: TNF-alpha mRNA and IL-10 mRNA expression (reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, RT-PCR), protein kinase C (PKC) activity (isotope incorporation analysis), NF-kappaB activity (electrophoretic mobility shift assay, EMSA), IkappaB-alpha expression (Western blot). RESULTS: After scald, increased expression of TNF-alpha mRNA of PMPhi peaked at 12 PBH. Meanwhile, expression of IL-10 mRNA dropped to the lowest level at 12 PBH. NF-kappaB activity was markedly activated and reached its peak at 2 PBH. Membrane PKC activity was up-regulated after scald and showed a positive correlation with the change of TNF-alpha mRNA. Expression of IkappaB-alpha first decreased at 2 PBH and then increased to high level at 24 PBH. When 12 PBH was chosen as the time point for in vitro intervention with the application of specific NF-kappaB inhibitor pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), PKC inhibitor H-7 and PNS, both TNF-alpha mRNA expression and NF-kappaB activity decreased significantly. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that abnormal expression of TNF-alpha mRNA of macrophages might be regulated by PKC-NF-kappaB signaling following severe burn. PNS might play an anti-inflammatory effect by inhibiting NF-kappaB activity and TNF-alpha mRNA expression.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Properties of matter matter in assessment of scald injuries.

Gathering information on the thermal characteristics of the causative agent in scald injuries provides clues as to the likely depth of injury. We theorize that viscosity and thermal capacity may have important roles to play when we view scalds as contact burns due to a liquid. From a 4-year review of our scald patients, we found that scalds due to thick food/drinks such as congee (a porridge made from rice) were associated with a higher rate of surgery. We determined the rate of cooling of seven common food/drinks and found little difference between water, tea, coffee and noodles, other than the starting temperatures. However, the rate of cooling of congee was significantly slower indicating a greater thermal capacity. A "drip" model found that a skin substitute exposed to congee cooled significantly more slowly compared to other food/drinks, suggesting that its greater viscosity plays a role. This supports the theory that the viscosity of food/drink is important.

Beverages↗

PubMed1983

The staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome in historical perspective: emergence of dermopathic strains of Staphylococcus aureus and discovery of the epidermolytic toxin. A review of events up to 1970.

The gradual recognition of dermopathic strains of Staphyloccus aureus, which cause staphylococcal impetigo, pemphigus neonatorum, Ritter's disease, and what was originally called staphylococcal toxic epidermal necrolysis, is described. Obstacles delaying their recognition included an entrenched belief that staphylococci should produce pus, the striking dissimilarity of their main clinical effects (impetigo and scalding), the strongly held opinions of von Rittershain, and controversy over the cause of impetigo. Phage typing and histopathology confirmed the common etiology of these diseases and established the existence of dermopathic strains securely. The important contributions made by Melish and Glasgow were to provide an experimental model for these strains and to discover the epidermolytic toxin, whose action of splitting the epidermis underlies the pathogenesis of all these diseases (which have become known collectively as the staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome). Clinically, however, the impetigo effects and the scalding effects differ markedly, so it is proposed that staphylococcal impetigo should be retained as a separate clinical entity, and that staphylococcal impetigo and the modified staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome should be known collectively as the staphylococcal epidermolytic toxin syndrome.

Bacterial Toxins↗

PubMed1994

Pretreatment with alpha 2-macroglobulin leads to recovery of rats exposed to a lethal scald.

The effect of alpha 2-macroglobulin (alpha 2M) administration on the survival rate of lethally injured rats and molecular mechanisms regulating its hepatic expression after sublethal and lethal scalding were examined. Transcriptional activity of nuclei for the alpha 2M gene increased after a sublethal 20 per cent TBSA scald reaching a maximal three-fold increase by 12 h, whereas concentrations of the corresponding mRNA and protein attained the maximal nine- and 18-fold enhancements by 24 h, respectively. After the second, lethal scald, the plasma alpha 2M level increased during the first few hours, then dropped rapidly below the control value although the abundance of its mRNA was several fold enhanced. This anomaly was ascribed to inhibition of the alpha 2M mRNA translation caused by the second scald-induced disturbance of the haemodynamic equilibria. Eighty per cent of rats receiving alpha 2M prior to rescalding survived the second injury. Their recovery proceeded in parallel with normalization of the plasma volume and reactivation of the process of acute phase protein synthesis in the liver. A functional link between these events is discussed.

Acute-Phase Proteins↗