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Results for “SUCCINIC ACID”

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PubMed2006

Kinetic analysis of bifidobacterial metabolism reveals a minor role for succinic acid in the regeneration of NAD+ through its growth-associated production.

Several strains belonging to the genus Bifidobacterium were tested to determine their abilities to produce succinic acid. Bifidobacterium longum strain BB536 and Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis strain Bb 12 were kinetically analyzed in detail using in vitro fermentations to obtain more insight into the metabolism and production of succinic acid by bifidobacteria. Changes in end product formation in strains of Bifidobacterium could be related to the specific rate of sugar consumption. When the specific sugar consumption rate increased, relatively more lactic acid and less acetic acid, formic acid, and ethanol were produced, and vice versa. All Bifidobacterium strains tested produced small amounts of succinic acid; the concentrations were not more than a few millimolar. Succinic acid production was found to be associated with growth and stopped when the energy source was depleted. The production of succinic acid contributed to regeneration of a small part of the NAD+, in addition to the regeneration through the production of lactic acid and ethanol.

Bifidobacterium↗

PubMed2004

Determination of vitamin E acid succinate in biodegradable microspheres by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography.

A simple, rapid, and reproducible reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method is applied to the routine assay of vitamin E acid succinate in biodegradable microspheres. Vitamin E acid-succinate-containing poly-(D,L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres are prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The starting drug-polymer ratio is 1:10 (w/w) and the total amount of drug and polymer processed is always 440 mg. The content of vitamin E acid succinate in the microspheres is evaluated by HPLC. Chromatography is carried out isocratically at 25 degrees C +/- 0.5 degrees C on an Extrasil ODS-2 column with a mobile phase composed of methanol-water (97:3, v/v) (pH 5.6) at a flow rate of 2 mL/min and UV detection at 284 nm. Parameters such as linearity, limits of quantitation (LOQ) and detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, recovery, specificity, and ruggedness are studied as reported in the International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. The stability of vitamin E acid succinate is also studied with satisfactory results after 48 h at 25 degrees C. The method is selective and linear for drug concentrations in the range 15-210 micro g/mL. The LOQ and LOD are 15 and 3 micro g/mL, respectively. The results for accuracy studies are good. Values for coefficient of variation for intra- and interassay are 2.08% and 2.32%, respectively. The mean percentage of vitamin E acid succinate in the recovery studies is 99.52% +/- 0.81%. The mean loading efficiency for microspheres is 96.53% +/- 1.31%.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of succinic acid on blood coagulability and the catecholamine balance].

A single administration of succinic acid was shown to cause a dose-dependent decrease of the blood coagulability in rats. Seven-day administration of succinic acid (50 mg/kg) resulted in a distinct increase of the blood coagulability, an accumulation of adrenaline in the heart and adrenal gland tissues. Hypercoagulation was noted on the 5th day after withdrawal of succinic acid (50 and 200 mg/kg).

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1980

Effect of monolauryl succinate, lauryl alcohol and succinic acid on hemolysis and liver mitochondrial lysis in vitro in chicks.

In order to elucidate the mechanism of dilauryl succinate-induced vitamin E deficiency in vivo in chicks, I conducted experiments to study the effect of the metabolites of dilauryl succinate in chicks on hemolysis and the liver mitochondrial lysis, while neither lauryl alcohol nor succinic acid induced mitochondrial lysis in vitro in chicks. These were monolauryl succinate, lauryl alcohol and succinic acid. Monolauryl succinate induced both hemolysis and mitochondrial lysis at the same concentration as that of monolauryl succinate. At the concentration of 40 times that of monolauryl succinate, lauryl alcohol induced hemolysis but succinic acid did not. Neither alpha-tocopherol, selenium nor combination of both exerted preventive effects on the reactions of monolauryl succinate or lauryl alcohol. Monolauryl succinate-induced mitochondrial lysis was not accompanied by lipid peroxidation. The observations were consistent with those in Tween 20-induced hemolysis and mitochondrial lysis, but not with those in hydrogen peroxide-induced hemolysis or with those in glutathione-induced mitochondrial lysis. It was suggested that dilauryl succinate-induced vitamin E deficiencies in vivo in chicks are mainly due to the surface activity, which is not relevant to peroxide formation, of monolauryl succinate and partly to that of lauryl alcohol.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of succinic acid on postresuscitation pathology of the CNS and of the body as a whole].

The effect of oral succinic acid was studied in rats exposed to 10-min heart arrest followed by resuscitation. The drug was administered for 5 days in a dose of 30 mg/kg starting from day 3 up to day 7 after resuscitation. Succinic acid was found to normalize the orientation and exploration behavior of rats in the "open field" test, decreased the intensity of response to stress (electric shock), and normalized the radical formation in the brain tissue and blood serum, thus reducing the morphological changes in the brain. In addition, succinic acid prevented the development of risk factors of atherogenesis, namely, increase of the levels of blood cholesterol, triglycerides, and low and very low density lipoproteins. Further studies are needed to validate the addition of succinic acid to the armory of drugs preventing the development of postresuscitation encephalopathies in remote (3 months) periods.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2006

Isolation and characterization of a new osmotolerant, non-virulent Klebsiella pneumoniae strain SAP for biosynthesis of succinic acid.

In the present study, isolation of anaerobic bacteria from 24 different eco-niches was carried out. A total number of 300 bacterial isolates, including 230 obligate and 70 facultative anaerobes were obtained using anaerobic techniques. All the isolates were initially screened for succinic acid production by Fluorescein test and TLC method. During screening, 10 isolates found to produce succinic acid were further examined by HPLC and then finally confirmed for succinic acid by LC-MS analysis. Amongst 10 isolates, isolate SAP, a facultative anaerobe isolated from buffalo rumen fluid, showed maximum yield of 2.1 g/l of succinic acid from 10 g of glucose in 24 hr under anaerobic condition. This isolate was identified as Klebsiella pneumoniae strain SAP by 16S rDNA sequence and signature sequence analysis. Mouse lethality test for the strain SAP showed LD50 value of 3.3 x 10(8) CFU/ml, which shows non-virulent nature of the strain. This strain may become a candidate strain for succinic acid production because of its osmotolerant nature and higher succinate:acetate ratio.

Acetates↗

PubMed2000

Succinylcholine metabolite succinic acid alters steady state activation in muscle sodium channels.

BACKGROUND: Animal experiments revealed that succinylcholine produced masseter muscle rigidity and activated myotonic discharges despite neuromuscular blockade with a nondepolarizing blocker. These results suggest that either succinylcholine or its metabolites might interfere directly with voltage-operated ion channels of the sarcolemma. The aim of this study was to examine effects of one product of succinylcholine hydrolysis, succinic acid, on voltage-gated muscle sodium (Na+) channels. METHODS: Alpha subunits of human muscle sodium channels were heterologously expressed in HEK293 cells. Activation of Na+ currents was examined applying standard whole-cell voltage-clamp protocols in the absence (control and washout) and presence of succinic acid in different concentrations (0.05-10 mm). RESULTS: Succinic acid shifted the midpoints of steady state activation plots in the direction of more negative test potentials, indicating that channels open during smaller depolarizations in the presence of the drug. The maximum amount of the negative shift in 10 mm succinic acid was -6.3 +/- 1.7 mV; the EC50 for this effect was 0.39 mm. In addition, succinic acid (10 mm) significantly enhanced maximum currents after depolarizations with respect to a series of control experiments. CONCLUSION: Succinic acid facilitates voltage-dependent activation in muscle sodium channels in vitro. This might lead to muscle hyperexcitability in vivo.

Anti-Ulcer Agents↗

PubMed1978

Biochemical evaluation of succinic acid therapy in urolithiasis.

Reports of Melon et al. [7] and Hodgkinson [4] regarding the efficacy of succinic acid or its derivative (salt) in reducing the endogenous synthesis of oxalate are conflicting. The possible application of succinic acid as a potential inhibitor of oxalate synthesis, and the biochemical alterations resulting therein, has been studied in 10 idiopathic stone-forming patients (6 primary stone-formers and 4 recurrent stone-formers) and in 21 normal adult rats. In rats no significant changes in oxalate excretion were observed during the 4 weeks of succinic acid administration (500 mg/100 g BW/day) and 2 weeks therafter. In the clinical trial of 3 months, where stone-formers were given 20 g/day of succinic acid, the post-therapy values of urinary oxalate excretion showed a singificant drop ( less than 0.001) as compared with those of pretherapy--recurrent stone-formers showing a more marked decrease (63%) than primary stone-formers (49%).

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Guanidino succinic acid is not the endogenous source of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the porcine isolated splenic artery.

The possibility that guanidino succinic acid is the major endogenous source of endothelium-derived relaxing factor has been examined using the porcine isolated splenic artery. Administration of 100 microM NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) caused a substantial, endothelium-dependent contraction of the splenic artery that was inhibited by L-arginine (1 mM) but was unaffected by D-arginine (1 mM). L-NAME enhanced the responsiveness of the splenic artery to 5-hydroxytryptamine in endothelium-intact segments only, and the potentiating action of L-NAME was inhibited by L-arginine but not by D-arginine. Administration of 100 microM guanidino succinic acid did not relax the splenic artery and it did not inhibit or reverse contractions of the splenic artery induced by L-NAME. Administration of guanidino succinic acid, either before or after L-NAME, did not affect the potentiating action of L-NAME on the 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contraction of the splenic artery in endothelium-intact segments. Although substance P caused an endothelium-dependent relaxation of preconstricted segments of the splenic artery, guanidino succinic acid did not relax preconstricted, endothelium-intact or endothelium-denuded segments of the artery. L-NAME inhibited the relaxation induced by substance P in endothelium-intact preparations. The findings for the effects of arginine are consistent with L-arginine being a source of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in the porcine splenic artery, while observations with guanidino succinic acid indicate that it is not a substrate for the synthesis of endothelium-derived relaxing factor in this blood vessel.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

2-Aminopyridinium-succinate-succinic acid (2/1/1).

In the title compound, 2C(5)H(7)N(2)(+).C(4)H(4)O(4)(2-).C(4)H(6)O(4), cyclic eight-membered hydrogen-bonded rings exist involving 2-aminopyridinium and succinate ions. The succinic acid and succinate moieties lie on inversion centres. Succinic acid molecules and succinate ions are linked into zigzag chains by O-H.O hydrogen bonds, with O.O distances of 2.6005 (16) A.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

The convergent synthesis of poly(glycerol-succinic acid) dendritic macromolecules.

The high-yield convergent synthesis of dendrons, dendrimers, and dendritic-linear hybrid macromolecules composed of succinic acid, glycerol, and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is described. This convergent synthesis relies on two orthogonal protecting groups; namely, the benzylidene acetal (bzld) for the protection of the 1,3-hydroxyls of glycerol and the tert-butyldiphenylsilyl (TBDPS) ester for protection of the carboxylic acid of succinic acid. These novel polyester dendritic macromolecules are composed entirely of building blocks known to be biocompatible or degradable in vivo to give natural metabolites. Derivatization of the dendritic periphery with a methacrylate affords a polymer that can be subsequently photo-cross-linked. The three-dimensional cross-linked gels formed by ultraviolet irradiation are optically transparent, with mechanical properties dependent on the initial cross-linkable dendritic macromolecule.

Biocompatible Materials↗

PubMed2005

Development of a solid-phase extraction/gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric method for quantification of succinic acid in nucleoside derivatives for oligonucleotide synthesis.

A solid-phase extraction (SPE)/gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) method was developed for analysing residual succinic acid in nucleoside derivatives to be used in oligonucleotide synthesis. Use of a SPE protocol, enabled most of the derivatives to be trapped, thereby creating eluates enriched in succinic acid. GC-MS was used to quantify the amount of residual succinic acid in four different nucleoside preparations, with succinate concentrations varying from 0.18 to 0.24% (w/w). The within-day repeatability of the method was found to be 1.25% RSD. A linear relationship was observed between the amount of succinic acid in the sample and the GC-MS peak area, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9997 in the concentration interval 0.05-2.5% (w/w). Recoveries were measured by the addition of internal standards to working solutions and varied between 99.8 and 102.6%.

Chromatography, Liquid↗

PubMed1987

Succinic acid production by Bacteroides fragilis. A potential bacterial virulence factor.

We previously demonstrated that Bacteroides species elaborate a factor that impairs polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMN) migration. This factor, active at a pH of 5.5 but not at 7.4, had similar inhibitory characteristics as the Bacteroides metabolite succinic acid. We examined the kinetics of production of this inhibitory factor and correlated its presence with succinic acid concentrations in the culture filtrate. In the four to six hours after Bacteroides fragilis 9032 reached the stationary phase of growth, there was a large increase in succinic acid production with an accompanying reduction in culture pH. This correlated well with the generation of a leukocyte-inhibitory factor. Pure succinic acid in sterile culture medium at concentrations similar to those detected in the 18-hour culture filtrate (20 mmol/L) produced comparable reduction in PMN migration. Following gel filtration chromatography of B fragilis culture filtrate, the fractions containing succinic acid labeled with carbon 14 inhibited PMN migration.

Bacteroides↗

PubMed1996

Nutritional efficiency of succinic acid and glutamic acid dimethyl esters in colon carcinoma cells.

The dimethyl esters of succinic acid (SAD) and glutamic acid (GME) were found to be efficiently metabolized in colon carcinoma cells of the Caco-2 line. The rate of [1,4-14C]SAD and [2,3-14C]SAD conversion to radioactive acidic metabolites, CO2, amino acids, pyruvic acid, and lactic acid suggested that the catabolism of the ester-derived succinic acid occurred mainly through the sequence of reactions catalyzed by succinate dehydrogenase, fumarase, and the malic enzyme. This coincided with a marked sparing action of SAD on the utilization of D-[2-(3)H]glucose and D-[5-(3)H]glucose and generation of 14C-labeled acid metabolites, CO2, and lactic acid from D-[U-14C]glucose by the enterocytes. Likewise, the conversion of [U-14C]GME to 14C-labeled amino acids, its oxidation compared with that of [1-(14)C]GME, and the production of NH4+ in the absence or presence of GME indicated efficient catabolism of the latter ester. Like SAD, GME decreased the utilization of D-[5-(3)H]glucose and generation of 14C-labeled acidic metabolites, pyruvate, and CO2 from D-[6-(14)C]glucose, while increasing the generation of 14C-labeled amino acids from the labeled hexose. The oxidation of D-[6-(14)C]glucose was even more severely inhibited by GME. In normal rat intestinal cells, SAM, SAD, and GME also exerted a marked sparing action on D-[U-14C]glucose oxidation. The present findings suggest, therefore, that these esters could possibly be used to sustain ATP generation in intestinal cells.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1987

Indications for 99mtechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid scan in children.

The 99mtechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid scan provides an image of functional renal parenchyma. This static scan has specific indications and cannot be used simply in place of a 99mtechnetium diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid scan. The major clinical indications for this investigation are the detection and/or evaluation of a renal scar, the small or absent kidney, an occult duplex system, certain renal masses, systemic hypertension or suspected vasculitis. The physiology of the 99mtechnetium dimercapto-succinic acid scan is reviewed briefly.

Child↗

PubMed1977

Induction of tumors in mice with the herbicide succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide.

A solution of 2% succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide was given continuously in the drinking water of 6-week-old randomly bred albino mice for the remainder of their lives. The treatment gave rise to tumors of blood vessels, lungs, and kidneys. The tumor incidences in these tissues in the controls were 6, 18, and 0%, whereas in the treated groups the corresponding tumor incidences were 73, 73, and 5%. Light microscopic examination revealed typical angiomas and angiosarcomas of blood vessels, adenomas and adenocarcinomas of lungs, and adenomas of kidneys. The study thus demonstrates the tumorigenicity of the herbicide, succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide. Since the residues of this chemical occur in fruit, the human population is exposed to it. The environmental implication of this finding and the fact that the hydrazines as a class have tumorigenic properties are discussed.

Adenocarcinoma↗

PubMed1970

N-Malonyl-d-tryptophan in Apple Fruits Treated with Succinic Acid 2,2-Dimethylhydrazide.

Fruit from Red Delicious apple trees treated with the growth retardant succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide contained more N-malonyl-d-tryptophan than control fruit. When succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide and tryptophan were injected into immature fruits, more N-methyl-d-tryptophan was produced than when dl-tryptophan was injected alone. Our results suggest that succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide may control fruit and vegetative growth by interfering with auxin production.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1997

Antiproliferative effect of intravitreal alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl-acid-succinate in a rabbit model of PVR.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the antiproliferative properties of alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl-acid-succinate in a rabbit model of proliferative vitreoretinopathy. METHODS: Fifty-seven rabbits underwent gas-compression vitrectomy and gas/fluid exchange. Group 1 (n = 8): 50 micrograms alpha-tocopherol in 1 ml of 0.5% ethanol in balanced salt solution; Group 2 (n = 8): 50 micrograms alpha-tocopheryl-acid-succinate in 1 ml of 0.5% ethanol in balanced salt solution; Groups 3 (n = 4) and 4 (n = 2): 1 ml 0.5% ethanol in balanced salt solution; Groups 5 (n = 12) and 8 (n = 9): alpha-tocopherol in 1 ml silicone oil (12 mg/ml); Group 6 (n = 9): 1 ml silicone oil; Group 7 (n = 5): 1 ml balanced salt solution. Groups 1-3, and 5-7 also received fibroblasts and platelet-rich plasma injection. Fundus evaluation was performed during a four-week period. The eyes were enucleated for gross examination on day 28. Histopathology was performed on Group 4. RESULTS: Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl-acid-succinate in saline solution delayed development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, compared to the control group (statistically significant during the first week, Mann Whitney, p < 0.05). The alpha-tocopherol in the silicone-oil group delayed development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, compared to the silicone-oil group during the second to fourth weeks (no statistically significant difference, p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocopheryl-acid-succinate in saline solution showed retardation of proliferative vitreoretinopathy traction retinal detachments. In silicone oil, alpha-tocopherol is slowly released and decreases the severity of proliferative vitreoretinopathy, especially during the second week of follow-up.

Animals↗