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PubMed1980

Sebum levels during the first year of life.

Skin surface lipid levels in forty-five newborn babies and 193 infants aged less than 12 months were determined by an optical density method, using samples collected on ground glass. Although there was a wide individual range, sebum levels in the first week of life were very high, and were of the same magnitude as in adults. Females displayed a different pattern of sebum excretion from males. On the first day of life, the levels in females were lower than in the males but a large increase took place between the 3rd and 6th day, followed by a fall, bringing the level below that of the males. At 6 months the levels were low in both sexes. These findings suggest that there is a strong stimulation of sebum secretion before birth which probably stops at or soon after birth. Androgen may be involved in this stimulation and the probable role of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1980

Differences in the lipid constituents of sebum from pre-pubertal and pubertal subjects.

Significant differences have been reported in the composition of skin surface lipid in pre-pubertal subjects when compared to pubertal subjects. Analytical studies were performed to determine whether group mean changes in the fatty acid composition of the triglyceride and wax ester fractions of sebum could be detected in pre-pubertal versus pubertal subjects. Twenty males (ages 6-9), twenty females (ages 6-9) and twelve teenagers (ages 11-16) were studied. Skin surface lipid was examined by densitometry and gas chromatography. There were significant changes in the fatty acid composition of the wax fraction of sebum in the 11-16-year-old children when compared to the 6-9-year-old group. As wax is of sebaceous gland origin, this may represent a change in sebum composition probably in response to the hormonal stimulus. Changes in the fatty acid fraction of triglycerides were also noted with age, but this may be due to the change in source of triglyceride from predominantly epidermal origin to sebaceous gland origin.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

A double-blind study of the effects of 13-cis-retinoic acid on acne, sebum excretion rate and microbial population.

Forty-eight acne patients were treated orally with 13-cis-retinoic acid in a double-blind dose response study. There was a marked clinical improvement with a concomitant reduction in sebum excretion rate (SER) and production rate of free fatty acids (FFA). Microbial numbers decreased significantly; the decrease in propionibacteria was greater than that of aerobic bacteria. The decline in micro-organisms occurred after the reduction in sebum and FFA production. This suggests that the effect of the drug upon micro-organisms is secondary to the change in sebum excretion but it is nevertheless an important factor in the resolution of the acne.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1983

Topical benzoyl peroxide increases the sebum excretion rate in patients with acne.

Investigations on fifteen patients with acne showed that at the end of 1 and 2 months of treatment 5% benzoyl peroxide increased the sebum excretion rate by 22.5%. This rise in sebum excretion is probably due to the comedolytic activity of benzoyl peroxide which will influence the pooling of sebum in the upper reaches of the pilosebaceous duct.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1984

Oral spironolactone improves acne vulgaris and reduces sebum excretion.

In a consecutive series of thirty-six male and female patients referred with severe acne, the effect of 3 months' treatment with placebo or spironolactone (50-200 mg daily) on sebum excretion and clinical and endocrine status was evaluated double-blind. Twenty-six patients completed the study. Abnormal free androgen indices were found in 27% of the original nineteen female subjects. Spironolactone reduced sebum excretion in all female subjects, but there was no correlation between sebum response and androgen status. The clinical response was dose-dependent, with maximum subjective and objective benefit when spironolactone doses of 150-200 mg were used.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1993

The vellus hair follicle in acne: hair growth and sebum excretion.

In this study we investigated the activity of the vellus hair follicle in acne. Hair growth and sebum excretion in vellus hair follicles were measured on the forehead and back of men, and on the forehead, cheek, and back of women with acne. Hair growth was assessed by computerized image analysis (phototrichogram), and sebum excretion by computer analysis using Sebutape. In patients with acne, marked differences were revealed when results were compared with recent data from healthy persons. In particular, the mean growth rate of vellus hairs was higher, whereas the percentage of anagen hairs was lower, and the duration of the anagen phase shorter in patients with acne than in healthy individuals. Hair growth and sebum excretion depended significantly (P < 0.01) on the anatomical site (forehead 414 hairs/cm2, 0.053 mm/day, 34%; back 93 hairs/cm2, 0.16 mm/day, 21%). In addition, analysis of hair growth revealed significantly higher values in females than in males for (i) percentage of anagen hairs (P > 0.01), (ii) for vellus hair length (P < 0.05), and (iii) for the duration of the anagen phase (P < 0.01). The present study demonstrates that the activity of the vellus hair follicle is influenced by acne, and vice versa, and therefore its role in the aetiopathogenesis of acne should be reconsidered.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1993

Effect of a topical erythromycin-zinc formulation on sebum delivery. Evaluation by combined photometric-multi-step samplings with Sebutape.

Zinc displays 'in vitro' some antiandrogen activity through an inhibition of the 5 alpha-reductase activity. The clinical relevance of this effect is unknown, particularly during zinc therapy of acne. As sebum production could be a pharmacological target, a sensitive method was used for measuring the rate of sebum delivery to the skin surface during treatment with a topical 4% erythromycin-1.2% zinc acetate formulation. A series of four successive 1-h samplings with Sebutape was taken to derive the rate of sebum output from the slope of the regression line given by cumulative data. As a control the classical photometric method was used. Such combined evaluation revealed a sebosuppressive effect for the topical zinc formulation tested.

Acetates↗

PubMed1998

New insight into the topical management of excessive sebum flow at the skin surface.

The sebum flow dynamics at the skin surface results from a multistep process starting with sebocyte proliferation, intracellular lipid synthesis, cell lysis in the sebaceous duct, storage of sebum in the follicular reservoir, discharge through the follicular opening and spreading over the stratum corneum. A handful of topical products may decrease the sebum output, most of them acting at the level of the follicular reservoir function. Among them, elubiol exhibits a clinically relevant effect on oily skin.

Dioxolanes↗

PubMed1996

Sebum excretion rate in subjects treated with oral all-trans-retinoic acid.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: It is generally accepted that the inhibition of sebum excretion has a predictive value for anti-acne activity. Whereas oral 13-cisretinoic acid (13-cis-RA) decreases sebum excretion, it has not been shown so far if oral all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin, tRA) does so. The aim of this exploratory study was to investigate the effect of oral tRA on the sebum excretion rate (SER) in young male subjects. METHODS: 12 healthy volunteers with a baseline SER above 1.0 microgram/cm2/min were treated with 20 mg/day tRA for 4 weeks. The SER was measured at weeks 2 and 4. Adverse reactions were recorded. RESULTS: The mean SER varied from 1.56 at baseline to 1.65 at week 2 and to 1.49 micrograms/cm2/min at week 4. Comparison with values obtained in the same subjects previously treated with either 13-cis-RA or 9-cis-retinoic acid indicated that tRA less sebosuppressive. Mucocutaneous reactions and headache were the most frequent side effects of oral tRA. CONCLUSION: The lack of effect on the SER suggests that oral tRA would probably be ineffective against acne. The fact that, of the three isomers tested, only 13-cis-RA (which does not bind to nuclear receptors) shows activity may suggest that sebosuppression is not nuclear receptor mediated. We discuss other hypotheses related to pharmacokinetics.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1991

Comparison of the kinetics of sebum secretion in young women with and without acne.

We utilized a sebum-sensitive adhesive film, Sebutape, to visualize the pore patterns of women with and without acne with computerized image analysis. In normal young women, we found a positive correlation between the number of active sebaceous follicles and total sebum excretion. When seborrhea was intense, this correlation was however lost. The situation was more complex in acne. The severity of seborrhea was positively correlated with the mean sebum excretion of individual follicles but not with the number of active follicles.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed1991

Rhythm of sebum excretion during the menstrual cycle.

We studied by the Sebutape technique variations in the sebum excretion and in the number of active sebaceous glands during 3 consecutive menstrual cycles. In seborrheic women we found cyclic changes with a maximum sebum excretion during the week before menstruation. In women with a low sebum production, no changes were found.

Adult↗

PubMed1986

Follicule to follicule heterogeneity of sebum excretion.

We have evaluated the normal variations in the sebum excretion rate from follicle to follicle on the forehead by using the noninvasive techniques of the Lipometre and Sebutape. For a given overall amount of sebum excreted to the surface of the skin during a limited period of time, both the number of active sebaceous follicles and the amount of lipids excreted by them may vary. Significant intraindividual and interindividual differences may be found for these parameters. Such a noninvasive approach to the biology of sebaceous glands represents a new tool allowing a precise evaluation of diseases of the sebum excretion and of their treatments.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The effect of silicol gel compared with placebo on papulopustular acne and sebum production. A double-blind study.

Altogether 30 patients (19 females and 11 males), mean age 19 years, were divided randomly into two groups. All patients had chronic papulopustular acne of the face. A total of 15 patients were treated topically with Silicol gel for 20 min twice daily for 6 weeks and the remaining 15 patients were treated with a placebo gel in a similar fashion. A clinical evaluation was carried out at baseline, and after 2, 4 and 6 weeks of treatment. The clinical variables evaluated were as follows: number of comedones, papules, pustules and cysts on a standard area of the left cheek (area 5 x 5 cm) and measurement of sebum production on the same area by the use of Sebumeter SM 810 PC (Courage and Khazaka, Ltd, Germany). No concomitant treatment was allowed during the study period. One patient using Silicol gel withdrew after 2 weeks of treatment because of severe irritation of the facial skin, leaving 29 patients who could be evaluated. In the active group, the number of comedones decreased from a mean of 48.5 to 15.1 after 6 weeks of treatment. The corresponding figures for papules were 10.7 and 1.0, for pustules 6.8 and 0, and for cysts 0.6 and 0. In the placebo group no improvement could be observed. There was a highly significant difference in efficacy between the two groups (P < 0.001) in favour of the actively treated group. The mean sebum index was 193 at baseline and 88 after 6 weeks. Correspondingly in the placebo group the mean sebum index at baseline was 187 and after 6 weeks 179. This difference between the two groups was also statistically significant (P < 0.001). After a short follow-up period (3 months) no deterioration was observed in the 14 'active' patients, showing either complete cure or improvement.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed2004

Oral supplementation with all-Rac- and RRR-alpha-tocopherol increases vitamin E levels in human sebum after a latency period of 14-21 days.

In human skin, highest alpha-tocopherol levels are found in facial sebum. We hypothesized that the bioavailability of vitamin E in human skin is, at least in part, dependent on sebaceous gland secretion. To test this, 24 volunteers were subjected to a randomized daily supplementation with either 400 mg RRR-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (RRR-alpha-toc) or 400 mg all-rac-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (all-rac-alpha-toc) for 14 days. Fasting blood samples, facial sebum samples, and lower-arm skin-surface lipids (SSL) were taken at time-points between 0-21 days. Samples were analyzed by HPLC for alpha-tocopherol and squalene concentrations. Increased serum alpha-tocopherol levels were detectable as early as 12 h after supplementation of RRR-alpha-toc or all-rac-alpha-toc and peaked on day 7. No significant changes were observed in lower-arm SSL. Remarkably, while unchanged until day 14, alpha-tocopherol sebum levels were increased on day 21 in both the RRR-alpha-toc and the all-rac-alpha-toc group by 87% and 92%, respectively. With respect to dietary supplementation of vitamin E and its bioavailability in human skin, these results suggest that (1) sebaceous gland secretion is a relevant delivery mechanism; (2) the bioavailabilities of RRR-alpha-toc and the all-rac-alpha-toc are similar; and (3) significant accumulation requires a daily supplementation period of at least 2-3 weeks.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Preliminary evaluation of interactions between selected alcoholamines and model skin sebum components.

The aim was to evaluate the interaction between selected alcoholamines and components of artificial skin sebum. The rate and depth of penetration into the lipophilic bead imitating pilosebaceous unit lumen was applied for alcoholamine penetration activity assay. The activity differentiation of 0.5% aqueous alcoholamine solutions with a potential cleansing effect on the pilosebaceous unit was performed. The depth of aminomethylpropanol penetration increased from 0.080 mm after 15 min to 3.049 mm after 72 h. The depth of aminomethylpropendiol penetration increased with time from 0.148 to 4.064, respectively, of diisopropanolamine from 0.481 to 4.626, triethanolamine from 0.236 to 4.342, triisopropanolamine from 0.275 to 2.392 and trometamol from 0.338 to 4.580. The products of alcoholamines reaction with the model skin sebum are easily dispersed in water. The rate of alcoholamines reaction with the model skin sebum depends on the alcoholamine, being the highest in the case of diisopropanolamine, decreasing to minimum for triisopropanolamine. Selected alcoholamines would be applied in ex vivo and in vivo research.

Amino Alcohols↗

PubMed1979

Effect of neonatal administration of thyroxine on the rate of sebum production in rats.

Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats of both sexes were treated with 28 micrograms thyroxine (T4) daily for the first week of life. At the age of 80 days, the secretion rate of sebum was measured from the amount of skin-surface lipids extractable by acetone and which had been produced during 2 days. Treatment with such excess amounts of T4 during the early postnatal period significantly reduced the production of sebum in both male and female rats when compared with control rats and with rats deprived of food early in life. The thyroid, the pituitary gland, the testes and the seminal vesicles were significantly smaller but the weights of the ovaries and uteri remained relatively unaffected. There was a similar ratio of sex difference in the rate of sebum secretion irrespective of treatment. It is suggested that a reduction of sebaceous response in rats made thyrotoxic with large doses of T4 early in life was probably due to a decreased secretion of thyroid hormone which is required to maintain normal activity of the sebaceous glands.

Adrenal Glands↗

PubMed1981

Combined effects of neonatal thyroxine treatment and neonatal castration on sebum production in adult male rats.

Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were castrated within 24 h of birth and control animals were sham-operated. Intact female rats were also included for comparison. One-half of the rats in each group was treated with 28 micrograms thyroxine (t4) daily for the first week of life. The secretion rate of sebum was measured at the age of 80 days from the amount of skin-surface lipids that could be extracted with acetone and which had been produced during 2 days. Castration of rats at birth decreased the rate of sebum secretion and neonatal castration plus neonatal thyrotoxicosis produced an even lower level of sebum which more nearly approached that seen in female rats with neonatal T4 treatment. It was concluded that a reduction in the response of the sebaceous glands in adult rats made thyrotoxic with high doses of T4 in the early stage of life is not due to a decreased secretion of gonadal steroids.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Levels of terbinafine in plasma, stratum corneum, dermis-epidermis (without stratum corneum), sebum, hair and nails during and after 250 mg terbinafine orally once per day for four weeks.

The distribution of terbinafine in stratum corneum dermis-epidermis (without stratum corneum), sebum, hair, nails and plasma was studied in human male volunteers during and after 250 mg orally once daily for 28 days. The highest concentration was seen in sebum, 56.07 micrograms/g, after 14 days of therapy. The concentration was still 1.0 microgram/g 44 days after stop of medication. In stratum corneum the highest concentration, 14.4 micrograms/g, was seen 1 day after the last day of therapy, and it was 2.1 micrograms/g 44 days after stop of medication. The concentrations in hair and nails were lower with a maximum of 2.36 and 0.39 micrograms/g respectively, 1 day after stop of therapy, and still 0.21 microgram/g in hair and 0.09 microgram/g in nails 55 days after the last day of medication. With the exception of nails, all other tissue levels were at all times above the plasma concentrations. For nails, tissue levels exceeded that of plasma as early as 1 day after stop of medication, and this difference continued to increase until the last day of tissue sampling, 55 days after the last tablet. These results indicate that terbinafine is delivered to the stratum corneum through sebum and to a minor extent by direct diffusion through dermis-epidermis. Probably short-term therapy with terbinafine may be effective in the treatment of several dermatomycoses, due to the strong binding of terbinafine to stratum corneum for a long time after stop of medication.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗