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For the first time findings of Setaria equina (Abildgaard, 1789) in horses are reported from the German Democratic Republic. The nematodes, located in the peritoneum, were discovered in the course of autopsy. Based on a thorough analysis of the international literature, the paper discusses geographical distribution, morphology, cycle and diagnosis of this nematode as well as clinical symptoms mainly caused by the stages of the larvae.
The total and free acetylcholine (Ach) and cholinesterase (CHE) content of adult Setaria cervi were estimated. The Ach was estimated by bioassay on rectus abdominis muscle of frog and the CHE by measuring the drop in pH following incubation of worm homogenate with Ach chloride. The free and total Ach contents (4.0 +/- 0.57 and 6.0 +/- 0.48 microgram/g wet weight of worms respectively) were as high as found in mammalian brain cortex. The cholinesterase activity was found to be 5.57 +/- 0.6 units/g wet weight of worms. It is possible that there may exist a well developed system responsible for the synthesis, storage, release and destruction of Ach and that Ach may be acting as an excitatory neurohormone in S. cervi.
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Antigens obtained from adult female Setaria cervi were more protective than those of males against the development of microfilaremia in guinea pigs (transplanted with 10 S. cervi). In high dose levels (2 ml 500 microliters/ml) significant resistance was induced by antigens from male (52% of protection) and female (62% of protection) worms. The antigens from female worms were effective (40% protection) at low dose level (2 ml 50 microliters/ml) also.
Microfilariae (mf), males and females of Setaria cervi were able to synthesize several important classes of lipids and thus exhibited a functional lipid metabolism. The incorporation of the C14 label from acetate into lipids was relatively greater than that from glucose in adults, whereas label from glucose was incorporated to a greater extent in mf. Though only a small portion of these precursors, was utilized for the non-polar (NP) lipid synthesis, they were the preferred substrate for the polar lipid (P) synthesis; the P/NP ratios being 5.2 (mf), 1.63 (male) and 5.16 (female) for acetate and 1.23 (mf), 1.06 (male) and 2.25 (female) for glucose.
Excretory-secretory products (ES) of Setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite, were prepared by in vitro maintenance of the worms in a protein free defined medium at 37 degrees C. RPMI-1640 medium proved to be the best as the worms remained motile in it for the maximum period of time without change of medium, and approximately 12-15 mg protein per 100 adult worms could be obtained. Crossed immunoelectrophoretic analysis of ES products revealed 11-15 antigens and most of them were common to somatic antigenic preparations from both adult worms and microfilariae. The ES products were also found to contain 3-4 host proteins, including serum albumin.
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Thirteen mixed-breed beef bulls, 1 to 4 years old, were used to determine the effect of live and dead filarial nematodes, Setaria labiatopapillosa, placed in the vaginal cavity of the testes. When dead worms were used, granulomatous lesions developed on the tunica vaginalis parietalis in 7 of 8 testes. The lesions were similar to those seen in some clinical cases of periorchitis. Similar lesions developed in 5 of 6 testes after live worms were implanted in the vaginal cavity of the testes and tetramisole (8 mg/kg) was injected subcutaneously 6 days after implantation. When live worms were implanted and tetramisole was not given, lesions developed in 3 of 6 testes. It was concluded that the granulomatous reaction was a local response to dead or killed S labiatopapillosa.
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Helminth parasites were collected from 2 bushbuck, Tragelaphus scriptus, 2 red duiker, Cephalophus natalensis, 1 oribi, Ourebia ourebi, and 4 reedbuck, Redunca arundinum, that died or were culled in various parts of Natal. One trematode genus, 1 cestode genus and 12 nematode species were recovered. Haemonchus contortus. Ostertagia harrisi, Trichostrongylus capricola, Trichostrongylus vitrinus, Cooperia rotundispiculum and Setaria scalprum are new parasite records for the red duiker. Trichostrongylus colubriformis is a new parasite record for the oribi and Longistrongylus schrenki, Trichostrongylus falculatus, Trichostrongylus colubriformis and Dictyocaulus viviparus are recorded from the reedbuck for the first time. An unidentified paramphistome was also recovered from the reedbuck.
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