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PubMedDate not supplied

HIV transmission to female sexual partners of HIV antibody-positive hemophiliacs.

To study heterosexual transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 21 HIV antibody-positive hemophiliacs and their 21 spouses-sexual partners were evaluated. None belonged to other AIDS risk groups. HIV antibody was detected in four (19 percent) of the female partners. HIV was isolated from peripheral blood lymphocytes of one hemophiliac (4.8 percent), and one female partner (4.8) was antibody-positive. None of the couples engaged in anal intercourse. Compared with HIV antibody-negative female partners, HIV antibody-positive female partners were younger (P less than .05), had younger hemophiliac partners (P less than .05), and were likely (although not significantly so) to engage in oral sex (P = .08) and to have had more than one sexual partner in the previous 5 years (P = .08). Condoms were used all the time by only eight couples (40 percent), and pregnancy occurred in two other couples (9.5 percent), despite prior counseling. These data confirm the low frequency of heterosexual transmission of HIV from HIV antibody-positive hemophiliacs to their female sexual partners and suggest, moreover, that this may be due to the low rate of HIV infectivity in HIV seropositive hemophiliacs exposed to HIV. Further, these data document the need to design more effective educational programs to prevent heterosexual transmission of HIV.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Absence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) proviral sequences in seronegative hemophilic men and sexual partners of HIV-seropositive hemophiliacs.

To detect latent infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), specimens of peripheral blood leukocytes from HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs and from sexual partners of HIV-seropositive hemophiliacs were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The primer pair SK 38/39 derived from the gag region and/or the primer pair SK 68/69 corresponding to a conserved region of the env gene were used. Whereas HIV proviral DNA was detected by PCR in samples from 86 (97%) of 89 HIV-seropositive hemophiliacs, no HIV-DNA was found in blood samples of 198 HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs at risk. Of 40 HIV-seronegative sexual partners of HIV-infected hemophiliacs, none was PCR positive. Thus, PCR is proving to be a sensitive method by which to confirm infection in seropositive hemophiliacs, while the negative results in HIV-seronegative hemophiliacs and HIV-seronegative sexual partners of HIV-seropositive hemophiliacs suggest that a prolonged seronegative period of latent HIV infection is the exception.

Algorithms↗

PubMed1999

HIV transmission in sexual partners of persons with HIV/AIDS attending the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Yangon.

A study was conducted in the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Yangon, for one year from August 1996 to 1997, to assess the extent and the factors related to HIV transmission among sexual partners of HIV/AIDS cases. It was a cross-sectional comparative study on 67 (61 males, 6 females) HIV positive individuals with or without AIDS, and their sexual partners. Separate interviews of index cases and partners were done, and clinical examination and laboratory tests for HIV and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) were performed. HIV transmission was found in 41.8% of the partners. Male-to-female transmission was 39.3% (n=61) and female to male transmission was 66.7% (n=6), Seven and one half percent of the partners were suffering from AIDS. There were 4 (6.6%) pregnant mothers and 1 (25%) was HIV positive. Though 75% of the partners did not use condoms during their married life, HIV transmission was significantly reduced in the condom users (odds ratio (OR) = 0.18, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.02-0.98 p = < 0.05). The seropositive men who were less than 30 years of age had greater HIV transmission (OR = 5.67, 95% CI 1.13-36.46). However, socio-demographic factors, number of marital partners and age of first sex partners, duration of marriage, number of sexual relationships between these couples, duration of HIV positivity and AIDS infection, immunological status of the index group and STD positivity among partners had no significant association with the transmission of HIV. This study demonstrated that the transmission of HIV was high among the sexual partners of persons with HIV infection. It also highlighted the requirement of effective counseling and preventive measures against HIV infection among the couples.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Comparison of men's and women's attempts to dissuade sexual partners from the couple using condoms.

Undergraduate students were asked about their use of condoms and their attempts to dissuade sexual partners from the couple using condoms during sexual intercourse. Nearly 14% of women and nearly 17% of men who had engaged in sexual intercourse admitted to having actively tried to dissuade a partner from the couple using condoms. Thirty percent of the men and 41% of the women said that a sexual partner had tried to dissuade them. Attempts to dissuade partners from the couple using condoms were most common among students who reported having 10 or more lifetime sexual partners. For both men and women, the most frequently employed categories of verbal strategies were (1) sex feels better without a condom, (2) will not get pregnant, and (3) will not get a sexually transmitted disease. These three categories accounted for about three-fourths of the lines used. Avoidance of condoms because of a perceived decrease in physical pleasure poses a particular problem for sex and health educators.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

[Infection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in sexual partners from pregnant women with Chlamydia trachomatis infection].

We investigated the infection rate of Chlamydia trachomatis in sexual partners who had pregnant wives with C. trachomatis diagnosed by means of serum-antibody test (Ipazyme) or antigen test (Chlamydiazyme, IDEIA-chlamydia). Antibody-positive rate was 60.4% (90/149 cases), and antigen-positive rate was 7.4% 11/149 cases). All cases with Chlamydial antigen had anti-Chlamydial antibody. Eleven cases with Chlamydial antigen had no symptom of urethritis. Among these cases, eight cases had abnormal laboratory findings. However, the other three cases who had no abnormal finding were careers of C. trachomatis. In this study, sexual partners who had Chlamydial antigen were few, however, those who had anti-chlamydial antibody were many. Therefore, C. trachomatis will disseminate among many families as a latent infection.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Number of sexual partners and health lifestyle of adolescents. Use of the AMA Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services to address a basic research question.

OBJECTIVE: To expand understanding of the behavioral epidemiology of an important sexually transmitted disease risk factor within a clinical framework of the AMA Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS): Recommendations and Rationale. DESIGN: Cross-sectional analysis of the fourth year of a longitudinal study of adolescent health behavior. SETTING: High schools in a single major urban school district. PARTICIPANTS: Nine hundred and forty-six white, African American, and Hispanic sexually active adolescents. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of sexual partners in previous year and other health-risk and health-protective behaviors. Measures are operationalized according to guidelines for adolescent preventive services recommendations. RESULTS: Adolescents with 3 or more sexual partners annually were more involved with potentially health-harming behaviors such as illicit substance use and less involved with potentially health-protective behaviors such as seat belt use. These relationships were independent of sex, ethnic group, or socioeconomic status. CONCLUSIONS: The number of sexual partners may be considered part of a larger pattern of adolescent health-risk and health-protective behaviors. The guidelines may provide a useful framework for clinical assessment of these patterns as part of a routine health care visit of adolescent patients.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2005

A sexually dimorphic hypothalamic nucleus in a macaque species with frequent female-female mounting and same-sex sexual partner preference.

In some captive and free-ranging populations, unmanipulated female Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata) routinely court, mount (with pelvic thrusting), compete for, and even prefer, on occasion, certain female sexual partners over certain males. The goal of this study was to determine if the cytoarchitecture of the dorsocentral portion of the anterior hypothalamic nucleus (AHdc), was male-typical in female Japanese macaques drawn from one such population. The AHdc is located in the medial preoptic anterior hypothalamus (MPO-AH), a region of the brain that is known to regulate sexual behaviour in primates. Despite their potential for male-typical sexual behaviour and sexual partner preference, our female subjects did not possess male-typical AHdc. The AHdc was significantly larger in males than it was in females, a difference that could be attributed to the significantly larger number of neurons in the male AHdc compared to that of the females. The AHdc of female Japanese macaques were no more male-typical in size than those of female rhesus macaques, a closely related sister species in which females rarely exhibit male-typical sexual behaviour. Although the AHdc may be involved in the regulation of sexual behaviour, this study indicates that a male-typical AHdc is not a prerequisite for the expression of male-typical sexual behaviour and sexual partner preference in Japanese macaques. This study is the first to examine the relationship between sex-atypical sexual activity and the cytoarchitecture of a hypothalamic nucleus in hormonally unmanipulated females.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Homogamy: the relationships and sexual partners of normal-weight bulimic women.

This study reports the demography, weight, and alcohol and psychiatric histories of the sexual partners of 112 consecutive patients with bulimia nervosa, all from an urban catchment area. Seventy-three patients (65%) had a current sexual partner. The partners were of similar social background, but slightly older. On average, partners were overweight (110% of MMPW) and over 27% reported having an eating or weight problem. A quarter of the partners had been treated for a psychiatric or emotional disorder. Nearly 40% drank more than 36 units of alcohol a week, and 14% had received treatment or consulted a doctor for alcohol-related problems. Heavy-drinking partners and multi-impulsive bulimics sought out each other. A quarter of partners had themselves been raised in a nuclear family in which a member had received psychiatric treatment; 12% had had a mother or sister with an eating disorder. Thirty-seven per cent of patients used a 'safe man', their fear of being hurt stemming from low self-esteem and a general sense of 'failure', and for 11% the relationship was abusive.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2006

Trichomonas vaginalis infection in male sexual partners: implications for diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.

BACKGROUND: Trichomonas vaginalis causes a common sexually transmitted infection (STI) in women, yet trichomoniasis in male sexual partners is not well recognized. Nucleic acid amplification tests can increase detection of T. vaginalis in men compared with culture. METHODS: We conducted a prospective, multicenter study to evaluate T. vaginalis infection among male partners of women with trichomoniasis and factors associated with infection by recruiting patients from 3 public clinics in the United States. Male partners were tested for concordant T. vaginalis infection, defined as a positive urethral culture, urine culture, or urine polymerase chain reaction (PCR) result. A subset of men also provided a semen sample for T. vaginalis culture and PCR. Factors associated with concordant infection were determined from bivariable and multivariable analyses. RESULTS: We enrolled 540 women with trichomoniasis (diagnosed using wet mount microscopy and/or culture) and 261 (48.4%) of their male partners. T. vaginalis infection was detected in 177 (71.7%) of 256 male partners (95% confidence interval [CI], 66.0%-77.3%), of whom 136 (77.3%) were asymptomatic. A vaginal pH of >4.5 in a woman was independently associated with infection in the male partner (adjusted odds ratio, 2.5; 95% CI, 1.0-6.3). Younger male age (20-29 and 30-39 years) was also found to be an independent risk factor for concordant trichomoniasis. CONCLUSIONS: The majority of male partners of women with trichomoniasis were infected; however, few factors predicted infection. T. vaginalis causes a highly prevalent STI, necessitating vastly improved partner management, application of sensitive nucleic-acid based testing, and better clinical recognition.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

Transmission of chlamydial infections to sexual partners.

The incidence of chlamydial infections was studied in 33 male and 48 female regular sexual partners of 81 patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic who had chlamydial infections. Chlamydia trachomatis was isolated from 42% of the male partners and 62% of the female partners (p greater than 0.05). The number of infected partners was independent of the incidence of sexual intercourse and of the presenting symptoms. The use of condoms was the only contraceptive method that seemed to lower the risk of transmission of chlamydial infection. If diagnostic facilities for C trachomatis are not available, and sexual partners of patients with chlamydial infection are treated epidemiologically, a high proportion of both men and women may be treated unnecessarily.

Chlamydia Infections↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Condom use among Hispanic men with secondary female sexual partners.

Greater understanding of psychosocial predictors of the use of condoms among Hispanics is needed in prevention efforts related to the human immunodeficiency virus and sexually transmitted disease epidemics among Hispanics in the United States. A telephone survey was carried out in nine States that have large populations of Hispanics, using a stratified clustered random digit dialing sampling strategy. The survey yielded interviews with 968 Hispanic men ages 18-49 years. Of them, 361 (37.8 percent) reported at least one secondary female sexual partner in the 12 months prior to the interview. Predictors were identified of condom use by those men with their secondary sex partners. Key predictors of the subjects' condom use with secondary partners included carrying condoms; self-efficacy, or a measure of the subject's perceived ability to use condoms under difficult circumstances; positive attitude toward condom use; having friends who used condoms; and lack of symptoms of depression in the week before the interview (R2 = 0.35). Significant predictors of condom carrying were being comfortable in sexual situations, positive attitude toward condom use, and self-efficacy to use condoms. Less acculturated men had more positive attitudes toward condom use and carried them more than did more acculturated men. The researchers found encouraging levels of condom use with secondary sexual partners among Hispanic men with multiple partners. Because of the large proportion of Hispanic men who have multiple partners and the severity of the sexually transmitted disease epidemics in the Hispanic community,health care providers should recommend to Hispanic men that they carry and use condoms,point out the acceptability of men using condoms,and assess and teach basic sexual information in that group. Referral may be appropriate for high risk Hispanic men with symptoms of depression.

Acculturation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Prevalence of Hepatitis B infection and risk factors in two groups of pregnant adolescents related to the number of sexual partners].

BACKGROUND INFORMATION: Hepatitis B has different routes of transmission and it is maintained in human populations mainly via transmission from person to person during intense physical contact, such as perinatal contact, contact during hetero and homosexual intercourse and non-sexual physical contact between children, their mothers and siblings.Migration from the provinces to the big cities of the country, added to changes in social behavior, specially among young people, have led to an increase in unprotected sexual encounters, with the resulting greater risk of contracting hepatitis B. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We included 1048 adolescent women between the ages of 14 and 19, pregnant and apparently healthy, who came to the Perinatal Maternal Institute (IMP) between August 2003 and February 2004. The sample included 52 promiscuous pregnant young women with 3 or more sexual partners or contacts. After informed consent, they all filled a clinical epidemiological chart and a 5mL blood sample was taken to determine antiHBc IgG, HBsAg, HBeAg and anti-HBe using the third generation ELISA method. RESULTS: Sixty eight point seven percent (68.7%) were older than 16 years, 29.7% had not been born in Lima, 6.1% had been born in the jungle and 10.4% had lived in the jungle, 30.1% were from San Juan de Lurigancho. Fourteen point three percent (14.3%) referred having had two partners and 4.3% three or more, 5.4% had three or more sexual contacts and 61.5% said that their partner never used a condom. Over 98% referred that they had not had jaundice or Hepatitis A, B or C. Twelve point four percent (12.4%) of the partners were womanizers, 3.1% visited prostitutes, 8.4% had another partner, 23.3% said that they liked anal sex, 3% were alcoholics, 9% used drugs, 2% had been in jail and 5.7% had received blood transfusions. The prevalence of anti-HBc IgG was 3.53% and for HBsAg it was 0.67%. A statistically significant association (p<0.026) was found between the risk of infection and having been born elsewhere from Lima, with a history of jaundice (p<0.02) and with having lived in the jungle (p<0.001) and, surprisingly, with a history of hepatitis A (p<0.074). The application of the partner perception indicator established that when the partner had three or more infection risk factors compared to none, there was a 2.37 times greater risk of hepatitis B. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HBV infection at the IMP has increased over the last 7 years by 18.45% and 76.31% the rate of HBsAg carriers. There was a positive correlation between HBV infection and the number of sexual partners, although it did not reach statistical significance. The risk indicator of the perception of the partners' sexual behavior is a marker of greater risk of HBV infection among those ranked as high risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Telling tails explain the discrepancy in sexual partner reports.

An anomaly often noted in surveys of sexual behaviour is that the number of female sexual partners reported by men exceeds the number of male partners reported by women. This discrepancy is sometimes interpreted as evidence that surveys produce unreliable data due to sex-linked response and sampling bias. We report here that among the 90% of respondents reporting fewer than 20 lifetime partners, however, the ratio of male to female reports drops from 3.2:1 to 1.2:1. The anomaly thus appears to be driven by the upper tail of the contact distribution, an example of the general principle of outlier influence in data analysis. The implication is that sexual behaviour surveys provide reliable data in the main, and that simple improvements can increase precision in the upper tail to make these data more useful for modelling the spread of AIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases.

Data Interpretation, Statistical↗

PubMed1994

Spread of hepatitis C virus among sexual partners of HCVAb positive intravenous drug users.

Recent studies suggest that the seroprevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies (HCVAb) among sexual partners of those who are HCVAb positive is higher than in the general population. Moreover some studies seem to indicate that transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV) occurs more readily when there is HIV infection in the couple. We studied the prevalence of HCVAb seropositivity among the regular sexual partners of 84 HCVAb positive intravenous drug users (IVDUs), by means of ELISA confirmed by radio immuno-adsorbent assay, 11 generation (RIBA II). The couples were subdivided into three groups: group 1: 30 HIV negative IVDUs and their HIV negative partners (HIV-/HIV-); group 2: 47 HIV positive IVDUs and their HIV negative partners (HIV+/HIV-); group 3: seven HIV positive IVDUs and their HIV positive partners (HIV+/HIV+). The seroprevalence of HCVAb among the partners of IVDUs was 28.6% in the couples of group 3, 12.8% in the couples of group 2 and no partner was positive among the couples of group 1. There was no statistically significant difference in HCV transmission between the couples who never used a condom and those who always used one. The couples of group 1 never used a condom. We found HCVAb seropositivity only in the partners who were in couples in whom HIV was present. We did not demonstrate that sexual intercourse is a means of HCV transmission because none of the HIV-/HIV- couples of group 1 used a condom and no partner was HCVAb positive.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed2005

The concordance of Chlamydia trachomatis genital infection between sexual partners, in the era of nucleic acid testing.

INTRODUCTION: The rate of transmission of Chlamydia trachomatis, by infected males and females to their sexual partners, has been a matter of continued scientific interest and exploration. METHODS: We examined the correlation of C. trachomatis infection in sexual partnerships, using Strand Displacement Amplification. RESULTS: During July-November 2003, 97 male patients were reported positive for C. trachomatis. Fifty of the female sexual consorts were amenable for contact tracing, 38 of whom were identified as C. trachomatis positive. Within the same period, 93 female patients were C. trachomatis positive, and 56 male consorts were traceable, of whom 43 were positive for C. trachomatis. CONCLUSIONS: The concordance of C. trachomatis between sexual partners is in the region of 75%. This strengthens the case for epidemiological treatment for all consorts.

Chlamydia Infections↗

PubMed1991

Genital human papillomavirus lesions of the male sexual partners: the diagnostic accuracy of peniscopy.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the accuracy of peniscopy for identifying human papillomavirus (HPV) lesions in male sexual partners of women with HPV infection. The predictive value of the medical history for HPV infection was also evaluated. DESIGN: Examination of voluntary male partners of the women with HPV infection using colposcopy (peniscopy after acetic acid), cytology and surgical biopsy, the latter being analysed by light microscopy, in situ hybridisation (ISH) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HPV DNA. A detailed medical history was to be taken, too. SETTING: Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Kuopio University Central Hospital, Finland. SUBJECTS: A series of 101 voluntary male partners of 101 women invited for examination, treatment and follow-up for their genital HPV infections on the basis of abnormal Papanicolaou (PAP) smears. RESULTS: On peniscopy 64 (63.4%) of the men presented with lesions either typical of (34.7%) or suspicious for (28.7%) HPV infection. Of the latter, 89% were flat lesions mostly undetectable by the naked eye. The cytologic smear was positive in only nine men. On light microscope, 85.7% of the peniscopically typical lesions were found to be consistent with (68.6%) or suspicious for (17.1%) HPV infection. HPV DNA was found in 33 (34.5%) of the 96 typed biopsies, and never in biopsies from peniscopically healthy areas. In logistic regression analysis of the historical data recorded, only the contact time with the current sexual partner was of predictive value for histologically proven HPV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Peniscopy is an applicable means for the identification of penile lesions due to HPV infection, but it is not a conclusive diagnostic tool capable of differentiating HPV from non-HPV findings.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

High prevalence of HCV-RNA in the saliva cell fraction of patients with chronic hepatitis C but no evidence of HCV transmission among sexual partners.

The aims of this study were to evaluate the prevalence of HCV-RNA in different fractions of saliva taken from patients with chronic hepatitis C, to establish whether virologic parameters or disease severity exert any influence on the detectability of HCV-RNA in saliva, and to evaluate the prevalence of HCV infection in partners of HCV-infected subjects with respect to the presence of HCV-RNA in saliva. Sera samples and different fractions of saliva (whole saliva, surnatant, and cell fraction) from 48 subjects (45 with chronic hepatitis C and three healthy anti-HCV+ carriers) were examined for HCV-RNA by RT nested PCR and DEIA hybridization. HCV-RNA-positive sera were also tested for genotype and viral titer (bDNA2 method). Twenty-seven stable sexual partners (25 females and 2 males) were screened for anti-HCV antibodies at least twice over a minimum of 12 months. HCV-RNA was detected in the sera of 39/45 patients and of 22/39 viremic patients. In all of the latter, the presence of HCV-RNA was restricted to the cell fraction. Viral titer was significantly higher in patients with HCV-RNA in saliva than in those without (12.3 x 10(6) versus 4.6 x 10(6) eq/ml, P < 0.01). HCV-RNA positivity was unrelated to genotype, duration of disease, Hepatitis Activity Index scores or transaminase levels. Anti-HCV was positive in one of 13 sexual partners of patients with HCV-RNA in saliva and in 1/14 of those without (P = NS). In conclusion, HCV-RNA is detectable in the cell fraction of saliva in a high proportion of highly viremic patients with chronic hepatitis C, but its presence does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of HCV transmission among sexual partners.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Relative power between sexual partners and condom use among adolescents.

PURPOSE: To examine how the relative power of adolescent sexual partners in the domain of emotional intimacy is related to condom use. METHODS: Interviewed 228 adolescents who visited an STD clinic in San Francisco. Adolescents were aged 14-19 years, 69% were female, and they were ethnically diverse. We developed a measure of relative power in the domain of emotional intimacy, by adapting five items from existing measures and developing three items ourselves. The partner who had less desire for emotional intimacy was considered to have more power in that domain. We also measured relative decision-making power. Data were analyzed using logistic regression and Student's t-tests. RESULTS: Adolescents who had more power than their partners in the domain of emotional intimacy were more likely to get their way about condom use than adolescents who had less power in this domain. Decision-making power was not related to whether adolescents got their way about condom use. Young men reported greater emotional intimacy power and greater decision-making power than young women. However, gender was not related to getting one's way about condom use. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest the importance of assessing relative power in the sexual relationships of adolescents when predicting condom use.

Adolescent↗