The link between short sleep duration and obesity: we should recommend more sleep to prevent obesity.
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Adolescent↗
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Results for “Sleep Duration”
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Melatonin in patients with reduced REM sleep duration: two randomized controlled trials.
Recent data suggest that melatonin may influence human physiology, including the sleep-wake cycle, in a time-dependent manner via the body's internal clock. Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep expression is strongly circadian modulated, and the impact of REM sleep on primary brain functions, metabolic processes, and immune system function has become increasingly clear over the past decade. In our study, we evaluated the effects of exogenous melatonin on disturbed REM sleep in humans. Fourteen consecutive outpatients (five women, nine men; mean age, 50 yr) with unselected neuropsychiatric sleep disorders and reduced REM sleep duration (25% or more below age norm according to diagnostic polysomnography) were included in two consecutive, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel design clinical trials. Patients received 3 mg melatonin daily, administered between 2200 and 2300 h for 4 wk. The results of the study show that melatonin was significantly more effective than placebo: patients on melatonin experienced significant increases in REM sleep percentage (baseline/melatonin, 14.7/17.8 vs. baseline/placebo, 14.3/12.0) and improvements in subjective measures of daytime dysfunction as well as clinical global impression score. Melatonin did not shift circadian phase or suppress temperature but did increase REM sleep continuity and promote decline in rectal temperature during sleep. These results were confirmed in patients who received melatonin in the second study (REM sleep percentage baseline/placebo/melatonin, 14.3/12.0/17.9). In patients who received melatonin in the first study and placebo in the second, the above mentioned effects outlasted the period of melatonin administration and diminished only slowly over time (REM sleep percentage baseline/melatonin/placebo, 14.7/17.8/16.2). Our findings show that exogenous melatonin, when administered at the appropriate time, seems to normalize circadian variation in human physiology. It may, therefore, have a strong impact on general health, especially in the elderly and in shift workers.
Adult↗
Sleep duration of young children is affected by nocturnal sleep onset time.
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Child, Preschool↗
Synchronized sleep duration is related to tonic vasoconstriction of thermoregulatory heat exchangers.
The relationship between duration of the ultradian sleep cycle and intensity of tonic vasoconstrictor sympathetic outflow to thermoregulatory heat exchangers was studied in cats chronically implanted with EEG and EMG electrodes, and temperature transducers. Vasoconstrictor sympathetic outflow to heat exchangers was indirectly appraised by measuring the difference between hypothalamic temperature and ear pinna temperature. The vasoconstrictor sympathetic outflow was varied experimentally by means of thermal and vascular manipulations. The results show that the duration of the stage of synchronized sleep, but not that of the stage of desynchronized sleep of the ultradian sleep cycle, is correlated positively with the intensity of tonic vasoconstrictor sympathetic outflow to heat exchangers in the thermal zone of vasomotor regulation of body temperature.
Journal Article↗
Type A-B status, habitual sleep duration, and perceived level of daily life stress of college students.
The differences in perceived levels of average daily stress for four groups (94 college students) formed as the logical combinations of Type A-B status and habitual short- and longer-sleep were evaluated. Both the main effects for Type A-B status and habitual sleep duration were significant and these variables had an additive effect on perceived level of stress.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Motor activity and sleep duration as a function of age in healthy men.
Patient activity monitors (PAM's) and self-report diaries were employed to examine wrist movements over a 9 day period in 43 healthy men aged 21 to 83 years, in their natural home and work environments. The mean sleep duration (from PAM) equaled 7.29 +/- 0.8 (S.D.) hr compared to 7.84 +/- 0.62 hr as estimated from the daily diaries. Neither parameter was correlated significantly with age (p greater than 0.05). Net activity counts per 24 hr day declined significantly with age (p less than 0.05), but the effect of age was small and accounted for only 15% of the variance. When the data from each age group were averaged into mean 24 hr days, it was found that: (1) the greatest reductions in the older subjects' activity occurred during evening hours; (2) differences between old and young subjects were more profound on weekends than on weekdays; and (3) only the young subjects' activity profiles differed between weekdays and weekends, as they rose from bed later on weekends. The results indicate that 24 hr activity can be quantified and characterized in natural work and home environments, in relation to diary information. Only small age differences occur in overall 24 hr activity in rigorously screened healthy men.
Adult↗
Clockwise and counterclockwise rotating shifts: effects on sleep duration, timing, and quality.
INTRODUCTION: Many air traffic control specialists (ATCS) work relatively unique counterclockwise, rapidly rotating shift schedules. Researchers recommend, however, that if rotating schedules are to be used, they should rotate in a clockwise (CW), rather than a counterclockwise (CCW) direction. Unfortunately, few studies have examined CW and CCW rapidly rotating shifts. This study was designed to partially remedy this lack by examining the effects of both types of schedules on sleep duration, timing, and quality. METHODS: Participants (n = 28) worked a week of day shifts (0800-1600 h) followed by two weeks of either a CW (n = 14) or CCW (n = 14) shiftwork schedule, including early morning (0600-1400 h), afternoon (1400-2200 h), and midnight shifts (2200-0600 h). Participants recorded sleep data and subjective ratings of sleep quality, sleepiness, and mood in daily logbooks and wore wrist activity sensors to provide an objective source of sleep/wake data. RESULTS: There was no effect of rotation condition for any of the sleep measures. A main effect for Sleep Period (F (5,16) = 40.9, p < 0.05) indicated that both groups received less sleep prior to the early morning shifts than before the afternoon and midnight shifts. Sleepiness ratings were highest at the end of the midnight shift. DISCUSSION: Rotation condition did not play a significant role in the results of any of the sleep or subjective measures. The results of this study indicate that two problem areas in both CW and CCW rapidly rotating shift schedules are early morning and midnight shifts.
Aviation↗
A prospective study on habitual duration of sleep and incidence of breast cancer in a large cohort of women.
Mounting evidence suggests habitual sleep duration is associated with various health outcomes; both short and long sleep duration have been implicated in increased risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and all-cause mortality. However, data on the relation between sleep duration and cancer risk are sparse and inconclusive. A link between low levels of melatonin, a hormone closely related to sleep, and increased risk of breast cancer has recently been suggested but it is unclear whether duration of sleep may affect breast cancer risk. We explored the association between habitual sleep duration reported in 1986 and subsequent risk of breast cancer in the Nurses' Health Study using Cox proportional hazards models. During 16 years of follow-up, 4,223 incident cases of breast cancer occurred among 77,418 women in this cohort. Compared with women sleeping 7 hours, covariate-adjusted hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals for those sleeping < or =5, 6, 8, and > or =9 hours were 0.93 (0.79-1.09), 0.98 (0.91-1.06), 1.05 (0.97-1.13), and 0.95 (0.82-1.11), respectively. A moderate trend in risk increase towards longer sleep duration was observed when analyses were restricted to participants who reported same sleep duration in 1986 and 2000 (P(trend) = 0.05). In this prospective study, we found no convincing evidence for an association between sleep duration and the incidence of breast cancer.
Adult↗
Rapid eye movements density as a measure of sleep need: REM density decreases linearly with the reduction of prior sleep duration.
In the recovery nights from total and partial sleep deprivation there is a reduction of oculomotor activity during paradoxical sleep as compared to baseline nights. Aims of the present within-subjects study are to contribute in understanding the nature of the relationship between REM density and sleep need and to evaluate whether an inverse relationship exists between REM density and slow wave sleep (SWS) amount. Six healthy subjects were studied for 7 consecutive weeks with standard polysomnographic recordings. Variations in REM density were assessed in the recovery nights following a gradual sleep restriction, obtained by postponing the sleep onset time while maintaining the final awakening time constant. Results indicate that sleep curtailment decreases REM density in the ensuing recovery nights; the decrease is linearly related to the amount of sleep curtailment. The decrease in REM density parallels an increase in SWS, while no corresponding variation was found neither in the duration of paradoxical sleep nor in the latency of any other sleep stage. These results suggest that REM density could be used as a measure of sleep need.
Adult↗
The timing and duration of sleep in partial sleep deprivation therapy of depression.
The antidepressant response to partial sleep deprivation early in the night (PSD-E) was compared with the response to partial sleep deprivation late in the night (PSD-L) in 16 drug-free depressed inpatients using a balanced order crossover design. PSD-L had a significantly greater antidepressant effect that PSD-E. The response to PSD-L was sustained and enhanced by a second night of treatment. Patients had significantly shorter sleep durations and reduced REM sleep on PSD-L that did not occur in the PSD-E situation. There was a significant negative correlation between response to PSD and sleep duration, and in particular, REM sleep duration, in the late sleep deprivation situation. Thus, the amount and timing of sleep appear to be factors in the response to PSD, but additional studies are needed to evaluate the relative importance of these parameters.
Adult↗
Nocturnal adrenocorticotropin and cortisol secretion depends on sleep duration and decreases in association with spontaneous awakening in the morning.
It is still discussed controversially to what extent the nocturnal activity of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical system depends on sleep and awakening in the morning. Therefore, we investigated the association of plasma ACTH and cortisol levels with undisturbed nocturnal sleep and spontaneous awakening in 14 healthy male subjects (between 2300 h and 1100 h). Between sleep onset and 476.9 min after sleep onset mean plasma cortisol level was significantly (P < 0.01) higher (210 +/- 15 vs. 155 +/- 9 nmol/L) in the group with a shorter (476.9 +/- 15.0 min; n = 7; mean +/- SEM) than in the group with a longer total sleep time (596.9 +/- 14.4 min; n = 7). Spontaneous awakening in the morning was not linked to the presence of any specific sleep stage or to rising plasma ACTH and cortisol levels. However, spontaneous awakening was followed by a brief rise in plasma ACTH and cortisol in both groups. Thereafter, during wakefulness plasma ACTH and cortisol abruptly declined in all subjects irrespective of the time of awakening. The slope of the plasma ACTH and cortisol curves differed significantly (ACTH: P < 0.001; cortisol: P < 0.002, for all subjects) comparing the time after awakening (until 1100 h) with a time interval of identical length before awakening. We conclude that the duration of sleep and nocturnal ACTH and cortisol secretion are interrelated. Furthermore, the data suggest that the endogenous early morning activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenocortical system is terminated by mechanisms closely associated with awakening.
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
Does the 'forbidden zone' for sleep onset influence morning shift sleep duration?
Shiftwork researchers have concentrated on the problems on the night shift, and have tended to neglect the truncation of sleep that can occur before morning, or 'early', shifts. We examined the sleep timing and duration between morning shifts of shiftworkers on a variety of shift systems. The extent of morning shift sleep truncation depended very largely on the time at which individuals had to leave home. Further, there was some suggestive evidence that the failure of individuals to compensate by going to sleep earlier was not simply due to social pressures to stay up. Rather it would appear to have depended, at least in part, on the biological clock determined 'forbidden zone' for sleep that occurs shortly before habitual sleep onset.
Adult↗
c-fos proto-oncogene changes in relation to REM sleep duration.
Auditory stimulation has been shown to increase REM sleep periods in cats and humans. This effect has been attributed to an elevation of the level of excitability in a variety of brain stem neuronal groups. Fos-like immunostaining (FLI) has been useful in constructing maps of post-synaptic neuronal activity with single cell resolution, and has been suggested to be tightly correlated with ongoing neuronal activity. This study used FLI to quantify neurons from structures expressing c-fos in brain stem areas in animals with normal REMs and compared them with those showing extended REM periods. The results basically indicated that brain stem areas which in other studies have been described as having REM-ON cells, showed an increase in FLI, while no FLI changes occurred in areas described as having REM-OFF cells. These results are discussed in terms of the possibility that REM maintenance is related to a widespread increase in brain stem excitability.
Acoustic Stimulation↗
Sleep duration and eating behaviors of college students.
31 short-sleeping college students tended to eat more small meals or snacks than 37 long sleepers, all of whom were satisfied with their sleep. This disrupted pattern of larger meals was predicted from work of Elomaa and Johansson with rats who were partially REM-sleep deprived.
Feeding Behavior↗
Duration of sleep and breast cancer risk in a large population-based case-control study.
One important function of sleep may be its contribution to the maintenance of the immune system and regulation of the circadian rhythms by melatonin. Researchers have speculated that disruption of immune functions involving cortisol levels and natural killer cell activity may increase breast cancer risk whereas increased melatonin exposure may protect against breast cancer. We conducted a multistate population-based case-control study of 4,033 women with invasive breast cancer and 5,314 community women without breast cancer in which we inquired about women's sleep habits in the recent past and during adult lifetime. Relative to women who slept 7.0-7.9 h/night, the multivariate odds ratio for developing breast cancer among women who slept an average of 9 h or more per night approximately 2 years prior to interview was 1.13 (95% CI 0.93-1.37). The multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for the continuous term was 1.06 (95% CI 1.01-1.11), suggesting a 6% increase in risk for every additional hour of sleep. Similar patterns were observed for average lifetime adult sleep duration. We found little evidence that sleeping few hours per night was associated with breast cancer risk. The results of this study suggest that increasing sleep duration is modestly associated with an increased breast cancer risk. In contrast, short duration of sleep (<7 h/night) is not substantially associated with increased risk. Further research in this area is warranted.
Adult↗
Dose-response relationship between sleep duration and human psychomotor vigilance and subjective alertness.
Although it has been well documented that sleep is required for human performance and alertness to recover from low levels after prolonged periods of wakefulness, it remains unclear whether they increase in a linear or asymptotic manner during sleep. It has been postulated that there is a relation between the rate of improvement in neurobehavioral functioning and rate of decline of slow-wave sleep and/or slow-wave activity (SWS/SWA) during sleep, but this has not been verified. Thus, a cross-study comparison was conducted in which dose-response curves (DRCs) were constructed for Stanford Sleepiness Scale (SSS) and Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT) tests taken at 1000 hours by subjects who had been allowed to sleep 0 hours, 2 hours, 5 hours or 8 hours the previous night. We found that the DRCs to each PVT metric improved in a saturating exponential manner, with recovery rates that were similar [time constant (T) approximately 2.14 hours] for all the metrics. This recovery rate was slightly faster than, though not statistically significantly different from, the reported rate of SWS/SWA decline (T approximately 2.7 hours). The DRC to the SSS improved much more slowly than psychomotor vigilance, so that it could be fit equally well by a linear function (slope = -0.26) or a saturating exponential function (T = 9.09 hours). We conclude that although SWS/SWA, subjective alertness, and a wide variety of psychomotor vigilance metrics may all change asymptotically during sleep, it remains to be determined whether the underlying physiologic processes governing their expression are different.
Adolescent↗
Sleep duration and disease.
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Coronary Disease↗
Sleep duration and infant temperament.
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Female↗