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Results for “Stereotyped Behavior”

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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources

PubMed2005

The effects of fluoxetine and buspirone on self-injurious and stereotypic behavior in adult male rhesus macaques.

The effects of two serotonergic agents--fluoxetine, a serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, and buspirone, a 5-HT 1a agonist--on rates of self-injurious and stereotypic behavior were examined in 15 adult male Macaca mulatta. All animals received a placebo for 2 weeks followed by either buspirone or fluoxetine for 12 weeks. Behavior was monitored using a focal sampling technique throughout the study and for 2 weeks post-study. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples and body weights were obtained pre-study, at the ends of placebo and treatment phases, and post-study. Fluoxetine and buspirone were significantly effective in reducing rates of self-biting during treatment weeks 1 to 8 and self-directed stereotypic behavior during weeks 5 to 12 and post-treatment. No significant effect of either treatment on hair-plucking, stereotypic pacing, saluting, or head tossing was identified. The duration of neutral behavior increased, and rates of scratching and yawning decreased in the buspirone-treated condition. In the fluoxetine-treated condition, rates of yawning, scratching, and self-directed grooming were higher overall compared with those of buspirone-treated animals, and rates of scratching increased significantly (P < 0.05) in weeks 9 to 12; these findings suggest that animals in the fluoxetine-treated condition experienced higher levels of anxiety throughout the study. In both treatment conditions, concentrations of CSF 5-HIAA (5-HT metabolite) were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than placebo concentrations. Fluoxetine and buspirone may be efficacious for treatment of self-injurious and self-directed stereotypic behavior in macaques. Further studies are required to determine the optimal dosages and treatment length.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Effect of chronic amphetamine exposure on stereotyped behavior: implications for pathogenesis of l-dopa-induced dyskinesias.

The effect of chronic high doses of d-amphetamine on amphetamine- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior in guinea pigs was studied in an attempt to determine the mechanism involved in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonism. Prolonged pretreatment with suprathreshold doses of amphetamine decreased the threshold dosage of both amphetamine and apomorphine necessary to elicit stereotyped behavior. This suggests that chronic striatal dopamine stimulation may induce striatal dopamine receptor site hypersensitivity and that this type of induced hypersensitivity may play a role in the development of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. This mechanism may also play a role in the development of amphetamine-induced chorea and psychosis.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1994

Instructional conditions and stereotyped behavior: the function of prompts.

The relationship of instructional prompts to rate of task completion and stereotypy was studied in one adolescent student with autism and high-frequency stereotypic behavior. Using an ABAB design, one experiment was conducted which systematically examined the role of prompts on (a) task completion and (b) time engaged in stereotyped behavior. Results suggested that prompts had little effect on the rate of task completion across sessions but did reduce time spent in stereotypies. These results are discussed in relation to stereotypies and implications for intervention and instruction.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Effect of cortisol on a model of stereotyped behavior of rabbits in the form of thumping.

Experiments conducted on 10 adult male Chinchilla rabbits showed that single 5-sec electrostimulation of the region of the medial hypothalamus induces a series of stereotyped behavioral responses in the form of synergic thumping on the floor of the experimental chamber. When the stimuli are repeated every 1.5-2 min adaptation to stimulation is observed, which is expressed in a gradual decrease of the number of thumps. To study the pharmacological and hormonal effects on the described behavior, an experimental model is proposed which consists of two series of stimulation, each of which consists of 10 successive stimuli. The investigated pharmacological agent (cortisol [hydrocortisone] hemisuccinate) was injected into the animals in the interval between the two series of stimulation. A statistical analysis of the experimental results showed that intraperitoneal injection of cortisol in doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg enhances the simulation-induced behavioral response and shortens the latent period of its manifestation compared with the control. Key words: rabbit, electrostimulation, medial hypothalamus, stereotyped behavior, cortisol.

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Naloxone blockade of apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior: interaction of endogenous opiates with dopamine.

The specific opiate antagonist, naloxone, inhibits the in vivo and in vitro activity of the endogenous opiate compounds which have heretofore been identified. In this study systemic naloxone administration successfully blocked the production of stereotyped behavior induced by the direct dopamine agonist apomorphine. This implies that the endogenous opiates contribute to the production of stereotyped behavior initiated by dopaminergic stimulation and that endogenous opiates may function as central neurotransmitters with dopaminergic activity.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Amphetamine and apomorphine induced stereotyped behavior in adult pigeons.

Induced pecking by apomorphine has been reported in the past in pigeons. Research has supported the view that its mechanisms are, at least in part, dopaminergic in nature. This study tested the ability of amphetamine to induce stereotyped pecking. Amphetamine was found effective within a narrow dose range, displaying a relatively low potency for stereotyped pecking and high toxicity compared with apomorphine. The latter drug produced appreciable pecking rates that were proportional to dose over a wide range. The description of other stereotyped responses of the head and mouth, including swallowing, mandibulating and head shaking, which are produced by both of these drugs, supports the idea that common neural mechanisms are involved. It was suggested that the qualitative and quantitative measures afforded by pecking and non-pecking stereotyped behavior in the pigeon make this a useful animal model for the study of the mechanisms of stereotyped behavior.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1978

The effect of environmental stimulation upon the stereotyped behavior of autistic children.

Two groups of three autistic children, equated for chronological age but differing in IQ and performance MA, were observed for 20-minute sessions. Total duration of time subjects engaged in stereotyped behavior was recorded for each minute. During minutes 6--15, subjects were provided with either minimal or high environmental stimulation. High environmental stimulation was found to increase the mean duration of time the low-IQ group engaged in stereotyped behavior but to decrease the duration for the high-IQ group. The theoretical implications are discussed.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1990

Effects of single and long-term administration of sulpiride on open-field and stereotyped behavior of rats.

1. The effects of single (3.0 to 180.0 mg/kg) and long-term (up to 90.0 mg/kg) administration of sulpiride on open-field and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior of rats were studied. 2. When animals were studied 30 min after ip sulpiride administration, locomotion and rearing frequencies in the open-field or apomorphine effects were not modified in a dose-dependent and consistent way by the single sulpiride administration. 3. In relation to control values, a significant decrease in apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior was observed when rats were injected with a single sulpiride dose 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 h before the dopaminergic agonist. 4. Withdrawal from long-term ip sulpiride administration (up to 90.0 mg/kg per injection, twice daily for 57 days) induced a significant increase in all parameters of activity recorded in the open-field, and the responsiveness to apomorphine was also augmented in sulpiride-withdrawn rats. 5. These results suggest that sulpiride, a benzamide drug that differs from classic neuroleptic agents by producing fewer extrapyramidal side effects, also induces supersensitivity of central dopaminergic receptors.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Importance of environmental context in the development of amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior after single and multiple doses.

The present study was designed to determine whether single and repeated pretreatment regimens with amphetamine or apomorphine differ in the context dependency of sensitization of stereotyped behavior. Male CF-1 mice that were pretreated with a single high dose of amphetamine (14 mg/kg, IP) or apomorphine (40 mg/kg, SC) only became sensitized to a lower test dose of amphetamine (7 mg/kg, IP) or apomorphine (3 mg/kg, SC) when placed in an environment that was the same as the pretreatment environment. However, animals pretreated with three high doses (24 h apart) of amphetamine (14 mg/kg, IP) or apomorphine (40 mg/kg, SC) did demonstrate sensitization to a lower test dose of amphetamine (7 mg/kg, IP) or apomorphine (3 mg/kg, SC) when placed in an environment that was different from the pretreatment environment. Context-dependent sensitization, but not context-independent sensitization, was extinguished by pairing the test environment with saline injections instead of drug injections. In addition, it was determined that neither sensitization model could be related to pharmacokinetic factors. Therefore, the results indicate that repeated exposure to amphetamine or apomorphine overcomes the context-dependent component of sensitization of amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed2007

Parent report of stereotyped behaviors, social interaction, and developmental disturbances in individuals with Angelman syndrome.

Research examining autistic symptoms in Angelman syndrome (AS) is limited. The goal of this study was to further characterize the nature of stereotyped behaviors, social interaction deficits, and developmental disturbances in individuals with AS. Parents of 248 individuals between the ages of 3 and 22 completed a survey of autistic symptomatology by mail, the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale. Results confirmed a high degree of developmental delay and limited expressive language skills. In terms of stereotyped behaviors and social interaction, areas of convergence and divergence between AS and behaviors typically associated with autism spectrum disorders are described. The relationship between child characteristics (age, gender, seizure disorder, genetic subtype) and autistic symptomatology are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1988

Thioridazine dose effects with reference to stereotypic behavior in mentally retarded residents.

Eleven residents receiving long-term thioridazine treatment were studied while receiving their previous dose, standardized low and high doses (1.25 and 2.50 mg/kg per day), and placebo conditions. For theoretical reasons, subjects were also classified by degree of stereotypic behavior on the Fairview Problem Behavior Checklist (Barron & Sandman, 1983). Ratings of hyperactivity and self-injury were significantly lower during the higher as compared with the lower dose condition. Subjects classified as in the high-stereotypy group had significantly and substantially higher levels of maladaptive behavior on several other clinical variables. When all four drug conditions were compared, no significant drug effects were detected. However, high-stereotypy subjects responded significantly better to the drug than low-stereotypy subjects on ratings of Lethargy/Social Withdrawal and Hyperactivity on the Aberrant Behavior Checklist (Aman, Singh, Stewart, & Field, 1985a). The findings were related to previous dosage research and the literature on stereotypic behavior.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

PubMed2000

Importance of environmental context in the development of amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior after single and multiple doses.

The present study was designed to determine whether single and repeated pretreatment regimens with amphetamine or apomorphine differ in the context-dependency of sensitization of stereotyped behavior. Male CF-1 mice that were pretreated with a single high dose of amphetamine (14 mg/kg intraperitoneally [IP]) or apomorphine (40 mg/kg subcutaneously [SC]) only became sensitized to a lower test dose of amphetamine (7 mg/kg IP) or apomorphine (3 mg/kg SC) when placed in an environment that was the same as the pretreatment environment. However, animals pretreated with 3 high doses (24-h apart) of amphetamine (14 mg/kg IP) or apomorphine (40 mg/kg SC) did demonstrate sensitization to a lower test dose of amphetamine (7 mg/kg IP) or apomorphine (3 mg/kg SC) when placed in an environment that was different from the pretreatment environment. Context-dependent sensitization, but not context-independent sensitization, was extinguished by pairing the test environment with saline injections instead of drug injections. In addition, it was determined that neither sensitization model could be related to pharmacokinetic factors. Therefore, the results indicate that repeated exposure to amphetamine or apomorphine overcomes the context-dependent component of sensitization of amphetamine- or apomorphine-induced stereotyped behavior.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

Stereotyped behavior and hyperthermia in dogs: correlation with the levels of amphetamine and p-hydroxyamphetamine in plasma and CSF.

A gas-chromatographic method for simultaneously measuring p-hydroxyamphetamine (pOA) against amphetamine (A) in plasma and CSF is presented. The time course of body temperature (Tb), stereotyped behavior (St), and A and pOA levels in plasma and CSF were studied after administration of 0.6 and 1.5 mg/kg p.o. of A to dogs. Stereotyped behavior reached maximal value 2.5 h after A, as did levels of A in CSF. The A levels in CSF decreased steadily in the following hours and simultaneously with the levels of A in plasma. St remained elevated and began to decrease after 6.5 h. The relationship between St and amounts of A was not linear but exponential. This suggest that both A and its metabolite contributed to this effect. In fact, a linear relationship was found between St and the amounts of pOA in CSF. Body temperature had a time course similar to A plasma levels, reaching peak value after 1.5 h and declining thereafter simultaneously with A. A linear relationship was found between Tb and the amounts of A in plasma. Thus Tb seems to be a peripheral A effect related to the presence of the drug in plasma.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1981

Rapid decline of stereotyped behavior in rats during constant one week administration of amphetamine via implanted ALZET osmotic minipumps.

Groups of rats were subcutaneously implanted with ALZET 2001 type osmotic minipumps containing d-amphetamine. Three doses of amphetamine (calculated as 0.47, 0.94 and 1.41 mg/kg/hour; measured values were approximately 50% lower), continuously released for 7 days, initially produced locomotor stimulation and stereotyped behavior slightly increasing over the first few days. During the later days, however, locomotor stimulation and stereotyped behavior markedly declined indicating tolerance development. These results contrast the often reported development of sensitization to the behavioral effect of amphetamine observed with repeated injections.

Amphetamine↗

PubMed1994

Stereotyped behavioral responses to an auditory stimulus in the course of repeated treatment with methamphetamine plus scopolamine and methamphetamine in rats.

The present experiment was designed to study the effects of an auditory stimulus with 300 Hz, 100 dB on gradual emergence of behavioral sensitization in the course of repeated administration of methamphetamine (MAP) in combination with scopolamine (SCOP) and MAP. Repeated intraperitoneal injection of MAP (4.0 mg/kg) plus SCOP (0.5 mg/kg) induced significantly progressive and enduring enhancement of stereotyped behavior, resulting in intense, focussed stereotypy intermingled with gnawing and licking compared to repeated MAP treatment. Vigorous stereotyped behavior induced by repeated MAP plus SCOP was progressively attenuated by the tone, resulting in attenuation of the development of behavioral sensitization. Conversely, the tone had no invariable effects on behavioral sensitization induced by repeated MAP treatment. The present findings indicate that repeated MAP plus SCOP treatment progressively induced attenuating effects of tone as low as 300 Hz on MAP plus SCOP-induced intense stereotypy and vigorous behavioral sensitization. These findings suggest that a reciprocal balance between dopaminergic and cholinergic inhibitory systems may be involved in producing behavioral sensitization, and in the attenuating effects of the tone on MAP plus SCOP-induced vigorous behavioral sensitization.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed1993

Differentiation between MK-801- and apomorphine-induced stereotyped behaviors in mice.

The ability of phencyclidine (PCP) to model schizophreniform psychosis is believed to be related to its ability to produce both hypoglutamatergia and hyperdopaminergia. As such, identification of PCP-stimulated behaviors may be important for the development of animal models of schizophrenia. In this study, MK-801 [(+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H- dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptane-5,10-imine maleate], a high-affinity PCP analogue, was administered to mice in order to stimulate "PCP behaviors." These PCP behaviors were compared with behaviors stimulated by apomorphine, a dopamine agonist. Stereotyped behavior was assessed by both visual observations and automated measurements. Visual observations showed highly intense gnawing and sniffing in apomorphine-treated mice and the absence of gnawing in MK-801-treated mice. Automated stereotypic measures showed that, compared with vehicle-treated controls, there were frequent dissociations between MK-801 and apomorphine. Conceivably, a compound that attenuates PCP-stimulated behaviors while sparing apomorphine-stimulated behaviors would possess both antipsychotic efficacy and be devoid of undesirable side effects associated with dopamine blockade.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2003

[Effect of forced swimming on the memory track retention in mice with various behavioral stereotypes].

The effects of forced swimming on retrieval of the passive avoidance during its extinction were found to depend on aggressive and submissive behavior. In mice without generated behavioral stereotypes, swim stress applied before or after training stabilized retention of the memory trace retrieval. The similar improved influence of forced swimming on memory storage is revealed in submissive, but not aggressive mice. The increase of resistance against extinction under the swim stress can be connected to facilitation of emotional processes.

Aggression↗

PubMed1981

Effects of spaced responding DRL on the stereotyped behavior of profoundly retarded persons.

Stereotypic responding and social behaviors of three profoundly retarded children were measured before and during application of a DRL contingency for stereotypic responding. A variant of the standard DRL procedure, spaced responding DRL, was used, in which reinforcement is delivered following a response if that response has been separated from the previous response by at least a fixed minimum time interval. Three children were treated by using a reversal design. Results showed that: (a) during baseline sessions, the children engaged in high rates of stereotypic responding and very low rates of appropriate social behavior; and (b) during DRL sessions, appropriate behavior increased markedly as stereotypic responding was reduced. The data suggest that spaced responding DRL may be effective in increasing appropriate social behavior as well as in reducing stereotypic responding.

Adolescent↗