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PubMed1981

Response of type I fibers to weight lifting in rat plantaris.

The purpose of this histochemical study was to determine the effect of weight lifting exercise training on the muscle fibers in 2 muscle regions of the rat plantaris. Adult female Wistar rats were trained to carry weights up to 150 gm on their backs, up a 50 degrees incline, for a period of 6 weeks. A comparison between the exercised and control groups showed no significant muscle hypertrophy or change in the number of fibers. Only the smallest muscle fibers, which are located predominantly in the superficial region of the plantaris, showed a significant increase (19.6%, p less than 0.01) in diameter. The data suggest that the smallest muscle fibers, in the superficial region of the plantaris in this weight lifting training program, were exercised out of proportion to their usual activity and responded to the stress of the activity by enlarging.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

The effect of different standing and sitting postures on trunk muscle activity in a pain-free population.

STUDY DESIGN: A normative, single-group study was conducted. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether there is a difference in electromyographic activation of specific lumbopelvic muscles with the adoption of common postures in a pain-free population. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: Clinical observations indicate that adopting passive postures such as sway standing and slump sitting can exacerbate pain in individuals with low back pain. These individuals often present with poor activation of the lumbopelvic stabilizing musculature. At this writing, little empirical evidence exists to document that function of the trunk and lumbopelvic musculature are related to the adoption of standardized standing and sitting postures. METHODS: This study included 20 healthy adults, with equal representation of the genders. Surface electromyography was used to measure activity in the superficial lumbar multifidus, internal oblique, rectus abdominis, external oblique, and thoracic erector spinae muscles for four standardized standing and sitting postures. RESULTS: The internal oblique, superficial lumbar multifidus, and thoracic erector spinae muscles showed a significant decrease in activity during sway standing (P = 0.027, P = 0.002, and P = 0.003, respectively) and slump sitting (P = 0.007, P = 0.012, and P = 0.003, respectively), as compared with erect postures. Rectus abdominis activity increased significantly in sway standing, as compared with erect standing (P = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The findings show that the lumbopelvic stabilizing musculature is active in maintaining optimally aligned, erect postures, and that these muscles are less active during the adoption of passive postures. The results of this study lend credence to the practice of postural retraining when facilitation of the lumbopelvic stabilizing musculature is indicated in the management of specific spinal pain conditions.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1993

Dissipation of metabolic heat in the horse during exercise.

Horses were exercised at 40, 65, and 90% of their maximum O2 uptake (VO2max) until moderately fatigued (approximately 38, 15, and 9 min, respectively) to assess heat loss through different routes. Approximately 4,232, 3,195, and 2,333 kcal of heat were generated in response to exercise at these intensities. Of this, approximately 7, 16, and 20% remained as stored heat 30 min postexercise. Respiratory heat loss, estimated from the temperature difference between blood in the pulmonary and carotid arteries and the cardiac output, was estimated to be 30, 19, and 23% of the heat produced during exercise at the three intensities. The kinetics of the increases in muscle and blood temperature were similar, with the greatest change in temperature occurring in muscle (+3.8, 5.2, and 6.1 degrees C after exercise at 40, 65, and 90% of VO2max, respectively). The temperature of blood in the superficial thoracic vein was approximately 2 degrees C below that of arterial blood at rest. This difference had increased to approximately 3 degrees C during the last minute of exercise. The rate of sweating at sites on the back and neck increased with exercise intensity to a common peak of approximately 40 ml.m-2.min-1. If complete evaporation had occurred, water loss in response to exercise (estimated to be 12, 10, and 7.7 liters for the different intensities of exercise) greatly surpassed that required for dissipation of the metabolic heat load.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

A new description of the lumbar erector spinae muscle in man.

A study of the attachments of the musculotendinous fibres of the lumbar erector spinae muscle shows that it is made of two parts: a superficial or costal part, and a deep or vertebral part. The superficial part arises by small fleshy slips from the posterior (superficial) surface as well as the rostral and lateral margins of the erector spinae aponeurosis. It inserts by slender flattened tendons into the lower ten ribs. The deep part arises by large fleshy laminae from the deep surface of the erector spinae aponeurosis. It inserts through musculotendinous fibres mainly into the upper four lumbar and lower eight thoracic vertebrae. The superficial part corresponds to the iliocostalis lumborum and upper part of the longissimus thoracis. The deep part corresponds to the lower part of the longissimus thoracis. The functional significance of the present findings is discussed.

Back↗

PubMed2002

Lumbar hernia: anatomical route assessed by computed tomography.

Lumbar hernia is classically described as arising from the superior (Grynfeltt's) lumbar triangle or the inferior (Jean-Louis Petit's) lumbar triangle. The present anatomical study based on a computed tomography examination performed in a patient with lumbar hernia, has led to the suggestion that lumbar hernias cross the lumbar wall through a musculoaponeurotic tunnel, whose deep and superficial openings are the superior and inferior lumbar triangles, respectively.

Aged↗

PubMed1999

Quadriceps femoris muscle flap: largest muscle flap model in the rat.

The purpose of this paper is to present a new muscle flap in the rat: the quadriceps femoris muscle flap based on a pedicle consisting of the femoral vessels. In order to establish the anatomic details of this model, seven rats were explored bilaterally, and the regional anatomy of the thigh was examined. The technical aspect of the model was established by the unilateral harvesting of 18 quadriceps femoris muscles. Findings were that this muscle is primarily supplied by a muscular branch originating at the superficial circumflex iliac artery. The average muscle weight was 6 g and the average pedicle length with femoral vessels was 6 mm. Eight of the harvested flaps were transplanted to the contralateral thigh, and the pedicle was anastomosed to the femoral vessels. The other ten flaps were resutured back to their beds. At 72 hr postoperatively, all flaps were viable with the exception of one of the transplanted flaps which was found to be necrotic. The quadriceps femoris muscle flap is technically both a reliable and simple model. With an average weight of 6 g, this flap is by far the largest described in the rat, and offers a convenient model for testing flap-related techniques and outcomes.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

FDG PET for mucosal malignant melanoma of the head and neck.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To evaluate imaging findings using positron emission tomography (PET) and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) in mucosal malignant melanoma (MMM) of the head and neck. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation. METHODS: Eighteen PET examinations were performed for initial staging and/or follow-up in 10 patients with MMM. Medical records of 6 male and 4 female patients (age range, 43--81 y; mean, 67 y) were reviewed retrospectively with regard to the patients' history, symptoms, and clinical course. Primary melanoma elsewhere in the body was excluded at the time of diagnosis. RESULTS: All MMM were visible in staging PET examinations, but FDG uptake depended on lesion size and anatomic site. Big lesions with a nodular growth, as seen in pathologic specimens, were better visible compared with lesions with a more superficial spread within the mucous membranes. Lesions in the anterior part of the nasal cavity were more difficult to detect than those in the posterior sinonasal complex because of possible interference with nonspecific uptake in muscles of the mouth and pronounced appearance of the skin when imaging was performed using filtered back projection without attenuation correction. CONCLUSION: We found that MMM of the head and neck can be visualized using FDG PET. Furthermore, locoregional and distant metastases can be evaluated much like those of cutaneous malignant melanoma. Therefore, PET may be suitable for the staging and/or restaging of these patients. Further studies have to elucidate the potential role of FDG PET in patient management.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Anatomical study of lumbar spine innervation.

To precisely evaluate low back pain, identification of the detailed innervation of the lumbar spine is necessary. On twenty-five sides of adult cadavers we investigated various patterns of rami communicantes (RC) and their relationship to the psoas major muscle (PM). In ten sides, we focused our dissection on the minute nerve supply of the anterior (ALL) and posterior longitudinal ligaments (PLL), vertebral bodies and the intervertebral discs (IVD). According to the mode of piercing PM, two types of RC were observed: superficial oblique rami (SOR) and deep transverse rami (DTR). SOR ran obliquely between superficial heads of PM, connecting sympathetic trunk (ST) and T12-L2 (3) spinal nerves non-segmentally. DTR ran segmentally close to the vertebral bodies and were situated deep to the PM slips. On the lateral side of the lumbar spine, the vertebral bodies and IVD received branches from DTR and ventral rami segmentally, as well as branches from the sympathetic trunk (ST) and, in the upper lumbar region, SOR non-segmentally. On the anterior aspect of the lumbar spine, ALL received branches from ST and splanchnic nerves non-segmentally. Within the vertebral canal, the posterior aspect of IVD and PLL received the sinu-vertebral nerves originating from DTR. These findings suggest the coexistence of two different types of innervation: one originating directly from the spinal nerve segmentally, and one reaching vertebral structures via the sympathetic nerves non-segmentally. Therefore, sympathetic nerves are likely involved in the proprioception of the spinal column.

Aged↗

PubMed1991

[Applied anatomy of lymph drainage of lower lip mucosa].

The lymph drainage of lower lip mucosa was studied in 30 fresh cadavers of fetus and neonatus by submucosa injection of 30% Prussian blue of chloroform solution. The collecting lymphatics in lateral third of both the right and left sides of the lower lip mucosa ran laterally to the angles of the mouth, and then back- and downward between mandible and depressor muscle of angle of mouth, and finally, accompanying the facial vessels, emptied into submandibular lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatics of the latter emptied into angular lymph nodes and jugulo-omohyoid lymph nodes. The collecting lymphatics in the middle third of the lower lip mucosa went superficially to the mental muscle and downward into submental lymph nodes. The efferent lymphatic of the latter emptied, anteriorly to the body of the hyoid bone, latter- and downward into right and left jugulo-omohyoid lymph nodes. All collecting lymphatics lie in the loose connective tissue between the muscles.

Humans↗

PubMed2001

Changes in motor planning of feedforward postural responses of the trunk muscles in low back pain.

Changes in trunk muscle recruitment have been identified in people with low-back pain (LBP). These differences may be due to changes in the planning of the motor response or due to delayed transmission of the descending motor command in the nervous system. These two possibilities were investigated by comparison of the effect of task complexity on the feedforward postural response of the trunk muscles associated with rapid arm movement in people with and without LBP. Task complexity was increased by variation of the expectation for a command to either abduct or flex the upper limb. The onsets of electromyographic activity (EMG) of the abdominal and deltoid muscles were measured. In control subjects, while the reaction time of deltoid and the superficial abdominal muscles increased with task complexity, the reaction time of transversus abdominis (TrA) was constant. However, in subjects with LBP, the reaction time of TrA increased along with the other muscles as task complexity was increased. While inhibition of the descending motor command cannot be excluded, it is more likely that the change in recruitment of TrA represents a more complex change in organisation of the postural response.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed1994

Implantation and expansion of split-thickness skin grafts: a new source of prefabricated pedicle flaps and grafts.

The objective of this study was to determine whether a split-thickness skin graft can be implanted deep to the skin and whether it can be expanded. We also wanted to find out whether this implanted and expanded split-thickness skin graft can be used as a new source of skin grafts and as a pedicle flap. A tissue expander mounted on a Dacron sheet backing was specially designed for this experiment. Six female Hanford minipigs weighing 20 to 25 kg were operated on in three stages. In stage one, a split-thickness skin graft 0.03 in thick was harvested from the back, placed dermal side out over the expander, and sutured to the Dacron backing. The expander with the overlying split-thickness skin graft was then implanted deep to the panniculus carnosus muscle. Daily expansion was started 2 weeks after implantation to obtain a total volume of 1300 to 2500 cc. In the second stage, performed 4 to 6 weeks after implantation, the skin over the expander was elevated superficial to the panniculus carnosus muscle as a ventrally based flap, and the panniculus carnosus muscle was next elevated as a dorsally based flap lined on its deep surface with the implanted/expanded skin. Full-thickness skin grafts obtained from this implanted/expanded skin and from normal skin were transplanted to two 3 x 3 cm skin defects. The panniculus carnosus muscle implanted/expanded skin flap was then turned 180 degrees and sutured to a dorsally created skin defect. In the third stage, 4 weeks later, we noted the quality, texture, and appearance and obtained punch biopsies from normal skin, normal skin graft, implanted/expanded skin graft, and panniculus carnosus muscle implanted/expanded flap for histopathologic examination. All skin grafts "took" well, survived implantation, and were expanded successfully. The initial surface area of implanted split-thickness skin graft showed a net increase of 8 to 193 percent (mean percentage net increase 90 percent). This implanted/expanded skin also was retransplanted successfully to a skin defect. In all six minipigs, a skin-lined panniculus carnosus muscle implanted/expanded skin flap was constructed and survived transfer to an adjacent skin defect. The smallest flap of panniculus carnosus muscle implanted/expanded skin measured 10 x 12 cm and the largest 12 x 28 cm (mean surface area 228 cm2).

Animals↗

PubMed1979

Sphenopalatine (nasal) ganglion: remote effects including "psychosomatic" symptoms, rage reaction, pain, and spasm.

Many articles implicate the nasal ganglion in the production of remote symptoms and discuss treatment. Symptoms are primarily spastic, involving both visceral and voluntary muscles including muscle spasm in the neck, shoulder, and low back; asthma, hypertension, intestinal spasm; diarrhea, angina pectoris, uterine spasm; intractable hiccup, and many others. All these symptoms appear to have 2 common denominators. They are mediated by the autonomic nervous system and at least in some instances can be "psychosomatic." The sphenopalatine ganglion (SPG) is a major autonomic ganglion located superficially in the pterygopalatine fossa, with major afferent distribution to the entire nasopharynx and important connections with the trigeminal nerve, facial nerve, internal carotid artery plexus of the sympathetic nervous system and, as shown in the rat, direct connection with the anterior pituitary gland. This paper presents arguments supporting the following hypotheses: 1. The SPG probably has a crucial role in lower animals in declenching the reflex responses known collectively as the rage reaction. 2. The SPG is a major point of entry to the autonomic system exposed to pathologic influences and readily accessible for therapeutic influences and readily accessible for therapeutic intervention. 3. A wide variety of symptoms are produced or maintained by alteration in autonomic system tonus and some of these may be affected by intervention on the SPG. 4. The possible relationship of some symptoms and "psychosomatic" conditions to the autonomic nervous system and the rage reaction must be considered.20

Anger↗

PubMed2003

Blunt trauma soft-tissue uptake on skeletal scintigraphy.

Muscle and soft-tissue uptake have been described numerous times in the literature in patients undergoing Tc-99m methylene diphosphonate skeletal scintigraphy following trauma. Many of these traumas range from electrical burns, intramuscular injections, sports-related trauma, and overexercising, to actual physical damage resulting in superficial bruising and skin discoloration. In this case the patient presented with continuing low back pain after falling down some stairs. Although the scan was essentially normal for bony trauma, subtle soft-tissue uptake was detected that was enhanced with the addition of single photon emission computed tomographic imaging and surface rendering.

Accidental Falls↗

PubMed1981

Radicular derivation of sensory action potentials in lower extremity.

A patient with grade II spondylolisthesis and back pain underwent Harrington rod instrumentation. Postoperatively, he developed pain and numbness of the lateral aspect of the left foot and loss of the left AChilles reflex. Preoperative electrodiagnostic findings of the left lower extremity were normal. Two postoperative studies revealed that, concomitant with evidence of denervation if the left S1-supplied muscles, his sural sensory nerve action potential (SNAP) had been abolished but the superficial peroneal SNAP, recorded from the intermediate branch, was normal and equal to that of the contralateral foot. Though various dermatomal maps show this branch to be in the border zone between S1 and L5 dermatomes, the findings in this patient are evidence that the SNAP of the superficial peroneal nerve, recorded as described, is subserved by fibers in the L5 root. In lesions producing axonal loss in L5 root distribution, the amplitude of the superficial peroneal SNAP will be of value in distinguishing lesions at or distal to the dorsal root ganglion from those proximal to it.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed2001

Gardner-associated fibromas (GAF) in young patients: a distinct fibrous lesion that identifies unsuspected Gardner syndrome and risk for fibromatosis.

Gardner syndrome (GS), caused by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene, is characterized by polyposis coli, osteomas, and various soft-tissue tumors. If undetected or untreated, virtually all patients develop colonic carcinoma at a young age. Early detection, while essential, can be difficult because of attenuated phenotypes or spontaneous mutations. We present the clinicopathologic features of 11 identical fibromatous lesions that we have termed Gardner-associated fibroma (GAF), which not only appear to be a part of the spectrum of lesions associated with GS but, in some cases, represent the sentinel event leading to its detection. The GAFs occurred in 11 patients (5 boys and 6 girls; age range, 3 months-14 years), were solitary (n = 7) or multiple (n = 4), and occurred in the superficial and deep soft tissues of the paraspinal region (n = 7), back (n = 3), face (n = 2), scalp (n = 2), chest wall (n = 2), thigh (n = 1), neck (n = 1), and flank (n = 1). Histologically, GAFs resemble nuchal-type fibromas (NFs), consisting of thick, haphazardly arranged collagen bundles between which are found occasional bland fibroblasts, and having margins that frequently engulf surrounding structures including adjacent fat, muscle and nerves. After surgical excision, four patients developed recurrences that were classic desmoid fibromatoses (DFs). In one patient with multiple GAFs, one lesion had the features of GAF and DF in the absence of surgical trauma. A family history of GS or polyposis (n = 6) or DF (n = 1) was known at the time of surgery in seven patients. In three patients, the diagnosis of GAF resulted in the diagnosis of unsuspected APC in older family members, with the detection of an occult colonic adenocarcinoma in one parent. In the family of the remaining patient, no stigmata of GS were present. Genetic analysis of this child was performed to investigate the presence of a spontaneous (new) mutation; however, no abnormalities were detected. The significance of GAF is that it serves as a sentinel event for identifying GS kindreds, including those with a high risk for the development of DF, and it may potentially identify children with spontaneous mutations of the APC gene. Because NFs and GAFs resemble one another, we suggest that a subset of NF occurring in multiple sites, unusual locations, or children may be GAF.

Adenomatous Polyposis Coli↗

PubMed2001

[Preliminary investigation on the pathogeny, diagnosis and treatment of chondromalacia patella].

This paper presents the preliminary investigation on chondromalacia patella at our department in recent years. A random cluster sampling survey covering 2743 normal persons was carried out. The prevalence rate is 36.2%. It was found that, applying transmission electron microscope and immunohistochemical methods on to cartilage tissues of the abnormal region, articular cartilage necrosis was in direct proportion with the abnormal pressure, while the restoration capability of local chondrocytes was in inverse proportion with pathological changes and the pressure. The chondromalacia patella was produced by repeated abnormal stress acting on the cartilage. The stress derived from the uncongruency and the decreasing in the contact area of patellofemoral joint when the subluxation or tilt of patellae was caused by the abnormal anatomical and biomechanical relationship. The initial lesion was at the matrix of cartilage, the collagen network was disrupted, then proteoglycan was lost. The microenvironment of chondrocytes was changed with degradation of matrix. So the chondrocytes became degenerative and necrosis from superficial to deep layer, then feed back the matrix again. Finally, the total cartilage layer might disappear, and the bone under cartilage might proliferate. At late stage, the cartilage was completely destroyed and had no self-restorative ability. Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment are necessary. It is highly suggested axis radiograph of the knee with the tibiae tuberositas localization are helpful to early diagnosis. Furthermore, JKY-Muscle Rehabilitation Instrument is invented for non-operative therapy. It enhances muscle power by selective training of the vastus medialis muscle using electrical stimulator to relieve pain and correct subluxation of patella with 90% efficiency (63% of excellent-effective rate). In late stage, patellofemoral replacement is recommended. The excellent-effective rate is 86.3%.

Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee↗

PubMed1997

Mechanisms of low back pain: a neurophysiologic and neuroanatomic study.

Idiopathic low back pain has confounded health care practitioners for decades. The cellular and neural mechanisms that lead to facet pain, discogenic pain, and sciatica are not well understood. To help elucidate these mechanisms, anesthetized New Zealand white rabbits were used in a series of neurophysiologic and neuroanatomic studies. These studies showed the following evidence in support of facet pain: an extensive distribution of small nerve fibers and endings in the lumbar facet joint, nerves containing substance P, high threshold mechanoreceptors in the facet joint capsule, and sensitization and excitation of nerves in facet joint and surrounding muscle when the nerves were exposed to inflammatory or algesic chemicals. Evidence for pain of disc origin included an extensive distribution of small nerve fibers and free nerve endings in the superficial annulus of the disc and small fibers and free nerve endings in adjacent longitudinal ligaments. Possible mechanisms of sciatica included vigorous and long lasting excitatory discharges when dorsal root ganglia were subjected to moderate pressure, excitation of dorsal root fibers when the ganglia were exposed to autologous nucleus pulposus, and excitation and loss of nerve function in nerve roots exposed to phospholipase A2.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Electromyographic activity of voluntarily activated trunk flexor and extensor muscles in post-stroke hemiparetic subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To study the EMG activity of selected trunk muscles during self-initiated voluntary flexion and extension of the trunk in post-stroke hemiparetic subjects, and to compare measurement results to corresponding findings in control subjects. METHODS: Using a sample of 50 patients and 30 control subjects, bilateral EMG activity of the rectus abdominis (RA) and external oblique (EO) muscles was studied during direct trunk flexion, and activity of the lumbar erector spinae (ES) and latissimus dorsi (LD) was studied during straight trunk extension. Variables of timing, magnitude, and temporal synchronization between muscle activity on the paretic and non-paretic sides of the body in the patient group were compared with the same measurements taken from the left and right sides of the body in the control group. RESULTS: Activity of the RA and LD muscles on the affected side of the body was reduced and delayed relative to the unaffected side in the patients and relative to the control subjects. Some deterioration was also observed in the function of the EO muscle, whereas the lumbar ES displayed normal activity on both sides of the body. Trunk velocity during both flexion and extension was slower in the patients than in the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the existence of ipsilateral as well as contralateral higher inputs to axial and to a lesser extent also to more lateral trunk muscles, the function of the superficial abdominal muscles and of the LD muscle is adversely affected by a contralateral stroke. Conversely, the lumbar ES, which can be categorized as local trunk extensors, seem to normally fulfill their anti-gravitational task on both sides of the body.

Abdominal Muscles↗