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Effects of citrinin on renal tubular transport functions in the rat.

The fungal toxin, citrinin, has been implicated as a nephrotoxin. Both in vitro and in vivo studies were undertaken to examine, in a controlled laboratory setting, the effects of citrinin on overall renal function as well as on specific renal transport processes. At a dose of 70 mg/kg citrinin caused an increase in urine production and a decrease in urine osmolality in the Sprague-Dawley rat. Maximal effects were observed at 4 days after a single dose, and animals surviving for that time period regained normal renal function by 5--8 days. Animals that failed to survive first entered a period of oliguria or anuria. Fischer 344 rats did not demonstrate an unusual sensitivity to citrinin. Renal slice transport of various organic compounds, e.g., paminohippurate (PAH) and tetraethylammonium (TEA), also was inhibited with maximal effects seen at day 4. In vitro effects of citrinin on fresh renal tissue were different, in part, from the effects seen with pretreatment. No alterations of renal cortical inorganic electrolytes were observed.

Animals↗
PubMed1965

THE EFFECT OF MUCOSAL AND SEROSAL SOLUTION CATIONS ON BIOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF THE ISOLATED TOAD BLADDER.

The spontaneous transtissue potential and the DC conductance of the isolated toad bladder were measured when the tissue was exposed to sulfate Ringer's solutions of modified ionic composition. Na(+) was replaced to varying extents by (C(2)H(5))(3)NH(+), (C(2)H(5))(4)N(+), Li(+), Cs(+), K(+), or Rb(+). Reversible and irreversible changes were observed. The reversible changes were consistent with equations derived from the Nernst-Planck diffusion equation, and gave the following functional description of the bladder: (a) the potential measurements were compatible with two membranes in series; (b) the mucosal surface was more permeable to Na(+) than to other monovalent cations; (c) the serosal surface was permeable to both K(+) and Na(+) but preferentially to K(+); (d) the rate of Na(+) diffusion across the mucosal membrane appeared to approach a maximum but two alternative interpretations are discussed; (e) the conductance data were consistent with the assumption of a constant concentration gradient for the penetrating ions within the membrane (Henderson's assumption) provided suitable hypotheses are made concerning the Na(+) distribution between the membrane surfaces and the bulk phases of the adjacent solutions; (f) the conductance and spontaneous potential data suggested that the mucosal membranes of a small fraction of the epithelial cells were more permeable than the mucosal membranes of the majority of these cells. The irreversible changes were almost entirely associated with cation substitution in the serosal solution. However, Li(+) produced an irreversible fall in voltage when added to either side of the tissue.

Ammonium Compounds↗
PubMed1965

ANOMALOUS RECTIFICATION IN THE SQUID GIANT AXON INJECTED WITH TETRAETHYLAMMONIUM CHLORIDE.

The injection of tetraethylammonium chloride into the giant axon of the squid prolongs the action potential and eliminates most of the late current under voltage-clamp. Experiments on fibers in an external medium of high potassium ion concentration demonstrate that injected tetraethylammonium chloride causes rectification of the instantaneous current-voltage curve for potassium by excluding outward current. This interference with the flow of outward potassium ion current underlies the prolongation of the action potential seen in tetraethylammonium-injected fibers.

Action Potentials↗