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PubMed1995

The Jessner's-trichloroacetic acid peel. An enhanced medium-depth chemical peel.

The Jessner's-trichloroacetic acid (TCA) peel is a procedure developed by Monheit to produce a safe, effective medium-depth chemical peel for the treatment of photoaged skin, actinic keratoses, and superficial acne scars. The technique of pretreatment degreasing and combination chemicals allow a deeper penetration for the 35% TCA, increasing its efficacy while preserving its safety. Technique and methods are reviewed.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMed2000

Recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum in a patient with AIDS: combined treatment with CO(2) laser, trichloroacetic acid, and pulsed dye laser.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum (MC) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is usually difficult to treat. We present a case treated by a combination of CO(2) laser, trichloroacetic acid, and the 585-nm pulsed dye laser (PDL). The purpose was to determine the effectiveness and ease of these treatment modalities. STUDY DESIGN/MATERIALS AND METHODS: A patient with AIDS presented with recalcitrant MC lesions, predominantly located on the face. The lesions were first treated with the CO(2) laser, in two sessions. Recurrent lesions were treated either with 50% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or with the PDL. RESULTS: The CO(2) laser treated lesions healed within 2 weeks without secondary infection. The PDL and the TCA treated lesions resolved completely after one treatment. CONCLUSION: Treatment of MC in AIDS patients remains a challenge. The combination of two or more therapeutic modalities, such as CO(2) laser, PDL, and TCA can be of great help to improve the quality of life of these patients.

AIDS-Related Opportunistic Infections↗

PubMed2004

Trichloroacetic acid peeling versus dermabrasion: a histometric, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural comparison.

BACKGROUND: Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) chemical peel and dermabrasion are beneficial methods for treatment of photoaged skin. OBJECTIVE: In this study, we evaluated the changes induced by these therapies on various structures of facial skin of nine dark-skinned patients (Fitzpatrick types IV-V; TCA, five patients; dermabrasion, four patients) demonstrating different degrees of photodamage. METHODS: Routine histopathology coupled with histometric computer-assisted image analysis was used to assess epidermal changes. Alcian blue stain was used to evaluate changes in glycosaminoglycans. Immunoperoxidase techniques with antibodies against types I and III collagen and elastin were used to evaluate quantitatively changes in collagen and elastic fibers, and their ultrastructure was examined by transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS: Similar histologic, immunohistochemical, as well as ultrastructural changes were observed in the two groups, including epidermal and dermal rejuvenation with new collagen deposition and normalization of the elastic tissue. However, these changes were more prominent in patients treated with dermabrasion than those treated with TCA. CONCLUSION: The results of this study suggest that beneficial effects of such modalities on facial skin were accomplished primarily by increasing the amounts of collagen I and collagen III and improving the morphologic appearance of collagen and elastic fibers.

Adult↗

PubMed1994

Combining manual dermasanding with low strength trichloroacetic acid to improve actinically injured skin.

BACKGROUND: Motor-driven dermabrasion or deeper chemosurgical peeling improves photodamaged facial skin. However, these procedures each pose disadvantages that we felt could be largely ameliorated by combining manual dermasanding with low strength trichloroacetic acid peeling. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and reproducibility of a technique combining manual dermasanding and light peeling in treating actinically injured facial skin. METHODS: Manual abrasion with moistened silicone-carbide sandpaper followed by application of a 25% trichloroacetic acid solution was performed on over 300 patients followed as long as 7 years. RESULTS: Improvement was uniformly noted in luster, brightness, dyschromia, and rhytids. The procedure was easily mastered and results were reproducible. Postoperative pigmentary problems and scarring were extremely rare. CONCLUSIONS: The technique demands minimal skill and experience, while providing pleasing results. There is no splatter or sharp lines of demarcation, and results suggest distinct advantages over motor-driven dermabrasion or deep peeling procedures.

Administration, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Severe blepharoconjunctivitis induced by a peeling mask containing trichloroacetic acid.

PURPOSE: To report a case of severe blepharoconjunctivitis induced by a peeling mask. METHODS: A 32-year-old healthy female was examined one day after undergoing a face-peeling procedure with a mask containing trichloroacetic acid. She complained of severe burning, redness, and epiphora in her left eye that started several hours after the procedure. RESULTS: Her vision was LE 0.2, RE 0.8. Mild upper eyelid edema of the right eye and severe edema of the left eyelids, LE inferior ectropion, and LE blepharoconjunctivitis were noted. The conjunctiva was severely hyperemic with papillary reaction and chemosis. The corneas, anterior chambers, irides, lenses, and posterior segments were normal. The patient was treated with Dexamethasone 0.1% q2h and ocular lubrication. The reaction subsided after 3-4 days. CONCLUSION: Face-peeling masks containing trichloroacetic acid can sometimes severely irritate the eyelids and the ocular surface.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitability of 125I in the blood of mice fed 125I.

A recent study showed that after feeding 125I-labelled proteins or free 125I to mice, as much as 40% of total radioactivity in the circulation precipitated upon mixing whole blood with 10% trichloroacetic acid. We examined this potential limitation to the use of radiolabelled tracers for studies on intestinal digestion of proteins and protein uptake, and identified its mechanism. BALB/c mice were gavage-fed or injected intravenously (i.v.) with Na125I. Blood obtained at 15 min was added directly to 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA) or was processed to obtain serum or plasma. On mixing with 10% TCA, 25-33% of the radioactivity in whole blood was precipitated; less than 2% of the radioactivity in plasma or serum was precipitated. In vitro studies identified hemoglobin as the primary carrier protein participating in this reaction. If hemoglobin was replaced by methemoglobin or cyanomethemoglobin, then the reaction with 125I did not occur, suggesting that iron in the heme group may be the site for 125I binding and that iron must be in its reduced or ferrous form (Fe2+). The administration of non-radioactive NaI in vivo or its addition to reaction mixtures in vitro completely inhibited the precipitation of 125I by hemoglobin in the presence of TCA. Thus the addition of non-radioactive iodide to TCA stock solutions may effectively prevent non-specific binding of 125I to free hemoglobin released unintentionally during venipuncture or at other stages of blood processing.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Total extraction of aminoglycosides from guinea pig and bullfrog tissues with sodium hydroxide or trichloroacetic acid.

In most experiments when aminoglycoside antibiotic (AG) tissue levels are measured, the AG is extracted into buffered media. The data from this study reveal that buffer extraction results in only partial recovery of AG from tissues and that total recovery can be obtained after NaOH or trichloroacetic acid treatment. Tissues studied here included the whole bullfrog and guinea pig kidney and cochlear tissues after in vivo drug treatment. The AGs used were kanamycin, tobramycin, and gentamicin. Drug concentrations were determined by enzymatic assay and, in the case of tobramycin, also 3H-labeled radioactivity. Only a fraction of total concentration of AG in tissue was released into the supernatants of tissue homogenates. However, the remainder was recovered after NaOH solubilization of the residual pellet. Also, it was found that the G released from the pellet by NaOH was associated with protein. By contrast, trichloroacetic acid precipitation of tissue protein immediately released the drug into the supernatant.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Effects of trichloroacetic acid on the nitrogen metabolism of Pinus sylvestris--a 13C/15N tracer study.

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) can be found in various environmental compartments like air, rain and plants all over the world. It is assumed that TCA is an atmospheric degradation product of volatile chloroorganic hydrocarbons. The herbicide effect of TCA in higher concentrations is well known, but not much is known about the phytotoxic effects in environmentally relevant concentrations. It can be shown in this study by using the 13C/15N stable isotope tracer technique that [13C]TCA is taken up by roots of two-year-old seedlings of Pinus sylvestris L. and transported into the needles. At the same time the effect of the substance on nitrogen metabolism can be analyzed by measuring the incorporation of 15NO3- into different nitrogen fractions of the plant. The more [13C]TCA incorporation, the higher the synthesis of 15N labelled amino acids and proteins is. These effects on the nitrogen metabolism are probably based on the activation of stress- and detoxification metabolism. It has to be assumed that there is an influence on N metabolism of Pinus sylvestris caused by the deposition of environmentally relevant TCA concentrations.

Biological Availability↗

PubMed1994

The efficacy of various degreasing agents used in trichloroacetic acid peels.

BACKGROUND: Adequate preparation of the skin is necessary for a successful chemical peel. Little detailed attention has been given to the effect of degreasing on the efficacy of the peel. OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of degreasers on the peel, compare their flammabilities, and discuss alternatives. METHODS: Six patients with androgenetic alopecia and widespread actinic keratoses of the scalp were treated with 35% trichloroacetic acid. Scalps were divided into sections and degreased with acetone, rubbing alcohol, Freon Skin Degreaser, or Hibiclens. The influence of these degreasers on trichloroacetic acid peels was assessed by clinical and histologic examination. CONCLUSION: Acetone was not found to be superior to the other agents. Furthermore, the flashpoint of acetone is markedly lower than the others, making it more flammable and hazardous in the workplace. The use of alternative degreasers may lessen or eliminate this hazard.

Acetone↗

PubMed2004

Microbiological aspects of determination of trichloroacetic acid in soil.

Soils have been shown to possess a strong microbial trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-degrading activity. High TCA-degradation rate was also observed during soil extraction with water. For correct measurements of TCA levels in soil all TCA-degrading activities have to be inhibited immediately after sampling before analysis. We used rapid freezing of soil samples (optimally in liquid nitrogen) with subsequent storage and slow thawing before analysis as an efficient technique for suppressing the degradation. Frozen soil samples stored overnight at -20 degrees C and then thawed slowly exhibited very low residual TCA-degrading activity for several hours. Omitting the above procedure could lead to the confusing differences between the TCA levels previously reported in the literature.

Biodegradation, Environmental↗

PubMed2003

Input of trichloroacetic acid into the vegetation of various climate zones--measurements on several continents.

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA, CCl(3)COOH) is a phytotoxic chemical. Although TCA salts and derivates were once used as herbicides to combat perennial grasses and weeds, they have since been banned because of their indiscriminate herbicidal effects on woody plant species. However, TCA can also be formed in the atmosphere. For instance, the high-volatile C(2)-chlorohydrocarbons tetrachloroethene (TECE, C(2)Cl(4)) and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCE, CCl(3)CH(3)) can react under oxidative conditions in the atmosphere to form TCA and other substances. The ongoing industrialisation of Southeast Asia, South Africa and South America means that use of TECE as solvents in the metal and textile industries of these regions in the southern hemisphere can be expected to rise. The increasing emissions of this substance--together with the rise in the atmospheric oxidation potential caused by urban activities, slash and burn agriculture and forest fires in the southern hemisphere--could lead to a greater input/formation of TCA in the vegetation located in the lee of these emission sources. By means of biomonitoring studies, the input/formation of TCA in vegetation was detected at various locations in South America, North America, Africa, and Europe.

Africa↗

PubMed1995

A comparison of the efficacy and safety of Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid vs 5% fluorouracil in the treatment of widespread facial actinic keratoses.

BACKGROUND AND DESIGN: We compared the efficacy and safety of a medium-depth chemical peel with those of the standard regimen of topical fluorouracil in the treatment of widespread facial actinic keratoses (AK). Fifteen patients with severe facial actinic damage and similar numbers of AK on both sides of the face were treated on the left side with a single application of Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid and on the right side with twice daily applications of 5% fluorouracil cream for 3 weeks. Evaluations were conducted before treatment and at 1, 6, and 12 months after treatment. Visible AK were counted, random skin biopsies performed, adverse effects monitored, and patients questioned about preference and perception of efficacy. RESULTS: Both treatments reduced the number of visible AK by 75% and produced equivalent reductions in keratinocyte atypia, hyperkeratosis, parakeratosis, and inflammation, with no significant alteration of preexisting solar elastosis and telangiectasia. Except for erythema that lasted 3 months in one patient, no untoward side effects were observed with the chemical peel. The majority of patients preferred the peel over fluorouracil because of the single application and less morbidity. CONCLUSION: The medium-depth peel induced by Jessner's solution and 35% trichloroacetic acid is a useful alternative therapeutic option for widespread facial AK, particularly for poorly compliant patients, because it equals fluorouracil in efficacy while being superior in terms of the convenience of a single application with little associated morbidity.

Drug Combinations↗

PubMed1994

Simultaneous deep-plane face lift and trichloroacetic acid peel.

Many patients seeking facial rejuvenation require a combination of face lift and chemical peel to achieve optimal results. These procedures traditionally have been separated in time because of fear of skin slough after simultaneous peel and face lift. The recent evolution to deep-plane face lift and peeling agents other than phenol led to this reexamination of the subject. Forty-seven porcine flaps were treated with a variety of chemabrasion agents. As a result, 35% trichloroacetic acid was determined to be a safe agent for use on thick flaps. Thirty-five patients underwent simultaneous modified deep-plane face lift and immediate trichloroacetic acid peel, with 35% being the maximum strength used on undermined areas. This combination proved to be successful, with no complications related to the combination treatment.

Animals↗

PubMed2004

Comparison between ultrafiltration and trichloroacetic acid precipitation method for concentration of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin in dairy samples.

Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin that may be contained at low concentrations in milk and dairy products can cause food poisoning. To detect this enterotoxin at low concentrations, samples should be concentrated. We evaluated the performance of centrifugal ultrafiltration method (UF) in comparison with trichloroacetic acid precipitation method (TCA) for the concentration of S. aureus enterotoxin in milk and dairy products. S. aureus enterotoxin A (SEA) were added at various concentrations to ultra high-temperature heating process (UHT) milk, UHT concentrated skim milk, UHT skim milk powder, low heat-treated (LH) skim milk powder, and raw milk. SEA was concentrated by TCA and UF once a day on a total of 3 days by different researchers to prepare test solutions. The fluorescence value (TV) of test solutions was determined using an immunofluorescence autoanalyzer (miniVIDAS), and the linearity and slope of the regression line, relative standard deviation (RSD(RW)) at each added concentration, detection limit (DL), quantification limit (QL), and the recovery rate by each concentration method were obtained according to the guidelines of the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH). The slope of the regression line obtained by UF was steeper than that by TCA for all dairy samples excluding LH (74 degrees C, 20 s) skim milk powder. RSDRW, DL, and QL obtained by UF were comparable to or more excellent than those obtained by TCA. The procedure of UF was simpler than that of TCA. The recovery rate and rapidity were similar between the two methods. The DL and QL of enterotoxins other than SEA in dairy products by UF or TCA were estimated based on the DL and QL of SEA. In this estimation, consideration was given to reactions between each enterotoxin and its antibody, and also to the immunoactivity maintenance rate of each enterotoxin after addition of trichloroacetic acid in TCA. The estimated values were similar to those obtained by experiments using enterotoxin C1 (SEC1). UF using a centrifugal ultrafiltration membrane can be more readily performed and similar to or more reliable than TCA. UF combined with a miniVIDAS can be used for quantitative routine analysis.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Automated trichloroacetic acid precipitation method for urine total protein.

Urine total protein determination by a trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation method was automated on a Cobas Bio centrifugal analyser. The assay measures the turbidity at 420 nm when a 50 microL sample is mixed with 150 microL of 30 g/L TCA at 25 degrees C. Samples up to 5 g/L can be measured by this method and interference due to pigments and turbidity can be minimised by running a blank with 1.25% hydrochloric acid (HC1) instead of TCA. The standard curve is stable and can be stored in the microcomputer and used again. Within-assay precision (CV) varied from 2 to 4.6% and between-assay precision varied from 1.8 to 5.4%. Analytical recovery ranged from 95 to 106.5% and the results correlated well with those obtained by a manual TCA method (r = 0.98). The method is easy to perform and is considerably faster than the manual procedure, thus saving time and providing a faster turnaround time.

Autoanalysis↗

PubMed1991

[Determination of trichloroacetic acid and trichloroethanol by head-space gas chromatography (HS.GC)].

Simultaneous determination of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and trichloroethanol (TCE) in urine was made using head-space gas chromatography (HSGC). TCA was analyzed after methyl esterification by methanol, and TCE was measured with decomposition of conjugation adding sulfuric acid. (1) As preliminary treatment, 0.1 ml of urine and 0.6 ml of esterizer (pure water: sulfuric acid: methanol = 6:5:1, V/V/V) were mixed in a sample vial, which was sealed a septum. This was analyzed in HSGC. (2) By this method, the recovery, standard deviation and coefficient of variation of TCA were 95.7-104.3%, 0.001-0.783 mg/l and 0.8-4.0%, respectively, while those of TCE were 98.6-102.5%, 0.024-1.603 mg/l and 0.8-4.0%, respectively. (3) Calibration curves were linear up to 30 mg/l for TCA (y = 1.838x + 0.023, r = 0.999, n = 8) and 60 mg/l for TCE (y = 0.963x + 0.072, r = 0.999, n = 8). (4) A high correlation between HSGC and alkaline pyridine spectrophotometry was found for both TTC (TCA + TCE = TTC), (y = 0.917x - 3.08, r = 0.980, n = 100, p less than 0.001) and TCA (y = 0.891x - 2.36, r = 0.928, n = 100, p less than 0.001). The values for TCA and TCE obtained with HSGC were lower than those obtained with spectrophotometry. (5) The limits of the detection obtained with this method were 0.002 mg/l for TCA and 0.005 mg/l for TCE according to the formula recommended by International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). These results indicate that this simple method is accurate and useful in simultaneous detection of TCA and TCE.

Chromatography, Gas↗

PubMed2004

Addressing analytical uncertainties in the determination of trichloroacetic acid in soil.

Soil is an important compartment in the environmental cycling of trichloroacetic acid (TCA), but soil TCA concentration is a methodologically defined quantity; analytical methods either quantify TCA in an aqueous extract of the soil, or thermally decarboxylate TCA to chloroform in the whole soil sample. The former may underestimate the total soil TCA, whereas the latter may overestimate TCA if other soil components (e.g. humic material) liberate chloroform under the decarboxylation conditions. The aim of this work was to show that extraction and decarboxylation methods yield different TCA concentrations because the decarboxylation method can also determine "bound" TCA. Experiments with commercial humic acid solutions showed there was no additional chloroform formation under decarboxylation conditions, and that all TCA in a TCA-humic acid mixture could be quantitatively determined (108 +/- 13%). Anion exchange resin was used as a provider of solid-phase TCA binding; only 5 +/- 1% of a TCA solution mixed with the resin was present in the aqueous extract subsequently separated from the resin, yet the decarboxylation method yielded mass balance (123 +/- 22%) with TCA remaining in the resin. In aqueous extraction of a range of soil samples (with or without added TCA spike), the decarboxylation method was able to satisfactorily account for TCA in the extractant + residue post-extraction, compared with whole-soil TCA (+ spike) pre-extraction: e.g. mass balances for unspiked soil from Sikta spruce and larch forest were 99 +/- 8% and 93 +/- 6%, respectively, and for TCA-spiked forest and agricultural soils were 114 +/- 13% and 102 +/- 2%. In each case recovery of TCA in the extractant was substantially less than 100%(<20% for unspiked soils, <55% for spiked soils). Extraction efficiencies were generally lower in more organic soils. The results suggest that analytical methods which utilise aqueous extraction may underestimate whole-soil TCA concentrations. Application of both methodologies together may enhance insight into TCA behaviour in soil.

Chemistry Techniques, Analytical↗

PubMed2003

Plasma binding of trichloroacetic acid in mice, rats, and humans under cancer bioassay and environmental exposure conditions.

Trichloroacetic acid (TCA), a mouse liver carcinogen, is a drinking water contaminant and a metabolite of solvents such as trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene. Because acidic drugs are often bound more strongly to human than to rodent plasma proteins, a study was undertaken to determine whether this was the case for TCA and to clarify the mechanistic bases for species differences. Equilibrium dialysis was used to measure in vitro binding of a range of TCA concentrations to plasma of humans, rats, and mice. Plots of observed data for free versus bound TCA concentrations were compared with simulations from each of three binding models: a single saturable site model; a saturable plus nonsaturable site model; and a two-saturable site model. Dissociation values (Kd) did not differ significantly from one species to another, but N (number of binding sites/molecule) ranged from 2.97 for humans to 0.17 for mice. Binding capacities (Bmax) for humans, rats, and mice were 709, 283, and 29 microM, respectively. The greater plasma protein binding of TCA in humans would be expected to not only increase the residence time of the compound in the bloodstream, but to substantially reduce the proportion of TCA that is available for uptake by the liver and other tissues. Species differences in the bound fraction diminished at very low, environmentally relevant TCA concentrations, but the percentage bound increased markedly. These findings suggest that the practice of using total blood levels of TCA as a dose metric in interspecies extrapolation of cancer risks needs to be re-examined.

Animals↗