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PubMed1979

Evaluation of changes in drug particle size during tableting by measurement of dissolution of disintegrated tablets.

Three poorly soluble drugs (chloramphenicol, phenacetin and prednisolone) were compressed into tablets of 10% drug content on a physical testing instrument at three different compression pressures. The dissolution profiles were determined by a modification of the U.S.P. method for drug suspensions, granules before compression, disintegrated and intact tablets. By comparison of the dissolution rates for disintegrated tablets with those for granules before compression, or suspensions, it is possible to separate the change in particle size during compression from the pressure-dependent dissolution behaviour of intact tablets. A comparative measurement of dissolution for disintegrated tablets with that for granules provides a useful method for elucidating the particle bonding or cleavage within the tablet during compression.

Drug Compounding↗

PubMed1982

Comparative bioavailability of d-pseudoephedrine from a conventional d-pseudoephedrine sulfate tablet and from a repeat action tablet.

The bioavailability of a single dose of d-pseudoephedrine sulfate administered to male volunteers in repeat action tablet form (60 mg d-pseudoephedrine sulfate in the coat and 60 mg d-pseudoephedrine sulfate in the core) was compared with the bioavailability of an equivalent quantity of the drug given as two 60 mg conventional tablets, one given at 0 hour and the second 6 hours later. There was no significant difference (P less than 0.10) between the conventional tablets and the repeat action tablet formulation in area under the plasma concentration-time curve and the maximum plasma concentration of d-pseudoephedrine. Based on the data, we conclude that the repeat action tablet formulation and the conventional tablet are bioequivalent.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Total coenzyme Q10 concentrations in Asian men following multiple oral 50-mg doses administered as coenzyme Q10 sustained release tablets or regular tablets.

Coenzyme Q(10) (CoQ(10)), a highly lipophilic compound present in the inner mitochondrial membrane, is essential for production of cellular energy in the form of ATP. CoQ(10) is used as a dietary supplement and for treatment of various cardiovascular disorders. Our goal was to compare the CoQ(10) levels in Asians following multiple oral doses administered as sustained release or regular tablets. Twenty healthy male volunteers (19-23 years old) were divided into two equal groups. Each subject in Group I received 50 mg oral doses of coenzyme Q(10) as sustained release tablets once a day for fifteen days, while subject in Group II received 50 mg doses of coenzyme Q(10) regular tablets. The CoQ(10) levels were measured by HPLC-UV (reverse phase ODS column, 10 microm, 250 x 4.6 mm; oven temperature 30 degrees C). Mobile phase was constituted by methanol-ethanol 9 : 1 v/v. Flow rate was 1.5 ml/min and UV detection was carried out at 275 nm. Coenzyme Q(9) was used as an internal standard. CoQ(10) baseline in the morning was 0.88+/-0.48 mg/l. Following 1 week 50 mg/d dosing of CoQ(10), plasma CoQ(10) concentrations increased to 1.85+/-1.03 mg/l for sustained release tablets and up to 1.37+/-0.74mg/l for regular tablets. The net increment proportion in AUC for sustained release and regular tablets were 148.26+/-176.56%, 102.57+/-130.00%, respectively. Both preparations significantly increased the systemic exposure when compared to endogenous baseline.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Bioequivalence of an ezetimibe/simvastatin combination tablet and coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin as separate tablets in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the bioequivalence of an ezetimibe/simvastatin (EZE/SIMVA) combination tablet compared to the coadministration of ezetimibe and simvastatin as separate tablets (EZE + SIMVA). METHODS: In this open-label, randomized, 2-part, 2-period crossover study, 96 healthy subjects were randomly assigned to participate in each part of the study (Part I or II), with each part consisting of 2 single-dose treatment periods separated by a 14-day washout. Part I consisted of Treatments A (EZE 10 mg + SIMVA 10 mg) and B (EZE/SIMVA 10/10 mg/mg) and Part II consisted of Treatments C (EZE 10 mg + SIMVA 80 mg) and D (EZE/SIMVA 10/80 mg/mg). Blood samples were collected up to 96 hours post-dose for determination of ezetimibe, total ezetimibe (ezetimibe + ezetimibe glucuronide), simvastatin and simvastatin acid (the most prevalent active metabolite of simvastatin) concentrations. Ezetimibe and simvastatin acid AUC(0-last) were predefined as primary endpoints and ezetimibe and simvastatin acid Cmax were secondary endpoints. Bioequivalence was achieved if 90% confidence intervals (CI) for the geometric mean ratios (GMR) (single tablet/coadministration) of AUC(0-last) and Cmax fell within prespecified bounds of (0.80, 1.25). RESULTS: The GMRs of the AUC(0-last) and Cmax for ezetimibe and simvastatin acid fell within the bioequivalence limits (0.80, 1.25). EZE/ SIMVA and EZE + SIMVA were generally well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: The lowest and highest dosage strengths of EZE/SIMVA tablet were bioequivalent to the individual drug components administered together. Given the exact weight multiples of the EZE/SIMVA tablet and linear pharmacokinetics of simvastatin across the marketed dose range, bioequivalence of the intermediate tablet strengths (EZE/SIMVA 10/20 mg/mg and EZE/SIMVA 10/40 mg/mg) was inferred, although these dosages were not tested directly. These results indicate that the safety and efficacy profile of EZE + SIMVA coadministration therapy can be applied to treatment with the EZE/SIMVA tablet across the clinical dose range.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

Efficacy of ivermectin chewable tablets and two new ivermectin tablet formulations against Dirofilaria immitis larvae in dogs.

One hundred four heartworm-free Beagles less than 1 year old were studied to determine the efficacy of ivermectin chewable tablets and of 2 other ivermectin tablet formulations against heartworm larvae. At 30 days after SC inoculation of dogs with infective Dirofilaria immitis larvae, all ivermectin formulations were given orally at dosage of 6 micrograms/kg of body weight. The ivermectin chewable tablets also were given orally at dosage of 2 and 6 micrograms/kg at 30 and 45 days, respectively, after injection of larvae. Replicates of 6 or 8 dogs in each study were formed on the basis of gender and body weight and, within replicates, were randomly allocated to treatment groups. At 30 days after injection of larvae, the additional dogs (in replicates of 8) were assigned to the control group and to the group given ivermectin chewable tablets at dosage of 6 micrograms/kg. All dogs were housed individually. Necropsy was performed approximately 5 or 6 months after larvae were administered. In both trials, all control dogs had heartworms at necropsy (University of Illinois--geometric mean, 35.0; Florida--geometric mean, 26.1). In both trials, the ivermectin chewable tablet (6 micrograms/kg) and both tablet formulations (6 micrograms/kg) given at 30 days after larval injection, and the chewable formulation (6 micrograms/kg) given at 45 days after larval injection were 100% effective (P less than 0.01) in preventing development of induced infection with D immitis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1984

The absolute bioavailability of a new pediatric sustained release theophylline tablet, when given as whole or divided tablets.

Absorption characteristics and absolute bioavailability of a new sustained release theophylline tablet for pediatric use were investigated in seven volunteers, both after administration of whole tablets and tablets broken into four equal parts. An intravenous infusion of 200 mg theophylline (as aminophylline) was also administered to the same panel of subjects. Theophylline plasma concentrations were measured frequently during a period of 33 h post dosing. Both after intake of the whole and the broken tablets steadily increasing theophylline plasma concentrations were found. The maximum concentration was found after 5.2 +/- 0.6 h (mean +/- S.D.) and 5.3 +/- 2.2 h and measured 2.00 +/- 0.28 mg.1-1 and 2.46 +/- 0.60 mg.1-1, respectively. The absorption process continued for a considerable period. As a consequence the theophylline plasma concentrations remained above 75% of the maximum value during a period of 8.9 +/- 2.1 h and 8.6 +/- 2.0 h. The absolute bioavailability of the whole tablets was 91.8 +/- 24.7% and that of the broken tablets was 95.8 +/- 9.7%.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

An open-label, randomized, multicenter, comparative study of the efficacy and safety of 7 days of treatment with clarithromycin extended-release tablets versus clarithromycin immediate-release tablets for the treatment of patients with acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of clarithromycin extended-release (ER) tablets and immediate-release (IR) tablets. METHODS: This was a Phase III, open-label, randomized, multicenter, comparative study in ambulatory patients with a diagnosis of acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis (AECB). Eligible patients were randomized 1:1 to receive either 1 clarithromycin ER 500-mg tablet QD for 7 days or 1 clarithromycin IR 250-mg tablet BID for 7 days. Clinical and bacteriologic responses were assessed within 48 hours after the last dose of study drug and at a test-of-cure visit 21 +/- 2 days posttreatment. RESULTS: Of 233 patients randomized, 162 (86/117 [73.5%] in the ER group and 76/115 [66.1%] in the IR group) completed the study protocol. Compliance did not differ significantly between the treatment groups; however, significantly fewer patients in the ER group reported missing doses of study medication than in the IR group (7/118 [5.9%] vs 16/115 [13.9%]; P = 0.04). The clinical cure rates for the clarithromycin ER and IR groups were 81.0% (68/84) and 82.1% (64/78) and the clinical success (clinical cure plus clinical improvement) rates were 94.0% [79/84] and 89.7% [70/78], respectively. There were insufficient data for analysis of bacteriologic efficacy. However, bacteria were eradicated or presumed eradicated in 71.4% (10/14) and 79.2% (19/24) of patients in the ER and IR groups, respectively. The number of adverse events (AEs) considered to be possibly or probably related to study drug (23.4% [52/222] of patients receiving clarithromycin ER and 24.4% [43/176] of patients receiving clarithromycin IR) was similar between groups, as was the severity of these events (94.2% [49/52] in the ER group classified as mild or moderate vs 93.0% [40/43] in the IR group). Overall, the most commonly reported AEs were diarrhea, nausea, abdominal pain, headache, and taste disturbance. CONCLUSION: Clarithromycin ER 500-mg tablets QD for 7 days were as effective and well tolerated as clarithromycin IR 250-mg tablets BID for 7 days in treating adults with AECB.

Adult↗

PubMed1996

Gastrointestinal transit of amoxicillin modified-release tablets and a placebo tablet including pharmacokinetic assessments of amoxicillin.

BACKGROUND: We have investigated the gastrointestinal transit time of, the influence of food intake on, the disintegration of, and the pharmacokinetics of amoxicillin in a modified-release form. METHODS: Radiolabelled modified-release tablets of amoxicillin and placebo tablets were administered, in an open three-way, randomized, crossover design, as single doses during omeprazole treatment, to six male healthy subjects during fasting and non-fasting conditions. Radioscintigraphic images and plasma samples were obtained. RESULTS: The estimated mean (and range) gastric emptying time of the modified-release tablet after drug administration was 0.3 h (0.1-1.0 h) during fasting conditions, 4.3 h (1.7-5.0 h) after a light breakfast, and 4.9 h (1.9-18.0 h) after a heavy breakfast. The small-intestinal transit time during fasting conditions was 4.7 h (2.9-6.9 h) and was not significantly changed after light or heavy breakfast intake. The relative bioavailability of the modified-release tablet was 55%, compared with a commercially available amoxicillin immediate-release tablet. CONCLUSION: The modified-release tablet of amoxicillin administered postprandially apparently increases the amoxicillin release time in the stomach. The relevance of its use for anti-H. pylori treatment can be questioned.

Adult↗

PubMed1981

Lactose enemas plus placebo tablets vs. neomycin tablets plus starch enemas in acute portal systemic encephalopathy. A double-blind randomized controlled study.

A randomized, double-blind comparison of lactose enemas plus placebo tablets vs. starch enemas plus neomycin tablets was performed on 18 patients with acute portal systemic encephalopathy. Ten patients received starch enemas (10%; 1000 ml t.i.d.) plus neomycin tablets and 8 patients received lactose enemas (20%; 1000 ml t.i.d.) plus placebo tablets. A significant mental state improvement was demonstrated in the group of patients treated with starch enemas-neomycin tablets (p less than 0.05) and in the group of patients treated with lactose enemas-placebo tablets (p less than 0.025). Both treatments significantly improved the frequency of asterixis, ammonia blood levels, and electroencephalograms. In addition, patients treated with lactose enemas showed significant improvement in number-connection test times (p less than 0.02), and their stools showed a more acid pH (p less than 0.05). No side effects were evident with either treatment. Lactose enemas are a safe and effective treatment for acute portal systemic encephalopathy.

Acute Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Pharmacokinetic study of sodium di-n-propylacetate (usual tablet and enteric coated tablet with delayed absorption) (author's transl)].

The authors study the blood levels of DPA after ingestion of the drug in the usual tablet form and after ingestion of an enteric coated tablet with delayed intestinal absorption. They emphasize the fast and very variable absorption of the drug in the usual tablet form which makes necessary the administration of several doses each day. They find a slower absorption from the enteric coated tablet resulting incumulative effects. This form allows an easier administration schedule (one dose in the morning and one dose in the evening). Moreover, the blood levels show less variation during a twenty-four-hour period. Undoubtedly, this new form is an improvement in comparison with the usual tablet.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

A process analytical technology approach based on near infrared spectroscopy: tablet hardness, content uniformity, and dissolution test measurements of intact tablets.

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a nondestructive analytical technique that enables simultaneous measurements of chemical composition (viz. the content in active pharmaceutical ingredient, API) and various physical properties (viz. tablet hardness and dissolution profile) in pharmaceutical tablets. In this work, partial least squares (PLS) calibration models and discriminant partial least squares (DPLS) classification models were constructed by using calibration sets consisting of laboratory samples alone. The laboratory samples were mixtures of the API and excipients that were pressed into tablets. API content, tablet hardness, and dissolution measurements of intact tablets were made by using three different calibration models that are fast--results can be obtained within a few seconds--, simple and robust--they involve minimal analyst intervention--, and clean--they use no toxic reagent and produce no toxic waste. Based on the results, the proposed NIR method is an effective alternative to current reference methods for the intended purpose. The advantages provided by NIR spectroscopy in this context confirm its potential for inclusion in process analytical technologies in the pharmaceutical industry.

Calibration↗

PubMed1980

Aspirin--a national survey I: Semiautomated determination of aspirin in bulk and tablet formulations and salicyclic acid in tablet formulations.

A semiautomated assay to determine aspirin (acetylsalicylic acid) in aspirin tablets, powdered tablet composites, and pure drug substances is presented. The sample was dissolved in alcoholic buffer, diluted, and extracted with chloroform. The absorbance of the chloroform solution was read at 280 nm. Results obtained by the USP XIX and semiautomated methods are compared. The proposed method is accurate and precise, and common excipients do not interfere. Recoveries of 100% were obtained. A semiautomated assay for salicylic acid in aspirin tablets also is presented. The sample was dissolved in alcoholic buffer, ferric nitrate was added, and the absorbance of the resulting purple color was read at 532 nm. The method is suitable as a rapid screening procedure for testing the salicylic acid content of aspirin products. Results obtained by the USP XIX and semiautomated methods are compared, and the accuracy and precision of the proposed method are given. One hundred seventy tablet samples and 34 bulk drug substances were analyzed for aspirin and salicylic acid content. Approximately 5% of the tablet samples failed to meet the USP XIX limits for aspirin content, and 10% failed to meet the limits for salicylic acid.

Aspirin↗

PubMed1987

Effect of tablet solubility and hygroscopicity on disintegrant efficiency in direct compression tablets in terms of dissolution.

The effect of tablet composite solubility and hygroscopicity on the dissolution efficiency of three "super disintegrants", sodium starch glycolate, crospovidone, and croscarmellose sodium, was investigated. Lactose, dicalcium phosphate dihydrate, and sorbitol, alone or in combination, provided varying degrees of solubility and hygroscopicity to the direct compression tablet formulations. To monitor in vitro dissolution, 1% p-aminobenzoic acid was added to the formulation as a tracer. The results indicate that hygroscopic ingredients decrease the effectiveness of super disintegrants in promoting in vitro dissolution. The greater the overall hygroscopicity of the tablet formulation, the larger the decrease in the efficiency of the super disintegrant. Composite tablet solubility did not influence the effectiveness of the super disintegrants. Super disintegrants that complied with the same compendial specifications, but were manufactured by different companies, behaved similarly in promoting tablet dissolution.

Chemistry, Pharmaceutical↗

PubMed1995

Multiple-dose pharmacokinetics and bioequivalence of L-carnitine 330-mg tablet versus 1-g chewable tablet versus enteral solution in healthy adult male volunteers.

The bioavailability and bioequivalence of three oral dosage forms of L-carnitine were studied in 15 healthy volunteers. Recently, an intravenous (iv) dosage form of L-carnitine has been approved to be marketed in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine after multiple dose administration of the three oral dosage forms (marketed solution, chewable tablet, and marketed tablet) the pharmacokinetics and absolute bioavailability of each of the dosage forms at steady state and compare them with those following administration of a single iv dose. The relative bioavailability and bioequivalence of the chewable and marketed tablet relative to the marketed solution at steady-state replicate design conditions were also studied. Bioavailability based on data that was not corrected for the baseline (uncorrected data) was compared with bioavailability determined from data corrected for baseline. Steady-state conditions, based on free or total L-carnitine plasma concentrations, were achieved by Day 3, and products were bioequivalent based on the analysis of variance and comparisons by the two one-sided t test. Pharmacokinetic evaluations were found to be powerful tools for bioequivalence determinations; the power to detect 20% differences in AUC, Cmax tmax, and Cmin0 was > 80%. Mean absolute bioavailabilities (based on free or total L-carnitine plasma concentrations) on Day 4 (fraction of the dose absorbed) of Carnitor (levocarnitine) tablet, Carnitor (levocarnitine) oral solution, and levocarnitine chewable tablet relative to the first iv dose were approximately 18%. Similarly, absolute bioavailability compared with the last iv dose was approximately 18% for all three oral formulations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed2005

A multicenter, open-label, sequential study comparing preferences for carbidopa-levodopa orally disintegrating tablets and conventional tablets in subjects with Parkinson's disease.

BACKGROUND: Patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) may have difficulty taking their medications for various reasons. In these patients, orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) can be given without water and may provide greater convenience and ease of use than conventional tablets. OBJECTIVE: This study compared preferences for ODTs with those of the conventional tablet formulation of the antiparkinsonism combination drug carbidopa-levodopa (C.-L.) in subjects with PD. METHODS: Subjects aged > or =18 years with PD controlled using a stable dosage of C-L were enrolled in this multicenter, open-label, sequential study. Subjects received their stable dose of conventional C-L for 7 +/- 3 days. They were then switched to the same dose of C-L in the ODT formulation for 14.+/- 3 days. During the last 3 days of each treatment period, subjects were to record in a diary their "on" and "off" times (asymptomatic and symptomatic parkinsonism, respectively) and medication use. On the final day of each treatment period, the Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) was administered to subjects before the first morning dose and then after dosing when they mentioned they were experiencing the "on" state. A Global Preference Questionnaire (GPQ) was completed by subjects at the end of the study. The primary variable was response to all GPQ items. Secondary variables were changes in UPDRS score and mean amount of "off" time per 24 hours. Adverse effects (AEs) also were monitored. RESULTS: Sixty-one subjects (31 men, 30 women; mean[SD] age, 71.8 [8.3] years; mean body weight, 76.2 kg) participated in the study and were included in the AE assessment; 60 completed the study and were included in the efficacy assessment. Twenty-seven subjects (45%) preferred ODTs compared with 12 (20%) who preferred the conventional tablets (P < 0.017). The remaining 21 subjects (35%) had no preference. The attributes of the ODTs that influenced subjects' preference for that formulation included accessibility to medication to treat "off" times (30 [50%]); ease of activities of daily living (28 [47%]); reduced concern about swallowing the medication (27 [45%]); and use for nighttime dosing, ease of compliance with dosing schedule, and feeling less self-conscious about others noticing medication use (each, 25 [42%]) (all, P < 0.001). No statistically significant differences in UPDRS scores in the "on" and "off" states were found between the 2 formulations. The incidence of AEs was statistically similar between the 2 formulations. CONCLUSIONS: In this small study of ODT C-L versus conventional C-L tablets in these adult subjects with PD, the results suggest that the ODTs may be of value in certain patients with PD, depending on their personal preferences, disease status, and willingness to alter an aspect of their medication use. For selected patients with PD, the ODT C-L formulation may provide increased convenience, ease of use, and rapid access to medication.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Considerations about the theoretically expected crushing strength of tablets from binary powder mixtures: double layer tablets versus arithmetic additivity rule.

The theoretically expected breaking strength of tablets from powder mixtures is often calculated by the weighted arithmetic mean from the breaking strength of the single components, which corresponds to a linear interpolation. The validity of this additivity of fracture strength shall be evaluated by the underlying model of parallel couplings. It assumes the components linked in parallel with respect to the direction of loading during diametrical strength testing. Parallel couplings were experimentally realised by the preparation of double layer tablets from crystalline and spray-dried lactose on the one hand and from maltitol and metamizol-sodium on the other. Constant total true volumes of the single substances and of layered powders in varying ratios of true volume were compressed on an eccentric tabletting machine to constant geometric mean punch force. Simulated crushing profiles of parallel couplings were derived from force-displacement profiles measured during diametrical compression of the one-component tablets. At given finely graded deformation levels, the forces exerted by the components during loading were added in the proportion of the true volume fractions of the components in the coupling. The results from the experiments and from the simulations are in good accordance. They demonstrate that a linear change of the crushing strength in dependence on the true volume fraction of the components can only be assumed if the single components deform to the same extent up to the point of fracture. This behaviour was approximately found with the parallel lactose system. In all other cases it must be expected that the crushing strength of parallel systems will be lowered beneath the weighted arithmetic mean values or even below the crushing strength of the single components. The latter was observed with the maltitol-metamizol combinations. Thus, if tablets from binary powder mixtures exhibit a crushing strength depression, this is not necessarily an indication of weak bonding between the components or of structural defects.

Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal↗

PubMed1999

The pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen suspension, chewable tablets, and tablets in children with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to compare the pharmacokinetic parameters of ibuprofen administered as a suspension, chewable tablet, or tablet in children with cystic fibrosis and to determine the optimal blood sampling times for measuring ibuprofen peak concentrations. STUDY DESIGN: A single oral 20 mg/kg dose of ibuprofen was administered, and blood samples were obtained at 15, 30, 45, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes after the dose was administered. Peak plasma concentration (Cmax ), time to peak concentration (Tmax ), and other pharmacokinetic parameters were determined and compared (analysis of variance and analysis of covariance). RESULTS: Thirty-eight children were included (22, 4, and 12 in the suspension, chewable tablet, and tablet groups, respectively). Tmax was the only parameter for which statistical differences were noted (suspension vs tablet, P </=.02). After age and sex were removed as potential confounding variables, Tmax remained statistically different (P </=.001). CONCLUSIONS: A 20 mg/kg dose of ibuprofen suspension is recommended, with blood samples for pharmacokinetic analysis obtained 30, 45, and 60 minutes after the dose is administered. Obtaining the first blood sample 1 hour after dose administration will miss approximately 90% of peak concentrations, increasing the likelihood of overdosing.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1998

Drug absorption from nifedipine hydrophilic matrix extended-release (ER) tablet-comparison with an osmotic pump tablet and effect of food.

The aim of the present study was to compare the bioavailability of nifedipine when administered as a hydrophilic matrix tablet (ER) and a push-pull osmotic pump tablet (XL) administrated after fasting, and to evaluate the effect of food for the hydrophilic matrix tablet. For this purpose, three separate studies were performed on healthy volunteers (n = 58) including gammascintigraphic monitoring of tablet erosion and localisation in the gastrointestinal tract for ER in one study. Both ER and XL provided almost constant drug delivery over 24 h, after administration under fasting conditions, and bioequivalence was obtained according to 90% confidence intervals of the difference between formulations within 80-125% for Cmax and AUC. Food significantly increased AUC for ER but no significant difference was obtained between ER and XL with food with respect to extent of bioavailability. The rate of absorption was increased to a higher degree for ER than for XL, as indicated by a Cmax which was almost twice as high for ER compared with XL. This finding was shown to be related to an increased tablet-erosion rate for ER, leading to more rapid drug release.

Adult↗