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PubMed1993

Kinetics of growth and sugar consumption in yeasts.

An overview is presented of the steady- and transient state kinetics of growth and formation of metabolic byproducts in yeasts. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is strongly inclined to perform alcoholic fermentation. Even under fully aerobic conditions, ethanol is produced by this yeast when sugars are present in excess. This so-called 'Crabtree effect' probably results from a multiplicity of factors, including the mode of sugar transport and the regulation of enzyme activities involved in respiration and alcoholic fermentation. The Crabtree effect in S. cerevisiae is not caused by an intrinsic inability to adjust its respiratory activity to high glycolytic fluxes. Under certain cultivation conditions, for example during growth in the presence of weak organic acids, very high respiration rates can be achieved by this yeast. S. cerevisiae is an exceptional yeast since, in contrast to most other species that are able to perform alcoholic fermentation, it can grow under strictly anaerobic conditions. 'Non-Saccharomyces' yeasts require a growth-limiting supply of oxygen (i.e. oxygen-limited growth conditions) to trigger alcoholic fermentation. However, complete absence of oxygen results in cessation of growth and therefore, ultimately, of alcoholic fermentation. Since it is very difficult to reproducibly achieve the right oxygen dosage in large-scale fermentations, non-Saccharomyces yeasts are therefore not suitable for large-scale alcoholic fermentation of sugar-containing waste streams. In these yeasts, alcoholic fermentation is also dependent on the type of sugar. For example, the facultatively fermentative yeast Candida utilis does not ferment maltose, not even under oxygen-limited growth conditions, although this disaccharide supports rapid oxidative growth.

Acetaldehyde↗
PubMed1983

Syncope and ventricular tachycardia in patients with ventricular preexcitation.

Four patients with ventricular preexcitation whose syncope initially was attributed to an arrhythmia utilizing the accessory pathway are presented. At electrophysiologic study, the electrophysiologic characteristics of the accessory pathways were considered unlikely to support a tachycardia of a rate sufficient to result in syncope. Programmed stimulation of the right ventricle, however, reproducibly induced ventricular tachycardia to which the syncope was subsequently attributed in 3 patients. The importance of identifying ventricular tachycardia as the cause of syncope in these patients is emphasized.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Reproducibility of rotational panoramic radiography: mandibular linear dimensions and angles.

The reproducibility of nine mandibular variables (linear dimensions and angles) assessed from panoramic radiographs with the Orthopantomograph 5 (Siemens) was investigated. Attention was given to the possible influence of recording the reference number of the head positioner with one or two radiographers. Two separate exposures of three groups of patients were made under different radiographic conditions, each group representing one method. Acceptable reproducibility was observed for the vertical and angular variables, the method variance being mostly within 3% of the total variance. Horizontal variables were clearly more unreliable. No statistically significant differences were observed between the reproducibility of the right and left sides. A negative correlation was found between the angular variables within two groups. For most variables, only small differences among the methods were found. The highest reliability was obtained when the same radiographer recorded the reference number of the head positioner and made both exposures. An accuracy study on five dried skulls showed an image magnification of approximately 18% to 21% for the vertical variables, whereas the gonial angle assessed from a panoramic film was almost identical to that measured on the dried mandible.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2004

An integrative model of binocular vision: a stereo model utilizing interocularly unpaired points produces both depth and binocular rivalry.

Half-occluded points (visible only in one eye) are perceived at a certain depth behind the occluding surface without binocular rivalry, even though no disparity is defined at such points. Here we propose a stereo model that reconstructs 3D structures not only from disparity information of interocularly paired points but also from unpaired points. Starting with an array of depth detection cells, we introduce cells that detect unpaired points visible only in the left eye or the right eye (left and right unpaired point detection cells). They interact cooperatively with each other based on optogeometrical constraints (such as uniqueness, cohesiveness, occlusion) to recover the depth and the border of 3D objects. Since it is contradictory for monocularly visible regions to be visible in both eyes, we introduce mutual inhibition between left and right unpaired point detection cells. When input images satisfy occlusion geometry, the model outputs the depth of unpaired points properly. An interesting finding is that when we input two unmatched images, the model shows an unstable output that alternates between interpretations of monocularly visible regions for the left and the right eyes, thereby reproducing binocular rivalry. The results suggest that binocular rivalry arises from the erroneous output of a stereo mechanism that estimates the depth of half-occluded unpaired points. In this sense, our model integrates stereopsis and binocular rivalry, which are usually treated separately, into a single framework of binocular vision. There are two general theories for what the "rivals" are during binocular rivalry: the two eyes, or representations of two stimulus patterns. We propose a new hypothesis that bridges these two conflicting hypotheses: interocular inhibition between representations of monocularly visible regions causes binocular rivalry. Unlike the traditional eye theory, the level of the interocular inhibition introduced here is after binocular convergence at the stage solving the correspondence problem, and thus open to pattern-specific mechanisms.

Depth Perception↗
PubMed2006

Contact heat evoked potentials in normal subjects.

Laser-evoked potentials are widely used to investigate nociceptive pathways. The newly developed contact heat stimulator for evoking brain response has the advantages of obtaining reliable scalp potentials and absence of cutaneous lesions. This study aimed to identify the most appropriate stimulation site with consistent cortical responses, and to correlate several parameters of the contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) with age, gender, and body height in normal subjects. CHEPs were recorded at Cz with a contact heat stimulator (Medoc, Israel) in 35 normal controls. The subjects were asked to keep eyes open and remain alert. The baseline temperature was 32 degrees C, and stimulation peak heat intensity of 51 degrees C was applied to five body sites: bilateral forearm, right dorsum hand, right peroneal area, and right dorsum foot. Reproducible CHEPs were recorded more frequently when stimulated at volar forearm (62.5%) than at the lower limbs (around 40%). The first negative peak latency (N1) was 370.1 +/- 20.3 ms, first positive peak latency (P1) was 502.4 +/- 33.0 ms, and peak to peak amplitude was 10.2 +/- 4.9 microV with stimulation of the forearm. Perceived pain intensity was not correlated with the presence or amplitude of CHEPs. No gender or inter-side differences were observed for N1 latency and N1-P1 amplitude. Also, no correlation was noted between N1 and age or body height. These results support future clinical access of CHEPs as a diagnostic tool.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Alteration of human right bundle branch refractoriness by changes in duration of the atrial drive train.

We studied the effect of drive train duration on human right bundle branch refractoriness. Seven patients with a QRS duration of 0.10 sec or less and no preexcitation had functional right bundle branch block induced reproducibly with premature atrial stimulation. Refractoriness of the right bundle branch was defined as the longest H1H2 interval resulting in right bundle branch block and was determined in each patient at a constant pacing cycle length but at five to seven different atrial drive train durations varying from four to 99 complexes. In all seven patients, right bundle branch refractoriness decreased with increasing drive train duration (mean 15 msec). One-third of this decrease (5.0 msec) occurred between drive train durations of four and eight complexes, and close to two-thirds (9.3 msec) occurred between drive train durations of eight and 64 complexes. Very little further decrease (0.7 msec) occurred between 64 and 99 complexes. We conclude that right bundle branch refractoriness shortens progressively as the preceding drive train duration increases. This phenomenon may in part explain the disappearance of functional right bundle branch block during supraventricular tachycardia after a variable number of complexes without a change in cycle length of tachycardia.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Assessment of right ventricular function in patients with congestive heart failure by echocardiographic automated boundary detection.

In patients with chronic heart failure, echocardiographic automated boundary detection (ABD) can reliably assess right ventricular function. The measurements obtained by ABD were highly reproducible, strongly correlated with radionuclide right ventricular ejection fraction, and superior to those obtained by conventional manual echocardiographic methods.

Electrocardiography↗
PubMed2004

New techniques in female pudendal somatosensory evoked potential testing.

OBJECTIVE: The primary nerves innervating the female genitalia are the dorsal nerve of the clitoris (DNC) and the perineal nerve, which innervate the clitoris and the external genitalia/distal vagina, respectively. We describe two novel electrodiagnostic techniques for evaluating the integrity of these female genital somatosensory pathways. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Seventy-seven healthy women (mean age 29.3 years) were enrolled for this study. We performed DNC somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs), stimulating through self-adhesive disk electrodes on either side of the clitoris. Perineal nerve SEPs were evoked through a vaginal probe. Cortical responses were measured through cup electrodes affixed to the scalp at Cpz and Fpz. Stimulus parameters were duration 0.1 ms, frequency 4.1 Hz, filters 5-5,000 Hz, at three times sensory threshold. RESULTS: DNC and perineal nerve SEPs from both the right and left sides were reproducible and easily discerned. The mean P1 latencies were: right DNC 39.4 ms (SD 2.8 ms), left DNC 39.3 ms (SD 3.3 ms), right perineal nerve 37.8 ms (SD 3.4 ms), left perineal nerve 37.6 ms (SD 3.1 ms). We recorded SEP responses from 90 to 92% of subjects for the DNC, and 69% for the perineal nerve. CONCLUSIONS: We are able to evoke somatosensory potentials from the four primary somatic nerves that mediate female genital cutaneous sensation. In healthy subjects, the DNC responses are robust and maintain laterality. The perineal nerve responses are less consistently obtained, but when recorded, are easily discerned. These preliminary data provide a foundation from which to study female genital innervation, particularly as it applies to sexual function.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Transient evoked otoacoustic emissions in newborn infants: Effects of ear asymmetry, gender, and age.

Our aim was to examine the effects of gender, ear asymmetry, and age of infants on various parameters of transient evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs). Three hundred thirty-two infants (181 males, 151 females) were tested using the ILO292 Otodynamics Analyzer (Otodynamics Ltd, England) as a screening procedure. The subjects were divided into two age groups: group 1, newborn infants prior to hospital discharge (mean age of 4 days), and group 2, infants at the 1-month-old health checkup (mean age of 35 days). Responses to TEOAE stimuli were recorded at 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 kHz. There were significant effects of gender and ear (left/right) on the signal-to-noise ratio, response level, and whole-wave and band reproducibility values in TEOAEs. The right ear had higher values of whole-wave reproducibility, response level, signal-to-noise ratio, and band reproducibility than the left ear. Females displayed higher whole-wave reproducibility, response level, band reproducibility, and signal-to-noise ratio values than males. There was no significant difference in response level, signal-to-noise ratio, and band reproducibility between the two age groups. The findings of the present investigation may contribute toward future improvements in neonatal hearing screening based on the community.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1985

Two-dimensional echocardiographic estimation of right ventricular area change and ejection fraction in infants with systemic right ventricle (transposition of the great arteries or hypoplastic left heart syndrome).

A reproducible, noninvasive method for estimating right ventricular (RV) function would greatly facilitate evaluation of infants in whom the RV supplies the systemic circulation. Therefore, 2-dimensional echocardiographically derived parameters, RV area-change fraction and RV ejection fraction (EF), were evaluated in 19 preoperative infants (age 1 to 30 days, mean 7 days), 12 with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 7 with transposition of the great arteries. The area enclosed by the RV was measured in both a subxiphoid long-axis (coronal plane) and short-axis (parasagittal plane) view. From these measurements end-systolic and end-diastolic volumes were derived using Simpson's rule and the EF was calculated. The total area change fraction was calculated as the average of the long and the short-axis area change fraction. Similar measurements were made independently from biplane cineangiograms obtained within 3 days of the echocardiogram. The echocardiographically derived EF and area-change fraction were compared with the angiographic EF using linear regression analysis. The echocardiographic EF (mean 49 +/- 11) correlated well with the angiographic EF (mean 51 +/- 12, r = 0.84). The echocardiographic area-change fraction was somewhat less closely correlated with the angiographic EF (r = 0.79). Comparing short- and long-axis area-change fraction to echocardiographic EF, the short-axis measurements were better correlated than long-axis measurements (r = 0.86 and 0.75, respectively). (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Cardiac Output↗
PubMed1997

Test/retest reproducibility of iodine-123-betaCIT SPECT brain measurement of dopamine transporters in Parkinson's patients.

UNLABELLED: Iodine-123-beta-CIT has been used as a probe of dopamine transporters in Parkinson's disease patients using SPECT. We studied the test/retest reproducibility of SPECT measures in Parkinson's disease patients and healthy controls obtained after injection of [123I])beta-CIT in part to assess the utility of this tracer for longitudinal evaluation of striatal dopamine transporters as a marker of disease progression. METHODS: Seven Parkinson's disease patients and seven healthy control subjects participated in two [123I]beta-CIT SPECT scans separated by 7-21 days. Subjects were imaged at 24 hr post injection of 360 MBq (9.7 mCi) of [123I]beta-CIT. Two outcome measures were evaluated; 1) the ratio of specific striatal (activity associated with DA transporter binding) to nondisplaceable uptake, also designated V3," and 2) the total specific striatal uptake (%SSU) expressed as a percentage of injected radiotracer dose. For both measures, test/retest variability was calculated as the absolute difference of test minus retest divided by the mean of test/retest and expressed as a percent. In addition, the reproducibility of left and right striatal asymmetry and putamen:caudate ratios were determined. RESULTS: The two outcome measures demonstrated excellent test/retest reproducibility for both the Parkinson's disease and healthy subject groups with variability of striatal V3" = 16.8 +/- 13.3% and percent striatal uptake = 6.8 +/- 3.4% for Parkinson's disease patients and V3" = 12.8 +/- 8.9% and %SSU = 7.0 +/- 3.9% for control subjects. There were no statistically significant differences in test/retest variability between control subjects and Parkinson's disease patients for either outcome measure. The reproducibility of left/right asymmetry indices and putamen-to-caudate ratios showed no patient versus control subject differences. The asymmetry index had greater test/retest variability than the other outcome measures. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that SPECT imaging performed at 24 hr postinjection of [123I]beta-CIT permits calculation of reliable and reproducible measures of dopamine transporters in both Parkinson's disease patients and control subjects and supports the feasibility of using [123I]beta-CIT in the evaluation of disease progression in Parkinson's disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Directional preferences in perception of visual stimuli.

The present paper reviews a series of studies regarding the effects of hemispheric asymmetry and reading and writing habits on directional preferences in reproducing horizontally-displayed visual stimuli. Hebrew readers, English readers, and Arabic readers were presented with arrays of horizontally-displayed directional and nondirectional stimuli, as well as with single stimuli. They were asked to reproduce the stimuli, and the direction of their reproduction, left-right or right-left, was recorded for analysis. Generally, in reproducing arrays of stimuli, English readers showed left-right directionality, whereas Hebrew readers showed right-left directionality. But in reproducing arrays of English and Hebrew letters, subjects of both groups showed left-right and right-left preferences, respectively. However, the right-left directional preferences shown by Hebrew readers were weaker than the left-right preferences shown by English readers. It was hypothesized that these differences are due to differential reading and writing habits acquired in school by English- and Hebrew-readers. In support of the reading and writing habit hypothesis, it was subsequently found that: (a) Arabic readers, who have stronger right-left reading and writing habits than Hebrew readers, show relatively stronger right-left directional preferences, and (b) with the introduction of English as a foreign language in the fifth grade, children show an increase in left-right directionality. Further investigation showed that, depending on the experimental conditions, directional preferences may be a function of either reading and writing habits, or hemispheric asymmetry, or both. Finally, the bearing of these findings on the "nature-nurture" controversy regarding the development of perceptual exploration in children is discussed.

Dominance, Cerebral↗
PubMed1986

Echocardiographic measurement of the normal adult right ventricle.

In studies of the right ventricle the complexities of chamber shape may be overcome by use of multiple tomographic imaging planes. An established protocol for the echocardiographic description of the heart was used to examine the right ventricle in an ordered series of transducer locations and orientations. Diastolic measurements were made of the right ventricular inflow tract, outflow tract, and right ventricular body, and the range and reproducibility of normal values for cavity size and right ventricular free wall thickness were established. These measurements of cavity size in 41 normal subjects were highly reproducible and the views that were used correctly described the truncated and ellipsoidal shape of the right ventricular inflow tract and body with a separately aligned outflow tract. Cavity trabeculation prevented measurement of the free wall thickness in some areas; however, values of nearly twice the previously reported upper limit of normal for anterior regions were measured from the apex or lateral right ventricular wall. These normal data provide a basis for future echocardiographic studies of the right ventricle.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Intracardiac echocardiography: in vitro and in vivo validation for right ventricular volume and function.

To determine the feasibility and accuracy of intracardiac ultrasonography (ICUS) for the measurement of right ventricular (RV) volumes and function, a 10 MHz ICUS catheter was used in an in vitro and in vivo model. In the in vitro study, 16 sheep hearts were imaged. Sequential cross-sectional images from RV apex to base were recorded during a calibrated pullback. Volumes were calculated by applying Simpson's algorithm. ICUS-obtained volumes correlated well with actual volumes (standard error of estimate [SEE] = 2.3 ml, r = 0.98). For the in vivo study, a beating-heart canine model was used (31 hemodynamic stages in six dogs). Actual volumes were measured by an intracavitary balloon connected to an external column. Sequential cross-sectional images were recorded during the ICUS catheter pullback from apex to base of the RV, and volumes calculated by Simpson's algorithm. Good correlations were observed between ICUS and actual values for diastolic (SEE = 4.1 ml, r = 0.97), systolic (SEE = 3.4 ml, r = 0.96), and ejection fraction (SEE = 3.1%, r = 0.87) values. This new technique can accurately quantitate RV volumes, can function both in vitro and in vivo, and has the potential for increasing applications to questions of clinical and research interest.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2005

Transobturator tape erosion associated with leg pain.

A 39 year-old vaginal multipara status postpubovaginal sling in 2002 and a transobturator tape procedure in 2004 presented with persistent stress incontinence and vaginal polypropylene mesh erosion. Ten days later, she presented to the emergency room with severe right groin pain, difficulty walking, fever, and chills. She described shooting pain originating from the right inguinal ligament radiating down her right leg anteriorly. Although her neurologic examination was normal, palpation of the right obturator internus muscle reproduced her pain. MRI clearly revealed the course of the mesh tape through the obturator muscles and marked increase in the size of the right adductor and obturator internus muscles, apparently compressing the adjacent neurovascular fascicle. The patient was taken to the operating room where the polypropylene tape was easily removed through the vaginal erosion. Mesh cultures were positive for bacteroides fragilis. She experienced complete symptom resolution within 1 week of tape removal.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Reproducibility of patch tests. A multicenter study of synchronous left-versus right-sided patch tests by the German Contact Dermatitis Research Group.

BACKGROUND: The efficiency and reproducibility of patch tests remain controversial. OBJECTIVE: Our purpose was to determine the efficiency and reproducibility of patch tests and to identify factors influencing these features. METHODS: We double-tested 1285 patients concomitantly with 10 standard allergens by manually filled test chambers. Additional information was obtained from all patients with a standardized protocol. RESULTS: Patch test efficiency was good (> or = 0.94) with all 10 allergens. In contrast, nonreproducibility of patch tests was strongly allergen dependent, ranging from 0.2 for nickel sulfate to 0.6 for formaldehyde. The likelihood of nonreproducible allergic reactions increased when more than four positive reactions were seen at the same time, and with another positive reaction located in close proximity to an allergic reaction. Sex and age of patients, atopy, dermatitis at distant sites, sleeping habits, and the time of allergen exposure (24 or 48 hours) did not affect the rate of nonreproducible results. CONCLUSION: To increase patch test reproducibility, specific preparations of patch test allergens need to be improved. Furthermore, amplification effects by synchronous neighboring positive reactions should be excluded.

Allergens↗
PubMed1986

[Cartogram of 35 ECG leads in hypertrophy of the right ventricle of the heart].

Automatedly-reproduced cartograms of 35 electrocardiographic leads in 27 cases of isolated right-ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) were analysed in relation to the latter's roentgenocardiometric markedness, and the obtained results were substantiated in terms of spacial vectorcardiography. A direct correlation was established between cartographic and roentgenocardiometric data in cases of moderate RVH that was absent in marked RVH. The correlation between cartographic and vectorcardiographic parameters was, on the contrary, only slightly expressed in moderate RVH and high in marked RVH cases. These results can be attributed to specific anatomical structure of the hypertrophic myocardium at different stages of RVH formation, with either the outflow-pathway hypertrophy proper prevailing at early stages of hypertrophic development, or the right-ventricular free wall hypertrophy prevailing at later stages which result in irregular thickening of individual compartments and distortion of cavity size characteristics and geometrical properties of the right ventricle proper, as well as the displacement of the center of gravity and heart rotation round its own axes.

Adolescent↗