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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2006

Thermal diffusivity and nuclear spin relaxation: a continuous wave free precession NMR study.

Continuous wave free precession (CWFP) nuclear magnetic resonance is capable of yielding quantitative and easily obtainable information concerning the kinetics of processes that change the relaxation rates of the nuclear spins through the action of some external agent. In the present application, heat flow from a natural rubber sample to a liquid nitrogen thermal bath caused a large temperature gradient leading to a non-equilibrium temperature distribution. The ensuing local changes in the relaxation rates could be monitored by the decay of the CWFP signals and, from the decays, it was possible to ascertain the prevalence of a diffusive process and to obtain an average value for the thermal diffusivity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Diffusive thermal dynamics for the Ising ferromagnet.

We introduce a thermal dynamics for the Ising ferromagnet where the energy variations occurring within the system exhibit a diffusive character typical of thermalizing agents such as, e.g., localized excitations. Time evolution is provided by a walker hopping across the sites of the underlying lattice according to local probabilities depending on the usual Boltzmann weight at a given temperature. Despite the canonical hopping probabilities the walker drives the system to a stationary state which is not reducible to the canonical equilibrium state in a trivial way. The system still exhibits a magnetic phase transition occurring at a finite value of the temperature larger than the canonical one. The dependence of the model on the density of walkers realizing the dynamics is also discussed. Interestingly the differences between the stationary state and the Boltzmann equilibrium state decrease with increasing number of walkers.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2006

The "macromolecular tourist": universal temperature dependence of thermal diffusion in aqueous colloidal suspensions.

By performing measurements on a large class of macromolecular and colloidal systems, we show that thermophoresis (particle drift induced by thermal gradients) in aqueous solvents displays a distinctive universal dependence on temperature. For systems of particles interacting via temperature-independent forces, this behavior is strictly related to the solvent thermal expansivity, while an additional, T-independent term is needed to account for the behavior of "thermophilic" (migrating to the warmth) particles. The former relation between thermophoresis and thermal expansion may be exploited to envisage other fruitful studies of colloidal diffusion in inhomogeneous fluids.

Colloids↗
PubMed1994

Thermal diffusion probe and instrument system for tissue blood flow measurements: validation in phantoms and in vivo organs.

A minimally invasive probe and instrument system for real-time measurements of temperature, thermal conductivity and tissue blood flow has been designed for research and clinical use. The essence of the probe is a thermistor, located at the tip of catheters or glass and steel needles, and operating in transient self-heated mode at constant temperature increment. Thermal conductivity and tissue blood flow are determined by use of a coupled tissue-probe thermal model. The effects of temporal baseline temperature shifts are minimized by a novel, automatic, analog compensation circuit. Very short heating periods (3 s) and cooling periods (12 s) provided near-continuous measurements (4/min). Calibration experiments performed in media of known thermal conductivity exhibit a linear response with respect to thermal conductivity. In vitro experiments performed in isolated perfused dog liver preparations are presented to evaluate this instrument system. In vivo experiments performed in cat brain, dog liver, and human tumor demonstrate the ability of this instrument system to perform physiologically valid measurements (comparison inter-subjects and intra-subjects). The minimally invasive probes (0.8 mm OD) are capable of long term measurements (several months), with minimal tissue reactions (0.3 mm around the probe).

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Thermal diffusion of supersonic solitons in an anharmonic chain of atoms.

We study the nonequilibrium diffusion dynamics of supersonic lattice solitons in a classical chain of atoms with nearest-neighbor interactions coupled to a heat bath. As a specific example we choose an interaction with cubic anharmonicity. The coupling between the system and a thermal bath with a given temperature is made by adding noise, delta correlated in time and space, and damping to the set of discrete equations of motion. Working in the continuum limit and changing to the sound velocity frame we derive a Korteweg-de Vries equation with noise and damping. We apply a collective coordinate approach which yields two stochastic ODEs which are solved approximately by a perturbation analysis. This finally yields analytical expressions for the variances of the soliton position and velocity. We perform Langevin dynamics simulations for the original discrete system which confirm the predictions of our analytical calculations, namely, noise-induced superdiffusive behavior which scales with the temperature and depends strongly on the initial soliton velocity. A normal diffusion behavior is observed for solitons with very low energy, where the noise-induced phonons also make a significant contribution to the soliton diffusion.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2003

Thermal diffusion of radon in porous media.

Based on the non-intersection model of cylindrical capillaries, the mean radius of the pores of some soils and building materials are estimated. In size, the above-mentioned radii are usually of the order of the free path of gas molecules at atmospheric pressure. A review of pore size distribution data also reveals that a large fraction of concrete pores belong to Knudsen's region. This fact indicates that the thermal gradient in these media must cause gas (radon) transport. The interpretation of the experimental data concerning the rate of emanation of 222Rn from a concrete-capped source subjected to a sudden increase in temperature is given, based on irreversible thermodynamics theory. The calculations given here for radon flux, caused by concentration and thermal gradients, are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. It is shown that thermodiffusion can significantly contribute to radon flux in concrete. The need to include the thermodiffusion radon flux in the radon entry model is discussed.

Air Pollutants, Radioactive↗
PubMed1980

In vivo measurements of thermal diffusion through restorations of various materials.

Temperature diffusion was monitored through in vivo restorations with and without bases 0.5 and 1 mm thick. Temperature diffusion was highest through amalgam restorations and slowest through unfilled resin restorations. The rate of diffusion through composite resins and silicate cement fell between the extremes. Bases of both zinc phosphate cement and zinc oxide-eugenol cement reduced the rate of temperature change on the floor of the cavity beneath amalgam restorations. The temperature change was generally less under the 1 mm base than the 0.5 mm base. Bases used beneath the nonmetallic restorations did not reduce the magnitude of temperature change on the cavity floor.

Acrylic Resins↗