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PubMed1990

Ovine white-liver disease (OWLD). Trace elements in liver.

Trace elements in liver were examined in vitamin B12 deficient lambs which developed ovine white-liver disease (OWLD), in cobalt/vitamin B12 supplemented lambs on the same pastures as well as clinically healthy, but sometimes subclinical B12 deficient lambs on other pastures (H). Liver Co was marginal to deficient in both OWLD lambs (S lambs) and H lambs. Supplementation with B12 or Co elevated liver Co. Liver copper was significantly lower in OWLD lambs than in the H lambs, and Co/B12 supplementation on pasture generally had no significant effect on the contents. Dosing lambs on OWLD pastures with copper oxide needles (SCuO), however, resulted in high/toxic liver Cu. Dosing with Co, Se and Cu glass boluses resulted in adequate liver Cu, except for 1 lamb with toxic amounts indicating dissolution and absorption of the bolus. OWLD lambs had significantly lower liver molybdenum than H lambs, and Co/B12 supplementation elevated values, while CuO treatment depressed them. Liver zinc, manganese and selenium are also reported.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Reassembling scattered and mixed human bones by trace element ratios.

Trace metal ratios in human bones were examined to determine if there were ratios that were sufficiently consistent within an individual yet varying sufficiently from the bones of another individual so that bones in a mixed grave could be reassembled. The concentrations of 21 elements sampled at 54 places on 30 human bones in each of 5 skeletons indicated that the magnesium/zinc ratio was the most reliable and that the zinc/sodium, magnesium/sodium, and chromium/sodium ratios could be used as supplements to help reassemble human bones belonging to the same individual after all standard techniques had been used.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

In vitro clearance of trace elements via continuous renal replacement therapy.

OBJECTIVE: Trace element loss during continuous renal replacement therapy in patients with acute renal failure has not been quantified sufficiently. DESIGN: Trace element loss was quantified using an in vitro model of continuous venovenous hemofiltration. Bovine blood was used for the experiment, and the plasma was analyzed for its chromium, copper, selenium, manganese, and zinc content. Two different polysulfone hemodiafilters, a low-flux F8 and high-flux F70 were used, and tested at two different ultrafiltrate flow rates of 1 L/hr and 2 L/hr, respectively. Trace element concentrations in the plasma and ultrafiltrate were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The sieving coefficient and clearance of each trace element were calculated and compared between the two hemodiafilters. SETTING: In vitro bovine model of continuous venovenous hemofiltration. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS: Not applicable. RESULTS: Mean sieving coefficients of both F8 and F70 hemodiafilters were similar for each trace element. Copper, chromium, manganese, selenium, and zinc all were detected in the ultrafiltrate. Estimated trace element loss using typical trace element blood concentrations and study-derived sieving coefficients suggest that daily losses of selenium are greater than what is replenished with a standard daily trace element supplement in total parenteral nutrition. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that the degree of continuous venovenous hemofiltration clearance chromium, copper, selenium, manganese, and zinc differ between elements and that selenium and copper might need to be replaced with doses that exceed typical supplementation guidelines.

Acute Kidney Injury↗

PubMed1985

Neuropsychiatric aspects of trace elements.

Our knowledge of trace element metabolism has increased dramatically in the last decade. It now seems likely that many trace elements are of significance either as causative or therapeutic factors in a wide range of illnesses. Several of the most topical elements are discussed here in relation to neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Alzheimer Disease↗

PubMed1991

Influence of nicotine on tissue trace element concentrations and tissue antioxidant defense.

Both altered trace element metabolism and cigarette smoking have been proposed to be risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Thus, it is important to identify the mechanisms by which cigarette smoke alters trace element metabolism. In the present study, serum trace element concentrations were measured in 19 smokers and 13 nonsmokers. In parallel studies, data from rats treated with 50 mg of nicotine over a 21-d period tested the hypothesis that nicotine induced altered trace element metabolism observed in smokers. Serum Cu and Zn concentrations were significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers. Serum nicotine concentrations in rats were comparable to those observed in heavy smokers, but serum trace element concentrations were not significantly altered by nicotine treatment. Tissue trace element concentrations were also not markedly affected by nicotine; however, trace element ratios in liver, kidney, lung, and brain were significantly altered by nicotine treatment. In addition, nicotine-treatment resulted in significantly lower liver glutathione concentrations and higher Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase activity than in controls. These data show that a 50-mg infusion of nicotine over 21 d does not produce in rats the serum trace element abnormalities observed in cigarette smokers. However, nicotine did affect the trace element relationships between tissues as well as components of the free radical defense system.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Brain trace element concentrations in aging.

Trace element concentrations were determined in various human brain regions over the complete life span using instrumental neutron activation analysis. Several different patterns of trace element alteration were observed with age. Brain Al, Cl and Na concentrations increase with advancing age, while K, P and Rb decline. Ag, Co, Fe, Sb and Sc concentrations increase up to the 40 to 79 age range then decline. Br, Se and Zn remain relatively constant throughout adult life. Hg, Mn and Cs show no consistent trend with age. In infant brains Br and Cl increase and Al, Cr, Cs, Fe, Mn, P, Rb, Sc, Se and Zn decrease compared to adults. The essential elements that remain within narrow concentration limits throughout adult life suggest the presence of an efficient homeostatic mechanism for their regulation in the brain, while those that are altered with age suggest modifications in control mechanisms or altered relationships with other elements. Increased concentrations of non-essential elements may reflect accumulation from our environment, impaired removal or altered balance with other elements.

Adult↗

PubMed1984

Trace elements in psychiatric illness.

Trace elements play an active role in various metabolic processes of the body. Current evidence suggests that a disturbance in the concentration of trace elements can produce various psychiatric symptomatology. The precise role of these micronutrients needs further elucidation in view of their potential importance in the field of treatment and prevention.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Principal component analysis of trace elements in Serbian wheat.

Trace elements (Cu, Fe, Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Mn, Zn) were analyzed quantitatively in 14 wheat samples collected from fields in all Serbian growing regions, harvested in 2002. Microelements were determined according to an atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Principal component analyses (PCA) were performed on data matrices consisting of contents of trace elements in wheats (columns) and all Serbian wheat-growing regions (rows). It was found that four principal components account for 87.2% of the total variance in the data. The plot of component loadings showed significant groupings for concentration of some microelements. The component scores indicated the similarities among the Serbian wheat-growing regions. The loading plot reveals that there is no need to measure all of the variables to achieve the same classification. It is enough to measure one variable per group. Naturally, this conclusion is valid only within the limits of the present study of wheat grain samples from different parts of Serbia.

Seeds↗

PubMed1996

[Trace elements in spinocerebellar degeneration].

Trace elements might be related with the pathogenesis of spinocerebellar degeneration (SCD). Mercury produce cerebellar ataxia. However, it was reported that the content of mercury in the hair of patients with SCD was normal. Therefore, mercury may not be directly related with SCD. It was reported that the content of copper in the hair might be high in patients with Friedreich's disease, or low in patients with late cortical cerebellar atrophy. The normal content of zinc in the hair was reported in patients with SCD. The low content of manganese in the hair was suggested in patients with SCD. Usually Parkinsonism was observed in manganese intoxication in man. Lead may produce cerebellar ataxia. These trace elements might cause SCD. However, the relation is still obscure. The further study should be conducted.

Hair↗

PubMed1979

Trace elements in the atmosphere.

The distribution and behaviour of particulate trace elements in the atmosphere have been studied by continuous measurements for 5 years at seven non-urban sites in the United Kingdom. Samples have been taken regularly of airborne dust, rainwater and dry deposition: these have been analysed for up to 36 elements. Concentrations of trace elements vary considerably between sites but the relative concentrations are among uniform: this suggests similarity of origin or good atmospheric mixing. By comparing the relative concentrations with those in soil it is possible to differentiate between trace elements that are derived from soil and those that may be attributed to industrial activity. This classification is supported by estimates of the particle sizes in air. The deposition of trace elements can be related to the concentrations presnet in soil and to the annual removal by crops. Retrospective analyses of stored samples from one site describe the history of trace element concentrations in air since 1957. The sea surface is considered as a possible source of atmospheric trace elements.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1995

Interactions related to trace elements in parenteral nutrition.

Trace elements (TE) are now commonly added into the nutritive admixtures used in total parenteral nutrition (TPN) to prevent deficiencies which can be observed in patients undergoing long-term intravenous feeding. Although the needs in TE are not exactly known during a TPN, some of them must be considered as essential according to the results of studies dealing with general nutritional deficiencies. Among essential TE copper, iron and zinc are found at relatively high levels in organism. Chromium, manganese and selenium are also very important even though they are present at lower levels. In the case of a parenteral nutrition, the composition of the mixture is precisely defined and both digestion and absorption steps are shunted. Nevertheless, beneficial and/or negative physicochemical and metabolic interactions can occur between TE and the other nutrients. These interactions must be studied and taken into account because they can modify the bioavailability of the trace elements. In this article, our aim is to review the main recent bodies of knowledge which could be helpful to understand and prevent nutritional problems linked to these interactions during parenteral nutrition.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Trace element contamination of total parenteral nutrition. 1. Contribution of component solutions.

BACKGROUND: Trace elements have been shown to contaminate total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions. METHODS: This study used the multi-elemental technology of inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to demonstrate the extent to which trace elements were present in amounts above (ie, as contaminants) or below expected levels in eight TPN component solutions. RESULTS: Of the 66 trace elements scanned, there were 12 trace element contaminants in amounts >1 microg/L (zinc, copper, manganese, chromium, selenium, boron, aluminum, titanium, barium, vanadium, arsenic, and strontium) in the eight component solutions studied. Trace element contaminants were present in all solutions, and different trace elements contaminated the solutions at various concentrations. Component solutions of amino acid, potassium chloride, calcium gluconate, and sodium chloride contained the greatest numbers of trace element contaminants, whereas the lowest numbers were present in sterile water and magnesium sulfate. Interlot and intermanufacturer variations were apparent. Measured concentrations of trace elements in the multi-trace element additive solution also were higher than the labeled values. A comparison of the amounts of contaminated trace elements delivered by a typical TPN mixture relative to the amounts typically absorbed by the gastrointestinal tract indicates that the inadvertent delivery of trace elements from contaminated TPN solutions may be substantial. CONCLUSIONS: All eight components tested were contaminated with trace elements not intended to be present in the product, and similarly, the multi-trace element component contained trace elements either above or below that which the label claimed.

Drug Contamination↗

PubMed2004

Occurrence and volatility of several trace elements in pulverized coal boiler.

The contents of eight trace elements(Mn, Cr, Pb, As, Se, Zn, Cd, Hg) in raw coal, bottom ash and fly ash were measured in a 220 t/h pulverized coal boiler. Factors affecting distribution of trace elements were investigated, including fly ash diameter, furnace temperature, oxygen content and trace elements' characters. One coefficient of Meij was also improved to more directly show element enrichment in combustion products. These elements may be classified into three groups according to their distribution: Group 1: Hg, which is very volatile. Group 2: Pb, Zn, Cd, which are partially volatile. Group 3: Mn, which is hardly volatile. Se may be located between groups 1 and 2. Cr has properties of both group 1 and 3. In addition, the smaller diameter of fly ash, the more relative enrichment of trace elements (except Mn). The fly ash showed different adsorption mechanisms of trace elements and the volatilization of trace elements rises with furnace temperature. Relative enrichments of trace elements(except Mn and Cr) in fly ash are larger than that in bottom ash. Low oxygen content can not always improve the volatilization of trace elements. Pb is easier to form chloride than Cd during coal combustion. Trace elements should be classified in accordance with factors.

Adsorption↗

PubMed1985

Inborn errors of trace element metabolism.

Genetic disorders of trace element transport are now known in humans, mice, dogs and cattle. Those involving copper have been known longest and are best known clinically. Effects due to copper deficiency are seen in Menkes' disease, in X-linked cutis laxa and in the X-linked series of mottled mutants in the mouse. Copper accumulation is also harmful, causing damage initially to the liver and later to the kidneys and brain in Wilson's disease, in some Bedlington terriers and in toxic milk mice. Zinc deficiency is seen in acrodermatitis enteropathica and in premature babies born to women who seem to secrete milk that is zinc-deficient, as is seen in lethal milk mice. Study of animal mutants, especially mutant mice, is helpful in understanding the human diseases and identification of the basic defects in trace element transport in these diseases is improving knowledge relevant to trace element nutrition.

Acrodermatitis↗

PubMed1983

Aspects of trace element interactions during development.

The origins of nutritional trace element deficiencies are summarized. Inadequate intake results in primary deficiency, whereas secondary or conditioned deficiencies can arise in several ways including trace element interactions. Evidence is presented and discussed for interactions of essential trace elements during prenatal and early postnatal development. Diets of widely different zinc and copper concentrations and ratios were fed to pregnant rats. Analysis of fetal outcome and copper and zinc concentrations of maternal and fetal livers showed that although there is an interaction between these metals it occurs only at levels of dietary copper deficiency. Iron and manganese interact so that high levels of one depress absorption of the other. Mice fed iron-supplemented diets had liver manganese concentrations lower than those of unsupplemented mice. Iron supplements at high but not low levels also depressed absorption of zinc. Conversely, zinc deficiency in pregnant rats caused higher than normal concentrations of iron in maternal and fetal liver. Trace element analyses of proprietary infant formulas indicate that in some, concentrations and ratios of these trace elements may be incorrect. The effects of essential trace element interactions during development should be further investigated. Caution is urged in considering levels of trace element supplements during pregnancy, lactation, or early childhood.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

The effects of a 2-year switch from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet on trace element status in hypertensive subjects.

Trace element status of 20 hypertensive subjects (14 women and 6 men, mean age 52 years) was compared to that of normotensives. The changes in trace element status, body weight and blood pressure after a 2-year switch from a mixed to a lactovegetarian diet were also compared between these groups. The concentration of copper in plasma and that of lead in hair were higher in hypertensive subjects than in normotensives, but the concentrations of zinc, magnesium and selenium in plasma, urine and hair were similar to those of normotensives. In the hypertensive subjects, 3 months after the diet shift there was a decrease in the concentrations of zinc in plasma, hair and urine, that of copper in plasma and hair, of magnesium in urine, of selenium in plasma and hair, and an increase in the magnesium content in plasma and hair. Also the concentrations of mercury, lead and cadmium in hair decreased after the diet switch. Among the hypertensives, the relative increase of magnesium in plasma was greater than that of normotensives; their relative decreases of selenium and lead in hair were lower, that of cadmium greater and that of copper in urine was lower. Four years after the start of the experiment when most subjects had resumed a mixed diet, mineral and trace element concentrations in plasma, hair and urine were similar to their baseline levels. Three months after the diet switch the relative decrease in body weight was more marked among hypertensive women (5%) than in female normotensives (3%), but similar among men of both groups (5%).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗

PubMed1977

A comparative view on trace elements and growth.

The term 'essentiality' of trace elements is interpreted. The major human diseases due to trace element deficience (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr) are briefly considered. In growing animals the first clinical deficiency symptom most often is a growth retardation. In order to diagnose a deficient situation before the manifestation of clinical symptoms, model studies with growing animals are presented to show criteria that respond sensitively even to suboptimum intake of trace elements (Zn, Cu, Fe, Ni). Activity measurements of enzymes and hormones are found suitable. During the phase of reproduction, which is closely associated with growth, the trace element concentration in milk may provide an additional diagnostic means. In conclusion, the problems of diagnosing the supply status are discussed. A possibility for determination of the trace element requirement is indicated.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Trace elements and blood pressure regulation].

Essential trace elements such as copper, zinc and selenium participate in various enzyme reactions necessary for antioxidant defense system of cells. It is not clear whether metabolism of these trace elements and related enzymes are specifically altered in hypertensive animals or humans. As endothelium-derived nitric oxide is inactivated by free radicals, oxidative stress is known to be involved in the pathogenesis of various vascular diseases including certain type(s) of arterial hypertension. The present review focuses on biological activity of endothelium-derived nitric oxide and trace elements and discusses the pathophysiological implications of trace elements for hypertension.

Animals↗