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PubMed2003

[Effect of a posture training program on cobb angle and knowledge of posture of elementary school students].

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to examine the effect of a posture training program, including posture education and spinal exercise as implemented on the elementary school students with scoliosis. METHOD: The design of this study is nonequivalent sample control group pretest-posttest design. The study subjects were elementary school students attending 7 elementary schools located in G city in Gyungsangbuk-Do. Among them, those who had the Cobb angle between 4~10 degrees in spine x-ray who agreed to participate in the study program were selected as the study subjects. The research instruments included the degree of spinal scoliosis(cobb angle), the level of knowledge on posture, and an evaluation following the posture training program. The data were collected from March 1, 2002 to July 30, 2002. The collected data were analyzed by frequency, percentile, mean, standard deviation, t-test, chi(2) test and Mann-Whitney U test were using SPSS WIN10.0 program. RESULT: The elementary school students with scoliosis who received the posture training program have a lower Cobb angle and higher level of knowledge of posture than the elementary school students with scoliosis who did not receive the posture training program. CONCLUSION: The posture training program was effective on the on Cobb angle and Knowledge of posture in the elementary school students with scoliosis in this study. Therefore, the program training program can be usefully utilized for the students with mild scoliosis in the field of school health.

English Abstract↗
PubMed2001

Design and implementation of a neuromuscular training program following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.

Neuromuscular training programs are increasingly integrated into clinical practice for lower extremity rehabilitation. A few rehabilitation programs have been evaluated for patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) deficiency and for injury prevention, but there is limited scientific evidence of the effect of neuromuscular training following ACL reconstruction. Therefore, a neuromuscular training program was developed for patients after ACL reconstruction. The objective of the neuromuscular training was to improve the ability to generate a fast and optimal muscle firing pattern, to increase dynamic joint stability, and to relearn movement patterns and skills necessary during activities of daily living and sports activities. The main areas considered when designing the postoperative rehabilitation program after ACL reconstruction were: ACL graft healing and ACL strain values during exercises, proprioception and neuromuscular control, and clinical studies on the effect of neuromuscular training programs. The rehabilitation program consists of balance exercises, dynamic joint stability exercises, jump training/plyometric exercises, agility drills, and sport-specific exercise. The patients exercise 3 times a week for 6 months. The scientific and clinical evidence for the rehabilitation program are described and the main exercises in the program are outlined.

Anterior Cruciate Ligament↗
PubMed1991

A clinical evaluation of an emergency procedures training program.

An emergency skills training program was undertaken in a long-term care setting to increase nursing knowledge about appropriate interventions. The program incorporated readiness activities and a walk-through laboratory approach to learning. Pre- and postcourse knowledge scores revealed improvements, as did a 3-month follow-up assessment of knowledge. Most of all, the response of staff to the program was overwhelmingly positive.

Education, Nursing, Continuing↗
PubMed2002

Substance abuse attitudes and policies in US rehabilitation training programs: a comparison of 1985 and 2000.

OBJECTIVE: To assess and compare the attitudes, beliefs, and policies of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) training programs toward substance abuse and tobacco use over the last 15 years. DESIGN: A blinded questionnaire was sent to all US rehabilitation medicine training program directors. Results were compared with a survey conducted in 1985. SETTING: US PM&R residency training programs with inpatient rehabilitation training. PARTICIPANTS: Training directors or their designated agents. INTERVENTION: A 35-item questionnaire was mailed between November 1999 and April 2000 to the 81 US training programs identified by the American Board of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation as having rehabilitation training programs with inpatient rehabilitation units. Responses were pooled by our Survey Research Center to preserve anonymity. Training programs that did not respond received additional mailings and telephone calls to improve the response rate. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Chi-square analysis to assess changes in responses with time. RESULTS: Forty-six of the 79 (58%) eligible training programs responded (1 program had merged, 1 did not provide inpatient rehabilitation). Programs were located in cities ranging from less than 100,000 (n = 2) to greater than a million inhabitants (n = 18). Eighty percent (37/46) of the respondents were "concerned or very concerned" about their patients' alcohol and drug use, and 69% routinely assessed patients for alcohol and drug use compared with only 25% in 1985 (P <.00001). Almost all respondents (43/46) supported written guidelines to prohibit alcohol and drug use by patients in the rehabilitation unit. Eighty-three percent had a prohibition policy, and 72% had written guidelines. Both of those rates represent increases from the 1985 response rates of 65% and 45%, respectively. Ambivalence persisted about appropriate treatment programs for persons with disabilities: in 1985, 51% of the respondents agreed that a person with a disability could be treated appropriately in a substance abuse program designed for persons without a disability; in 2000, the percentage had increased to 64%. All respondents believed that tobacco use is an addiction, but only 25% of their units offered tobacco cessation services to patients on their rehabilitation unit. CONCLUSION: The survey results are encouraging. Since 1985, not only have substance abuse issues been recognized, but also systemic institutionalized approaches (eg, regular screening, written guidelines) have increased markedly. Tobacco is now uniformly accepted as an addiction, but screening and access to cessation programs are similar to that available for alcohol and drug treatment programs 15 years ago.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed2002

Interval training program optimization in highly trained endurance cyclists.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of three different high-intensity interval training (HIT) regimens on endurance performance in highly trained endurance athletes. METHODS: Before, and after 2 and 4 wk of training, 38 cyclists and triathletes (mean +/- SD; age = 25 +/- 6 yr; mass = 75 +/- 7 kg; VO(2peak) = 64.5 +/- 5.2 mL x kg(-1) min(-1)) performed: 1) a progressive cycle test to measure peak oxygen consumption (VO(2peak)) and peak aerobic power output (PPO), 2) a time to exhaustion test (T(max)) at their VO(2peak) power output (P(max)), as well as 3) a 40-km time-trial (TT(40)). Subjects were matched and assigned to one of four training groups (G(2), N = 8, 8 x 60% T(max) at P(max), 1:2 work:recovery ratio; G(2), N = 9, 8 x 60% T(max) at P(max), recovery at 65% HR(max); G(3), N = 10, 12 x 30 s at 175% PPO, 4.5-min recovery; G(CON), N = 11). In addition to G(1), G(2), and G(3) performing HIT twice per week, all athletes maintained their regular low-intensity training throughout the experimental period. RESULTS: All HIT groups improved TT(40) performance (+4.4 to +5.8%) and PPO (+3.0 to +6.2%) significantly more than G(CON) (-0.9 to +1.1%; P < 0.05). Furthermore, G(1) (+5.4%) and G(2) (+8.1%) improved their VO(2peak) significantly more than G(CON) (+1.0%; P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The present study has shown that when HIT incorporates P(max) as the interval intensity and 60% of T(max) as the interval duration, already highly trained cyclists can significantly improve their 40-km time trial performance. Moreover, the present data confirm prior research, in that repeated supramaximal HIT can significantly improve 40-km time trial performance.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Career choices of graduates from Washington University's Medical Scientist Training Program.

The Medical Scientist Training Program at Washington University has been in existence for 21 years; by 1990, 148 students had completed the program leading to the combined M.D./Ph.D. degree. Of these graduates, most (95%) chose to enter residency programs rather than postdoctoral fellowships. Of the 72 who had completed their residencies or postdoctoral training by 1990, the vast majority (89%) reported that they were returning to academic institutions or the National Institutes of Health. Those in academic institutions were primarily in clinical departments, with medicine being the first choice. Most said they were devoting much of their time to basic research. These graduates were progressing rapidly into tenured positions and appear to have been well funded.

Academic Medical Centers↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A survey of nurse associate training programs.

A survey of nurse associate training programs in the United States and its territories was made in 1972. Data were obtained by questionnaires mailed to program directors, with mail and telephone followup, for 60 operating programs and 9 programs being planned. The response rate was 79 percent of an estimated 87 programs in existence. The survey data indicated that the "typical" nurse associate training program lasts 4 to 6 months, began instruction in 1971, and is sponsored solely by a university or a 4-year college. The most frequently mentioned sources of financial support are the sponsoring institutions or the National Institutes of Health, or both. The typical program receives about 24 trainee applications a year and can accommodate 16 new students annually; 12 students graduate each year at a cost of about $3,536 per graduate. Most students in nurse associate training are white women who have either a diploma or bachelor's nursing degree. In addition to a substantial amount of nursing experience, they are likely to have a guarantee of employment on graduation. Nurse associates are expected to exercise a significant amount of independent judgment in tasks performed, and they are likely to work with primary care physicians in a wide range of settings, including rural and remote areas. They are likely to perform a variety of tasks and activities, including giving physical examinations, ordering tests and medications (under standing order), instructing, counseling, and monitoring patients, and management of disease.

Costs and Cost Analysis↗
PubMed1983

Utilization analysis of a pedestrian safety training program.

A previously developed and analyzed pedestrian safety training program was used to teach appropriate street-crossing behaviors to kindergarteners and first graders. Adult crossing guards were trained to provide pedestrian safety instruction. Trained observers monitored the quality of instructions given by crossing guards and the pedestrian behavior of young children as they crossed the street. A multiple-baseline analysis of the effects of two training programs indicated that guards were able to deliver the pedestrian safety program to several groups of children with a high degree of competence after receiving a single videotape and role playing training session. Furthermore, children's level of appropriate street crossing increased contemporaneous to the change in guard behavior both on the street where training was delivered and on a second street where no training was previously delivered. Utilization analysis of the guard training program indicated that one cannot expect to produce consistently high levels of street-crossing behavior by implementing only the "show and tell" portions of the training package. Similarly, results suggested that one is unlikely to produce consistently high quality guard training behavior by only giving written instructions describing how pedestrian training should be administered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1996

The German toxicology curriculum: establishing a postgraduate training program for experts in toxicology.

A postgraduate training program in toxicology has been established in Germany. Theoretical training in toxicology is offered on a modular basis to candidates aiming at certification as an "Expert in Toxicology, DGPT." The certificate is awarded by the German Society of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology [Deutsche Gesellschaft für Experimentelle und Klinische Pharmakologie und Toxikologie (DGPT)]. The precondition for entering the training program is a university degree in medicine, chemistry, biochemistry, biology, or a related subject. To be eligible to take the final examination for Expert in Toxicology, DGPT candidates must have at least 5 years of full-time practical experience in toxicology. They must have gained comprehensive knowledge in at least 1 relevant field, broad knowledge in another 2 fields, and basic knowledge in all 15 relevant fields of toxicology. Candidates must submit at least three independent peer-reviewed papers or professional assessments in toxicology or pharmacology. The course program for providing theoretical training is a joint venture of the German toxicological institutions involved in education. More than a dozen courses, covering the spectrum of fields in toxicology, are held each year at toxicological institutes of universities and research centers throughout Germany specializing in the respective fields. The courses provide candidates with instruction from Germany's leading authorities at research facilities in various fields of toxicology. They provide the best possible education in the spectrum of toxicological subdisciplines.

Accreditation↗
PubMed2005

Canadian rural family medicine training programs: growth and variation in recruitment.

OBJECTIVE: To document the proliferation of rural family medicine residency programs and to note differences in design as they affect rural recruitment. DESIGN: Descriptive study using semistructured telephone interviews. SETTING: All family medicine residency programs in Canada in 2002. PARTICIPANTS: Directors of Canadian family medicine residency programs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of rural training programs and positions; months of rural exposure, degree of remoteness, and specialist support of rural communities within rural training programs. RESULTS: The number of rural training programs rose from one in 1973 to 12 in 2002. Most medical schools now offer dedicated rural training streams. From 1989 to 2002, the number of rural residency positions quadrupled from 36 to 144; large jumps in capacity occurred from 1989 to 1991 and then from 1999 to 2001. Rural positions now represent 20% of all family medicine residency positions. Among rural programs, minimum rural exposure ranged from 4 to 12 months, and the median distance between rural training communities and referral sites ranged from 50 to 440 km (median 187 km). Rotations in communities with no hospital were mandatory in five of 12 rural programs, optional in five, and unavailable in two. The proportion of training communities used by rural programs that had family physicians only (ie, no immediate specialty backup) ranged from 0 to 78% (mean 44%). Most training communities (78%) used by rural programs had fewer than 10 000 residents. Four of 12 rural programs offered various specialty medicine rotations in small communities. CONCLUSION: Rural residency programs have proliferated in Canada. The percentage of residency positions that are rural now equals the proportion of the general population in Canada living in rural areas. National guidelines for rural programs recommend at least 6 months of rural rotations and at least some training in communities without hospitals. Major variations among programs exist, and most program designs differ from designs recommended in national guidelines in at least one aspect.

Canada↗
PubMed2006

From SARA to Homeland Security: the NIEHS Worker Education and Training Program confronts challenges of environmental cleanup.

Section 126(g) of the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 mandated the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences to establish a grant program for the training and education of hazardous waste operations and emergency response workers. This program, originally established as the Superfund Worker Training Program, has evolved into the Worker Education and Training Program (WETP) and is currently in its nineteenth year of successful operation. Beginning with eleven awardees in 1987, it currently supports eighteen awardees that include more than one hundred organizations nationally. The NIEHS WETP built upon the lessons learned from earlier worker health education and training programs to establish a national worker health education intervention that has demonstrated the capacity of and potential for public health excellence. The principles and practices established as the program's foundation in its first five years are detailed, providing a basis for understanding how the program was able to take an active supporting role in response to the national disasters on September 11, 2001.

Community Participation↗
PubMed1995

Does the number of trainees in a postgraduate training program influence the pass rates on certifying examinations?

We tested the hypothesis that small training programs (3 or fewer residents) lack the "critical mass" needed for an optimal learning experience, and thus graduates of small programs will have a lower pass rate on the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada (RCPSC) certifying exams that graduates of large (10 or more residents) training programs. Pass rates on the RCPSC certifying exams (written and oral) were compared to the training program size for each of 6 years from 1984/85 to 1989/90 within 10 of the 43 RCPSC (sub)specialties selected by meeting predefined program size requirements. These 10 specialties met the size variation requirements needed to test the hypothesis: neurology, cardiology, emergency medicine, community medicine, neurosurgery, urology, plastic surgery, dermatology, anatomical pathology, and respiratory medicine. Of these, 3 specialties had a significantly lower written exam pass rate for candidates trained in small compared to large programs. The same 3 specialties (neurology, neurosurgery, and community medicine) had a higher proportion of International Medical Graduates (IMGs) in small training programs. The significantly lower pass rate of IMGs, compared to Canadian/USA graduates, accounted for a portion of the correlation of small program size with lower pass rates in these 3 specialties. By pooling the results from the 10 specialties evaluated, candidates from small (3 or fewer residents) training programs have slightly lower pass rates (11%) on written certification examinations compared to candidates from large (10 or more residents) training programs. This small but statistically significant effect on the pooled results was due to averaging of a more marked program size effect from 3 of the 10 specialties.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Canada↗
PubMed1994

HIV-related training programs for health care professionals: findings from a collaborative assessment.

Seeking to avoid duplication of effort, evaluators from twelve separate HIV-related training programs worked together to share information, assessment tools, measurement instruments, and preliminary findings across programs. Each training program focused on preparing health care professionals to meet the growing demands of the AIDS epidemic and specifically address psychosocial issues of care. The collaborative effort of program evaluators included an examination of experiences across programs and yielded recommendations for needs assessments, process evaluation procedures, and outcome measures. This paper focuses on the findings from an analysis of needs assessments and process evaluations across twelve HIV-related training programs in eleven areas of the country.

Forecasting↗
PubMed1997

The effect of dynamic strength back exercise and/or a home training program in 57-year-old women with chronic low back pain. Results of a prospective randomized study with a 3-year follow-up period.

STUDY DESIGN: A prospective, randomized investigation. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of dynamic strength back muscle training with that of a home training program and to evaluate the long-term effect of the home training program in patients with chronic low back pain. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA: In a health survey of 57-year-old women, those with chronic low back pain were selected using the Nordic Questionnaire. Of 172 women with low back pain, 74 participated in the study. METHODS: The participants were randomly assigned to either dynamic strength back exercises at a fitness center and a home training program or to the home training program for the first 3 months, after which both groups continued to pursue the home training program. Follow-up observation was by examination at 3 and 12 months and by mailed questionnaire after 3 years. The primary effect variables were disability, sick-leave, and use of health care services. RESULTS: Both training groups manifested significant improvement at the 3- and 12-month follow-up examinations, yet the adherence rate was much better in the group assigned to the fitness center. Those who adhered to the training program for the first year manifested significant improvement according to the 3-year follow-up questionnaire. There was a significant reduction in the number of women on sick-leave and in use of health care services after 1 year, but not after 3 years. CONCLUSIONS: The home training program was as effective as the supervised dynamic strength muscle training program and yielded lasting improvement after at least 1 year of adherence. The adherence rate was much better, however, when the training was supervised at the start.

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