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PubMed1978

The EEG, brain function, and Thomson's sampling theory.

If the EEG is regarded as a measure of functional organisation in the brain, it may yet be possible to use it as an independent variable in psychological studies. The method of Maxwell et al. (1974) suggest how this relationship may be quantified. These authors develop the hypothesis that EEG power is proportional to p, the number of brain components involved in cognition. However, evidence is reviewed here to suggest an alternative hypothesis for the case of EEG alpha activity, namely that power is proportional to (1--p).

Alpha Rhythm↗
PubMed1978

Hypotensive anesthesia for total hip arthroplasty: a study of blood loss and organ function (brain, heart, liver, and kidney).

The authors attempted to determine whether hypotensive anesthesia or the method of inducing hypotension has any effect on postoperative brain, liver, or kidney function and myocardial status following total hip arthroplasty. Thirty patients were anesthestized with halothane-nitrous oxide for total hip arthroplasty and randomly assigned to one of three groups. In two groups mean arterial blood pressure was decreased to 50 torr by high inspired concentrations of halothane (n = 90) or sodium nitroprusside (n = 12). In the third group (n = 9) mean blood pressure was maintained within 20% of control. Intraoperative blood losses decreased from 1,183 +/- 172 ml in the normotensive group to 406 +/- 102 ml and 326 +/- 41 ml in the halothane and nitroprusside hypotensive groups, respectively. Neither method of inducing hypotension nor hypertensive technique affected the results of postoperative tests of cerebral, hepatic, or renal function and myocardial status. These tests were performed before anesthesia and operation and at intervals in the postoperative course. In this small group of patients, deliberate hypotension for total hip arthroplasty added no morbidity and significantly shortened operating time, decreased blood loss, and decreased the number of blood transfusions needed.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Long term effects of high altitude on brain function.

Absence of oxygen to the brain for even a very few minutes results in loss of consciousness and can cause permanent injury. Can the wanderer to the limits of earth-bound hypoxia suffer similar harm from more prolonged exposure to milder hypoxia that does not cause loss of consciousness? I shall review the results from studies where neurobehavioral function has been compared in mountaineers before and after return from great heights and in individuals with chronic pulmonary disease before and after prolonged, continuous oxygen therapy. Many (although not all) of these studies report mild impairment of neurobehavioral function after fairly prolonged hypoxic exposure. Impairment was manifest by deficits in memory storage and recall, aphasia, concentration, and finger tapping speed; the last deficit was still detectable a year later in one group of mountaineers. Limited evidence suggests that climbers with a high ventilatory response to hypoxia (HVR) may be more susceptible to impairment than those with a lower HVR.

Altitude Sickness↗
PubMed1976

Correlation of brain function with emotional behavior.

Identification of brain sites where physiologic activity was correlated with subjective emotional experiences in patients undergoing treatment was the starting point for our investigations of the neural basis for emotion and related clinically documented behavioral phenomena. By use of anatomic and physiologic techniques, the neural substrate has been shown to be notably different from that which continues to be described in textbooks, that is, the limbic system. Establishing the neurophysiologic basis for emotion has led to effective treatment for some neurologic and psychiatric disorders. Further, it has provided a basis for defining the origin of certain clinical disorders that are still obscure, the first step toward development of their specific treatment.

Animals↗
PubMed1991

HBNF and MK, members of a novel gene family of heparin-binding proteins with potential roles in embryogenesis and brain function.

HBNF (heparin-binding neurite-promoting factor) is a heparin-binding protein which is found primarily in the brain and stimulates neurite outgrowth in cultured perinatal neurons. It was also reported to be mitogenic for fibroblasts and endothelial cells but this activity is still controversial. The sequence of HBNF is highly conserved in diverse species suggesting important function. Expression of the HBNF gene in brain tissue appears to be developmentally regulated, increasing during gestation to highest levels around the time of birth. The HBNF gene shows high sequence homology to another gene, MK (midkine). Like HBNF, the MK gene is developmentally regulated, however, high expression occurs in most fetal tissues during mid-gestation. The biological properties of the MK protein are remarkably similar to those of HBNF. The available evidence suggests that HBNF and MK are members of a new family of genes with potential roles in fetal development and in brain function or maintenance.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1975

[The effect of Piracetam on adolescent brain function].

A report on investigations with Piracetam, recently introduced into therapy, is given. Piracetam is mainly characterized by cerebral metabolic effects, leading to an activation of cerebral functions as well as to brain protection. Experimental studies showed the highly selective activity of Piracetam on cerebral cortex, which is responsible for higher mental functions as consciousness, vigilance and memory. Therapeutic results in 48 adolescents with poor school results are reported. These patients were treated with Piracetam for a continuous period up to 14 months. The therapy lead to convincing improvements in terms of school results.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Surgical treatment of epilepsy: opportunities for research into basic mechanisms of human brain function.

Numerous technological developments in neurology have increased the ability to localize structural and functional abnormalities within the human brain. Such techniques have contributed to a renewed interest in resective surgical treatment for medically refractory partial seizures. Enhanced capacity to carry out detailed in vivo and in vitro measurements of neuronal activity in patients, during the course of presurgical evaluation and following surgical resection, now offers unprecedented opportunities for invasive research into normal and abnormal human cerebral function. Electrophysiological, microanatomical, biochemical and behavioral studies can be carried out without presenting undue risk or discomfort to the patient. Such research in a clinical setting presents difficulties in experimental design for the basic neuroscientist. Problems are reduced in clinical programs where diagnostic and surgical procedures are carried out in a standardized fashion according to specific protocols. The UCLA clinical protocol for anterior temporal lobectomy, based on presurgical evaluation with stereotactically implanted depth electrodes, is particularly amenable to the integration of basic research projects. This protocol and related ongoing research projects are described.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1990

Nutrition status and brain function in aging.

Biochemical indices of nutrition status assessed in 28 healthy persons aged greater than 60 y were related to cognitive performance and electroencephalographic (EEG) indices of neuropsychological function. Performance data were most frequently related to indices of nutrition status when tasks were demanding. Numerous correlations were also found between EEG indices and indices of thiamin, riboflavin, and iron nutriture. Certain observations, such as a decrement in alpha-wave activity in the EEG of subjects with low thiamin status, suggest that subtle neuropsychological impairment can occur in association with mild deficits in nutrition status. Other findings indicate that EEG frequency responses of older subjects with high iron status are similar to those of younger persons; however, these data are more difficult to interpret. The results suggest that further research on nutrition and neuropsychological function will lead to a better understanding of the role of nutrition in maintaining the functional integrity of the aging brain.

Aged↗
PubMed2025

Causal effect of three autoimmune diseases on brain functional networks and cerebrospinal fluid metabolites to underlie the pathogenesis of autoimmune psychosis: a two-sample mendelian randomization analysis.

BACKGROUND: Autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Sj&#xf6;gren's Syndrome (SS), and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis (HT) frequently exhibit neuropsychiatric manifestations, including cognitive impairment, depression, anxiety, and so on, yet the exact pathogenesis underlying this association remain incompletely understood. Dysfunction of brain resting-state functional networks and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) metabolite disturbances have been widely reported in psychiatric disorders. However, the application of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) and CSF metabolomics in the diagnosis and monitoring of autoimmune psychosis is still limited. METHODS: A two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis was performed to investigate the causal relationships between three autoimmune diseases (SLE, SS, and HT, n&#x2009;=&#x2009;14,267 to 402,090 individuals) and 191 rsfMRI phenotypes (n&#x2009;=&#x2009;47,276 individuals), as well as 338 CSF metabolites. The genome-wide association study (GWAS) of three autoimmune diseases was used as the exposure, whereas rsfMRI phenotypes and 338 CSF metabolites were treated as the outcome. Inverse variance weighted (IVW) with P value&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05 was regarded as the primary approach for calculating causal estimates. Additionally, the false discovery rate (FDR)-adjusted P value (PFDR)&#x2009;<&#x2009;0.05 was utilized to account for multiple testing. MR Egger method, weighted median method, simple mode method and weighted mode method were used for sensitive analysis. RESULTS: Our analyses identified 5 causal relationships between SLE and the 191 rsfMRI phenotypes, 48 between SS and the 191 rsfMRI phenotypes, and 4 between HT and the 191 rsfMRI phenotypes. Additionally, we found 8 causal relationships between HT and CSF metabolites. Furthermore, all three diseases were significantly associated with the temporal lobe and triple networks (default mode network (DMN), salience network (SN), and central executive network (CEN)), which are the core brain regions and functional networks for cognition. Following FDR correction, 6 causal relationships between SS and the 191 rsfMRI phenotypes were further validated. CONCLUSIONS: Our study pinpoints important brain functional networks and CSF metabolites potentially implicated in the pathogenesis of psychiatric disorders associated with autoimmune diseases and highlights critical brain regions for the development of novel therapeutics.

Humans↗
PubMed1977

Evaluation of brain function in severe human head trauma with multimodality evoked potentials. Part 1: Evoked brain-injury potentials, methods, and analysis.

Methods for obtaining multimodality evoked potentials, somatosensory, visual, auditory, and auditory brain-stem potentials in patients with severe head trauma are described. A method of analyzing abnormal multimodality evoked potentials (graded evoked brain-injury potentials) is proposed that defines the degree of abnormality of the electrophysiological data and expresses it simply in four grades per modality. Data from 20 normal subjects are given for comparison with the abnormal data obtained from 51 patients with head trauma.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed1986

Characteristics of ethacrynic acid highly sensitive Mg2+-ATPase in microsomal fractions of the rat brain: functional molecular size, inhibition by SITS and stimulation by Cl-.

Studies were performed to characterize ethacrynic acid (EA) highly sensitive Mg2+-ATPase isolated from microsomal fractions of the rat brain. The functional molecular sizes of the EA highly sensitive and EA less sensitive Mg2+-ATPases, estimated by a radiation inactivation method, were 480 and 80 kDa, respectively. An anion transport inhibitor, 4-acetamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid (SITS) inhibited the EA highly sensitive Mg2+-ATPase activity. The type of inhibition was uncompetitive with respect to ATP, and the inhibition was suppressed by anions such as Cl-, Br- and I-. Chloride ions stimulated enzyme activity with an increase in Vmax, but not in Km, for ATP. Anions tested also increased the enzyme activity in the following order of decreasing potency: Cl- greater than Br- greater than CH3COO- = I- greater than SO4(2-) = HCO3- greater than SO3(2-). These results suggest that EA highly sensitive Mg2+-ATPase is a relatively large molecule with anion-sensitive sites that affect the ATP hydrolyzing activity and the SITS binding capacity through anions, with Cl- being the most potent.

4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfo↗