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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Light quantity controls leaf-cell and chloroplast development in Arabidopsis thaliana wild type and blue-light-perception mutants.

Plants acclimate to changes in light quantity by altering leaf-cell development and the accumulation of chloroplast components, such that light absorption is favoured under limiting illumination, and light utilisation under non-limiting conditions. Previous evidence suggests an involvement of a high-light photosynthetic redox signal in the down-regulation of the accumulation of the light-harvesting complexes of photosystem 11 (Lhcb) and the expression of the Lhcb genes. and of a blue-light signal in the control of leaf development and in the increase in photosynthetic capacity, as affected by the accumulation of ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). We examined the internal anatomy of leaves, the ultrastructure of chloroplasts and accumulation of light-harvesting complexes and Rubisco in wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. and in mutants in each of the three known blue-light photoreceptors, cryptochrome 1, cryptochrome 2 and phototropin, as well as a mutant in both cryptochromes. Our results indicate an extensive capacity of the Arabidopsis mesophyll cells to adapt to high light fluence rate with an increase in palisade elongation. Under high light, chloroplasts showed increased starch accumulation and reductions in the amount of granal thylakoids per chloroplast, in the proportion of chlorophyll b relative to chlorophyll a, and in the accumulation of the major Lhcb polypeptides. The responses were similar for all four mutants, with respect to their wild types. The results are consistent with either a complete redundancy in function between cryptochromes and phototropin, or their absence of involvement in the light-quantity responses tested. We observed minimal effects of light quantity on Rubisco accumulation over the range of fluence rates used, and conclude that elongation of palisade mesophyll cells and accumulation of Rubisco are controlled separately. This indicates that light acclimation must be the result of a number of individual elementary responses. Quantitative differences in the acclimatory responses were observed between the Landsberg erecta and Columbia wild-type ecotypes used.

Arabidopsis↗
PubMed1975

Protein synthesis in chloroplasts. Characteristics and products of protein synthesis in vitro in etioplasts and developing chloroplasts from pea leaves.

The function of plastid ribosomes in pea (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated by characterizing the products of protein synthesis in vitro in plastids isolated at different stages during the transition from etioplast to chloroplast. Etioplasts and plastids isolated after 24, 48 and 96h of greening in continuous white light, use added ATP to incorporate labelled amino acids into protein. Plastids isolated from greening leaves can also use light as the source of energy for protein synthesis. The labelled polypeptides synthesized in isolated plastids were analysed by electrophoresis in sodium dodecyl sulphate-ureapolyacrylamide gels. Six polypeptides are synthesized in etioplasts with ATP as energy source. Only one of these polypeptides is present in a 150 000g supernatant fraction. This polypeptide has been identified as the large subunit of Fraction I protein (3-phospho-D-glycerate carboxylyase EC 4.1.1.39) by comparing the tryptic 'map' of its L-(35S)methionine-labelled peptides with the tryptic 'map' of large subunit peptides from Fraction I labelled with L-(35S)methionine in vivo. The same gel pattern of six polypeptides is seen when plastids isolated from greening leaves are incubated with either added ATP or light as the energy source. However, the rates of synthesis of particular polypeptides are different in plastids isolated at different stages of the etioplast to chloroplast transition. The results support the idea that plastid ribosomes synthesize only a small number of proteins, and that the number and molecular weight of these proteins does not alter during the formation of chloroplasts from etioplasts.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed2004

Changes in the structure of DNA molecules and the amount of DNA per plastid during chloroplast development in maize.

We examined the DNA from chloroplasts obtained from different tissues of juvenile maize seedlings (from eight to 16 days old) and adult plants (50-58 days old). During plastid development, we found a striking progression from complex multigenomic DNA molecules to simple subgenomic molecules. The decrease in molecular size and complexity of the DNA paralleled a progressive decrease in DNA content per plastid. Most surprising, we were unable to detect DNA of any size in most chloroplasts from mature leaves, long before the onset of leaf senescence. Thus, the DNA content per plastid is not constant but varies during development from hundreds of genome copies in the proplastid to undetectable levels in the mature chloroplast. This loss of DNA from isolated, mature chloroplasts was monitored by three independent methods: staining intact chloroplasts with 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI); staining at the single-molecule level with ethidium bromide after exhaustive deproteinization of lysed chloroplasts; and blot-hybridization after standard DNA isolation procedures. We propose a mechanism for the production of multigenomic chloroplast chromosomes that begins at paired DNA replication origins on linear molecules to generate a head-to-tail linear concatemer, followed by recombination-dependent replication.

Bacteriophage T4↗
PubMed2004

Roles of chloroplast RNA polymerase sigma factors in chloroplast development and stress response in higher plants.

Chloroplast transcription in higher plants is performed by two types of RNA polymerases, plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP) and nuclear-encoded RNA polymerase (NEP). PEP is a eubacteria-type multisubunit enzyme whose catalytic core subunits are encoded by the chloroplast genome, whereas NEP is the nuclear encoded T7 phage-type single subunit enzyme. PEP is critical for the biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplasts, and is finely tuned by the nuclear encoded sigma subunits. Of the six Arabidopsis sigma subunits, SIG2 is involved in the transcription of several chloroplast tRNA genes, including trnE encoding tRNA-Glu. SIG2 possibly couples translation and pigment synthesis in chloroplasts. On the other hand, SIG5 is induced by various stresses and contributes to repair of damaged photosystem II (PSII) through transcription of the psbD and psbC genes. Thus target genes and the physiological role of each sigma subunit are becoming clearer.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed1979

Interaction of Chloroplasts with Inhibitors: Location of Carotenoid Synthesis and Inhibition during Chloroplast Development.

The inhibitor SAN 6706 [4-chloro-5-(dimethylamino)-2-(alpha,alpha,alpha,-trifluoro- m-tolyl-3(2H)-pyridazinone] has been used to study the synthesis of carotenes and xanthophylls during the conversion of etioplasts to chloroplasts in developing barley (Hordeum vulgare) shoots. SAN 6706 inhibits carotenoid synthesis and causes an accumulation of phytoene, but it is also a potent inhibitor of chloroplast electron transport. When developing barley is treated with SAN 6706, carotenoid synthesis is inhibited but total photosynthesis is unaffected. The ability of SAN 6706 to inhibit carotenoid synthesis becomes progressively less if etiolated shoots are illuminated for increasing lengths of time before treatment. During the greening of treated barley shoots only light-induced beta-carotene synthesis is immediately inhibited; xanthophyll synthesis is not affected until after about 8 hours. The hypothesis that SAN 6706 cannot enter the chloroplast but inhibits carotenoid synthesis from the cytoplasm is discussed, and the question as to whether there are not two separate groups of enzymes for the synthesis of carotenes and xanthophylls is considered.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1976

Some effects of tentoxin on mature and developing chloroplasts.

Tentoxin affected chloroplasts of all stages of development; it caused chlorosis of expanded and developing bean and lettuce leaves when introduced through the stem or roots and inhibited greening of etiolated lettuce seedlings. Cotyledons from 6-day-old lettuce seedlings grown in 10 mug/ml tentoxin had 50-68% of the monogalactosyldiglyceride and digalactosyldiglyceride content of healthy tissue whereas the sulfolipid, phosphatidyl-glycerol, -ethanolamine, -choline and -inositol levels were unchanged. Toxin-treated tissue also showed selective increases in C-16 and C-18 saturated fatty acids.

Alternaria↗
PubMed1962

Chloroplast development in Ochromonas danica.

When dark-grown cells of Ochromonas danica are placed in the light, the amount of chlorophyll a per cell increases 82-fold; the content of carotenoid pigment, 24-fold. Concomitantly with this increase in chlorophyll and carotenoid pigment, the small proplastid of dark-grown cells develops into a large lamellate chloroplast. During the first 12 hours in the light, vesicles appear within the loose clusters of dense chloroplast granules, enlarge, align themselves into rows (plates in three dimensions), and fuse into discs. Double discs may form from the more or less simultaneous fusion of two adjacent plates of vesicles or by the addition of vesicles to an already formed single disc. Three-disc bands arise by the addition of a disc to an already formed two-disc band through the approach and fusion of more vesicles. After 24 hours in the light, most of the chloroplast bands contain three discs, but the chloroplasts are still small. After 48 hours in the light, almost all the cells contain full-sized chloroplasts with a full complement of three-disc bands. However, at this time the amount of chlorophyll a and carotenoid pigment is only one-half of maximum. During the next 3 days in the light, as the number of chlorophyll and carotenoid molecules per chloroplast approximately doubles, there is a compression of the discs in each band (from 180 to 130 A) and a precise alignment of their membranes. Changes also occur in the nucleus when dark-grown cells are placed in the light. There is an increase in the number of small nucleolar bodies, many of which lie directly against the nuclear envelope, and in a few cells a dense mass of granules is seen between the two membranes of the nuclear envelope.

Carotenoids↗
PubMed2003

POR - import and membrane association of a key element in chloroplast development.

The development of proplastids or etioplasts to chloroplast is visualized by the accumulation of chlorophyll in leaves of higher plants. The biosynthesis of chlorophyll includes a light-dependent reduction of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) to chlorophyllide (Chlide). This light-dependent step is catalysed by the nucleus-encoded NADPH:Pchlide oxidoreductase (POR, EC 1.6.99.1). POR is active within plastids and therefore has to be translocated over the plastid envelope membranes. The import of chloroplast proteins seems to follow a general import pathway using translocons at the outer and inner envelope membrane. POR cross-linking to Toc75, one of the major translocon components at the outer envelope membrane, indicates its use of the general import pathway. However, since variations exist within the so-called general import pathway one has to consider previous data suggesting a novel totally Pchlide-dependent import pathway of one POR isoform, PORA. The suggested Pchlide dependency of POR import is discussed since recent observations contradict this idea. In the stroma the POR transit peptide is cleaved off and the mature POR protein is targeted to the plastid inner membranes. The correct and stable association of POR to the membrane requires the cofactor NADPH. Functional activity of POR calls for formation of an NADPH-Pchlide-POR complex, a formation that probably takes place after the membrane association and is dependent on a phosphorylation reaction.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Light signals in leaf and chloroplast development: photoreceptors and downstream responses in search of a transduction pathway.

Light affects both the development and the metabolism of plants. In addition to the role of light in providing energy for photosynthesis, light signals cause profound changes in the morphology of the developing young seedling, including cotyledon expansion, leaf development, inhibition of stem growth, and production of chlorophyll in the photosynthetically competent chloroplast. The light-dependent development of plants (photomorphogenesis) is a complex process resulting from the combined action of several photoreceptors. This review summarizes what is known of the red- and blue-light photoreceptors that regulate dicotyledonous seedling development and the complexity of the downstream responses. Special emphasis is placed on the recent progress made toward genetic and biochemical dissection of the signal transduction pathways.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed1991

Differential expression of the psbB and psbH genes encoding the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-protein and the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II during chloroplast development in wheat.

The nucleotide sequence of a region of wheat chloroplast DNA containing the psbB gene for the 47 kDa chlorophyll a-binding protein of photosystem II has been determined. The gene encodes a polypeptide of 508 amino acid residues which is predicted to contain six hydrophobic membrane-spanning regions. The psbB gene is located 562 bp upstream of the psbH gene for the 10 kDa phosphoprotein of photosystem II. A small open reading frame of 38 codons is located between psbB and psbH, and on the opposite strand the psbN gene, encoding a photosystem II polypeptide of 43 amino acid residues, is located between orf38 and psbH. S1 nuclease mapping indicated that the 5' ends of transcripts were located 371 and 183 bp upstream of the psbB translation initiation codon. Predominant transcripts of 2.1 kb and 1.8 kb for psbB and 0.4 kb for psbH were present in RNA isolated from etiolated and greening wheat seedlings. Immunodecoration of Western blots indicated that the 47 kDa polypeptide was absent, or present in very low amounts, in dark-grown tissue and accumulated on greening, whereas the 10 kDa polypeptide was present in similar amounts in both dark-grown and greening seedlings. The 10 kDa polypeptide was phosphorylated in vitro by incubating wheat etioplast membranes with [gamma 32P] ATP.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1991

Plastid DNA synthesis and nucleic acid-binding proteins in developing barley chloroplasts.

Activation of plastid DNA synthesis occurred early in barley leaf chloroplast development. High rates of DNA synthesis were observed in the leaf basal meristem of dark-grown plants where plastid transcription activity was low. DNA synthesis activity decreased in later stages of chloroplast development. Plastid nuclei acid-binding proteins were detected after lithium dodecylsulfate (LDS)-polyacrylamide gel separation and renaturation. One set of nucleic acid-binding proteins was associated with plastid nucleoids. A second set of nucleic acid-binding proteins co-sedimented with ribosomes and most probably corresponds to ribosomal proteins. Changes in the composition of the nucleic acid-binding proteins were characterized as a function of chloroplast development in dark-grown and illuminated barley plants.

Chloroplasts↗