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At least 109 records · Page 6Linked to original sources
PubMed1994

Do nonclinical checkers exhibit deficits in cognitive control? Tests of an inhibitory control hypothesis.

We tested the hypothesis that persons who engage in compulsive checking may do so to compensate for cognitive errors produced by deficient inhibitory control. In two experiments, undergraduates were classified by scores on the MOCI checking subscale as checkers or noncheckers. On self-report measures, checkers were significantly more depressed, more anxious, more prone to cognitive slips, and more likely to engage in obsessive-compulsive behaviors. However, checkers performed similarly to noncheckers on laboratory tests of inhibitory control of cognition. Checkers and noncheckers were equally able to (1) ignore distractors in a selective attention task, (2) suppress inappropriate word meanings in a sentence comprehension task, and (3) inhibit retrieval of to-be-forgotten items in a memory task. These results suggest that compulsive checking does not arise from failures of inhibitory control of cognition.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Cognitive control and brain resources in major depression: an fMRI study using the n-back task.

Several neuroimaging studies have reported 'hypofrontality' in depressed patients performing a cognitive challenge compared to control subjects. Hypofrontality in depression is likely associated with an impaired behavioral performance. It is unclear whether this impaired performance is the consequence or the cause of hypofrontality. Consequently, we proposed to compare the cerebral activity of depressed patients and healthy subjects while controlling for the level of performance. Ten individuals meeting DSM-IV criteria for Major Depression and 10 healthy controls were tested with a verbal version of the n-back task during fMRI scanning. The working memory load was manipulated across the experiment (1,2,3-back) to increase the cognitive demands. fMRI data were acquired on a 1.5-T GE scanner and analyzed using SPM99 software. We did not find any difference between groups in both performance and reaction times for each level of complexity of the n-back task. Depressed patients and control subjects showed bilateral activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate and parietal cortex. Activation of these regions was modulated by the complexity of the task. Within this n-back neural network, depressed patients showed greater activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate compared to healthy subjects. This study provides evidence that depressed patients need greater activation within the same neural network to maintain a similar level of performance as controls during a working memory task. Our findings suggest that depression may impair the cognitive capacity of depressed patients by recruiting more brain resources than controls during cognitive control.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Visual and cognitive control of attention in smooth pursuit.

In this chapter, we describe the role of attention in the control of smooth pursuit eye movements. As a voluntary and continuous eye movement, smooth pursuit is driven by both visual and cognitive signals. Here we show that whereas the entire process of smooth pursuit requires visual attention, the post-onset phase of the initiation and the maintenance smooth pursuit are under an additional sustained non-visual cognitive attention control. The temporal dynamics of these complementary controls of visual and non-visual cognitive attention support the continuous generation of smooth pursuit so that eye tracking of a moving target can be prompt and accurate.

Attention↗
PubMed2004

Genetics, prefrontal cortex, and cognitive control: a twin study of event-related brain potentials in a response inhibition task.

Inhibition of prepotent responses plays a key role in cognitive executive control of goal-directed behavior. Response inhibition in Go/No-Go tasks elicits a distinct midfrontal ERP component, the N2, localized in previous studies to the anterior cingulate cortex. We assessed heritability of the No-Go N2 and the succeeding positive P3 component in 194 young female twins (52 monozygotic and 45 dizygotic pairs) who completed a cued version of the Continuous Performance Test. Genetic model-fitting analysis showed that about 60% of the variance in N2 and P3 amplitudes can be attributed to genetic factors, suggesting that frontal No-Go N2 and P3 components may index genetically transmitted individual differences in brain activity related to conflict processing and can potentially serve as endophenotypes for genetic studies of disorders characterized by neurobehavioral disinhibition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Restrained drinking and cognitive control among adolescents.

The present study investigated restrained drinking and self-control in relation to alcohol consumption and problem drinking in a sample of adolescents. One hundred ninety-eight high school students (97 males and 101 females; mean age = 16.45 years) completed questionnaires that assessed levels of alcohol consumption, problem drinking, restrained drinking, and cognitive self-control. The findings were similar for males and females: higher levels of restrained drinking, as measured by cognitive emotional preoccupation (CEP), predicted higher levels of alcohol consumption and problem drinking. Moreover, it was high CEP in combination with a low score on a general measure of cognitive self-control that differentiated problem drinking from high levels of drinking. The results are consistent with previous research on young adults. The findings are discussed in relation to Baumeister and Heatherton's (1996) model of self-regulation failure.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Perceptual-cognitive control as a special case in equivalent multisensory-sensorimotor interactions.

In his primary thesis on the purely perceptual-cognitive nature of movement control, F. Mechsner (2004) entirely neglects, or in fact negates, the influences of action on perception. In this commentary, the author follows the logical steps of Mechsner, illustrates what he conceives to be an error in Mechsner's reasoning, and synthesizes those arguments in favor of a hypothesis of a system of equivalent elements (senses and effectors) in interaction.

Cognition↗
PubMed2002

Development of a computer controlled cognitive diagnostics and rehabilitation method.

In this paper we introduce a computer controlled method (HELp Neuropsychology = HELEN) which enables - as a difference to methods used internationally--not only the establishment of the diagnosis, but permits measurement of the effectiveness of the therapy. It allows: --To produce a database of the patients that contains not only their personal data but also the results of the tests, their drawings and audio recordings. --It is an intensive therapeutic test, which contains tutorial programs too.

Cognition Disorders↗
PubMed1977

Cognitive control of pain: four serendipitous results.

The experiment was designed to determine whether specific cognitive strategies are effective in reducing pain. Subjects were tested either on cold pain or pressure pain. Although the cognitive strategies did not significantly alter pain tolerance or pain intensity, the following four findings emerged: (a) males and females responded in a similar manner to the painful stimuli, (b) both the experimental subjects and the controls had surprisingly high tolerance of pain, (c) subjects typically generated their own thoughts and images to control pain, and (d) subjects responded to cold pain and to pressure pain in a similar manner.

Cognition↗
PubMed2006

Extracting core components of cognitive control.

The facility with which humans perform and shift among a wide variety of cognitive tasks seems to indicate a mechanism for entering into a task-dependent mode or set. However, little is known about the neural systems that subserve task control. A recent neuroimaging study by Dosenbach et al. offers a set of novel methodological tools to examine this issue and uncovers new candidate brain regions for a core system that might implement task sets.

Brain↗
PubMed1986

Cognitive stress and cardiovascular reactivity. II. Relationship to atherosclerosis, arrhythmias, and cognitive control.

This is the second of a two-part series on the effects of cognitive stress on cardiovascular disease. This paper reviews the relationship between cognitive stress and cardiovascular reactivity as it relates to the development of atherosclerosis and arrhythmias. In addition, the moderation of cardiovascular reactivity by the opportunity to exercise control over the stressor is discussed. The findings may be summarized as follows. First, recent animal work has suggested that the magnitude of heart rate change in the presence of a conditioned aversive stimulus is positively correlated with the extent of coronary atherosclerosis under diets high and low in atherogenic potential. Second, cardiovascular reactivity in humans may be related to several factors that could have an influence on the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. These factors include: increased beta-adrenergic driving, increased shearing force on the intimal lining of the vessels, changes in pulsatile flow and the subsequent smooth muscle reparatory process. Cognitive (psychological) stress has also been related to ST segment depression, rate-pressure product changes, and changes in cardiac contractility. Animal studies have shown that the susceptibility to ventricular fibrillation may be enhanced by the presence of a conditioned aversive stimulus and may be reduced through adaptation to the aversive environment. The balance between sympathetic and parasympathetic influences on the myocardium may also play a critical role in the susceptibility of an already diseased heart to succumb to fatal arrhythmias during a behavioral stressor. Finally, studies in which subjects may exercise some control over an aversive stimulus suggest that cardiovascular reactivity may be pronounced and sustained in situations requiring frequent adjustment to changes in the criteria for successful performance, and/or the presence of positive incentives.

Arrhythmias, Cardiac↗