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Results for “environmental correlation”

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PubMed1990

Annual rhythm of human reproduction: II. Environmental correlations.

Annual rhythms of human conception rates (based on a worldwide selection of statistics) were correlated with photoperiod, monthly averages of daily hours of sunshine, minimum and maximum temperature, and humidity. Our results show for the first time on a global scale that photoperiod, as shown for many animals, may also influence the physiology of human reproduction. At higher latitudes, where changes in daylength are pronounced, a steep increase in human conceptions coincides with the vernal equinox. Temperature also appears to be a major influencing factor. Conception rates are above the annual mean at temperatures between 5 degrees and 20 degrees C, and temperature extremes decrease the probability of conceptions. In regions with cold winters and moderate summers, the number of conceptions correlates positively with temperature; close to the equator, where winters are more moderate than the hot summers, this correlation is negative. Regions with both hot summers and cold winters tend to have a bimodal conception rhythm. The influence of photoperiod is dominant before 1930, whereas the impact of temperature dominates in later years. With industrialization, people are increasingly shielded from both photoperiod (by indoor work) and temperature (by heating and air conditioning), which may explain the deseasonalization of the human conception rhythm. Photoperiod and temperature and the specific changes in their impact can account for several features of the annual human conception rhythm: latitude dependence, waveform, phase and amplitude, and their specific changes over time.

Climate↗
PubMed2006

Familial, structural, and environmental correlates of MRI-defined bone marrow lesions: a sibpair study.

The aim of this study was to estimate the heritability and describe the correlates of bone marrow lesions in knee subchondral bone. A sibpair design was used. T2- and T1-weighted MRI scans were performed on the right knee to assess bone marrow lesions at lateral tibia and femora and medial tibia and femora, as well as chondral defects. A radiograph was taken on the same knee and scored for individual features of osteoarthritis (radiographic osteoarthritis; ROA) and alignment. Other variables measured included height, weight, knee pain, and lower-limb muscle strength. Heritability was estimated with the program SOLAR (Sequential Oligogenetic Linkage Analysis Routines). A total of 115 siblings (60 females and 55 males) from 48 families, representing 95 sib pairs, took part. The adjusted heritability estimates were 53 +/- 28% (mean +/- SEM; p = 0.03) and 65 +/- 32% (p = 0.03) for severity of bone marrow lesions at lateral and medial compartments, respectively. The estimates were reduced by 8 to 9% after adjustment for chondral defects and ROA (but not alignment). The adjusted heritability estimate was 99% for prevalent bone marrow lesions at both lateral and medial compartments. Both lateral and medial bone marrow lesions were significantly correlated with age, chondral defects, and ROA of the knee (all p < 0.05). Medial bone marrow lesions were also more common in males and were correlated with body mass index (BMI). Thus, bone marrow lesions have a significant genetic component. They commonly coexist with chondral defects and ROA but only share common genetic mechanisms to a limited degree. They are also more common with increasing age, male sex, and increasing BMI.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

[Oppositional defiant disorder: a review of neurobiological and environmental correlates, comorbidities, treatment and prognosis].

Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is an independent diagnostic entity but it is frequently studied in conjunction with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) or Conduct Disorder (CD). The purpose of this paper is to review the extant evidence, through the PubMed database, on the neurobiological correlates of oppositional defiant disorder and also describe the familiar and school functioning, comorbidities, prognosis and therapeutic options for oppositional defiant disorder. Evidence of hormonal, genetic and neuro-functional findings in oppositional defiant disorder, correlation with the family, school relations and performance, and the association with mood and anxiety and disruptive disorders are described. The risk of an evolution to conduct disorder and of persistence of the oppositional defiant disorder symptoms is depicted. A review of the effect of Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy and medication is presented. Analysis of the available evidence shows that the impact of oppositional defiant disorder should not be ignored and it should be properly addressed. The effect of treatment for oppositional defiant disorder on the long-term outcome of patients still needs to be addressed.

Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorder↗
PubMed2005

Environmental correlates of physical activity among individuals with diabetes in the rural midwest.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the relationship between physical and social environment attributes and levels of physical activity in a population-based sample of diabetic individuals living in rural areas. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Cross-sectional telephone survey data from rural communities of southeastern Missouri, Tennessee, and Arkansas were used. Logistic regression was used to calculate crude and adjusted prevalence odds ratios (PORs) and 95% CIs. RESULTS: A total of 278 (11%) individuals with diabetes were identified. Almost 37% of this group reported no leisure-time physical activity. Individuals with diabetes who reported regular physical activity were more likely to report better general health status, normal BMI, and no physical impairment. After adjustment, regular activity was positively associated with use of three or more facilities (POR 14.3, 95% CI 3.0-67.3) in the past 30 days, the availability of many nearby places to walk (2.3, 1.1-4.8), the availability of shoulders on streets (2.4, 1.3-4.5), often walking to nearby places (4.1, 2.0-8.3), and rating the community for physical activity as generally pleasant (2.3, 1.1-4.8). Additionally, the regular activity group was more likely to report their physician had helped make a plan to increase physical activity (2.8, 1.3-5.8) and followed up on their plan (2.2, 1.1-4.4). Social environment variables were not associated with physical activity after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Physical inactivity is a significant problem in rural diabetic populations. We have identified aspects of the social and physical environment that are positively associated with physical activity. Understanding the role of the environment may result in increased physical activity for individuals with diabetes.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Sibling and environmental correlates of young adults' status attainment.

This study used longitudinal data to investigate associations among sibling-related variables, adolescents' perceptions of family and school learning environments, and social-status attainment measures, for 300 young Australian adults from different social-status groups. The findings indicated that: (a) sibling-related variables continued to have a number of significant associations with young adults' social-status attainment after taking into account mediating relationships between adolescents' learning environments and the attainment measures, and (b) these relationships between sibling and attainment measures varied for young adults from different social-status groups.

Achievement↗
PubMed2000

Bivariate animal model estimates of genetic, phenotypic, and environmental correlations for production, reproduction, and somatic cells in Jerseys.

Correlations were obtained between 18 response variables of a Jersey herd (Florida Agricultural Experiment Station, Gainesville) for 374 first lactations. Estimates were from the use of multivariate, derivative-free, restricted maximum likelihood procedures with the simplex method of partial maximization. Estimates agreed closely with those obtained previously by other methods in this and other dairy populations. All correlations between yields were high and positive; those between yields and days from parturition to first service were negative and near zero. Correlations between yields and somatic cell scores were moderate and negative; those between yields and constituent percentages in general were negative, except for the yield and percentage of the same constituent. Genetic correlations between chloride content and somatic cells and between measures of somatic cells were 1.0. Results suggest that single-trait selection for milk yield should result in correlated increases in constituent yields with slight decreases in percentage composition of constituents and somatic cell counts.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Unique and common genetic effects between bone mineral density and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measures: the Fels Longitudinal Study.

INTRODUCTION: Areal bone mineral density (BMD) and calcaneal quantitative ultrasound (QUS) measures are correlated, and both traits predict osteoporotic fracture risk independently. However, few studies have examined whether common genetic effects (i.e., pleiotropy) exist between these traits in extended families. In this study, we estimated the additive genetic correlation and random environmental correlation between BMD measured at various skeletal sites and calcaneal QUS measures. METHODS: Our sample included 537 adults (251 men and 286 women) from 110 families participating in the Fels Longitudinal Study. Total hip, femoral neck, lumbar spine, and total body BMD were measured using dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Three measures of calcaneal structure--broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS), and quantitative ultrasound index (QUI)--were collected from the non-dominant heel using the Sahara sonometer. Applying a variance components-based maximum likelihood method, we estimated the heritability of each trait and estimated the genetic and environmental correlations between the different BMD and QUS measures. RESULTS: Heritability estimates were significant for all measures of BMD and QUS ranging from 0.55 to 0.78. Significant non-zero genetic correlations were found between the different BMD and QUS measures. All genetic correlations were also significantly different from 1. Genetic correlations between total hip BMD and each of the QUS measures were 0.63 with BUA, 0.50 with SOS, and 0.56 with QUI. For femoral neck BMD, genetic correlations were similar to those between total hip BMD and QUS measures. Genetic correlations between BMD of the lumbar spine and QUS measures ranged from 0.34 to 0.38, and those between total body BMD and QUS measures, from 0.51 to 0.54. In contrast, all random environmental correlations were not significantly different from zero. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that BMD and calcaneal QUS measures among healthy men and women are significantly heritable and are, in part, jointly influenced by a common set of underlying genes. Additionally, this study also provides evidence for a unique set of genes that independently influences each individual trait.

Absorptiometry, Photon↗
PubMed2004

Genetics of monoamine metabolites in baboons: overlapping sets of genes influence levels of 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid, 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylglycol, and homovanillic acid.

BACKGROUND: Monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) are associated with several psychiatric disorders. Limited evidence suggests that monoamine levels are heritable, but no information concerning genetic relationships among monoamines is available. Further genetic analysis can help explain phenotypic correlations among monoamine levels and might eventually help identify genes involved in response to therapy or risk of psychopathology. METHODS: Levels of the monoamine metabolites homovanillic acid (HVA), 5-hydroxyindolacetic acid (5-HIAA), and 3-hydroxy-4-methoxyphenylglycol (MHPG) were measured in cerebrospinal fluid from 271 baboons (Papio hamadryas). Variance components methods were used to estimate heritabilities, and multivariate analyses were used to estimate genetic correlations (pleiotropy) and environmental correlations between metabolites. RESULTS: Each metabolite exhibited significant heritability in baboons (5-HIAA: h(2) =.30 +/-.17; MHPG: h(2) =.36 +/-.16; HVA: h(2) =.50 +/-.19). Multivariate analyses revealed genetic correlations between 5-HIAA and HVA and between HVA and MHPG. Environmental correlations were found between 5-HIAA and HVA and between 5-HIAA and MHPG. CONCLUSIONS: Overlapping, nonidentical sets of genes influence individual variation in 5-HIAA, MHPG, and HVA levels among baboons. The phenotypic correlation between 5-HIAA and HVA observed in nonhuman primates and humans is likely due to both shared genetic and environmental factors. Genetic analyses of monoamine levels in primates can provide novel information concerning the genetics of variation among humans.

Analysis of Variance↗