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Results for “hostility”

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PubMed1996

Development and preliminary testing of a brief intervention for modifying CHD-predictive hostility components.

Hostility is an independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD), and certain hostility subscales (e.g., Barefoot's refined Ho) predict CHD and mortality more powerfully than global hostility measures. An intervention for modifying CHD-predictive hostility components was developed and tested. Twenty-two healthy, high-hostile males, who were matched on age and hostility level, were randomly assigned to either an experimental hostility-reduction treatment group or an information-control group. The experimental group received eight 90-min weekly sessions for altering antagonism, cynicism, and anger reactions. After controlling for pretreatment levels, subjects' group status accounted for an additional and significant 28 and 19% of the variance in improvement of observed Anger-Out scores and Barefoot's refined Ho scores, respectively. Thus, this treatment may reduce CHD-predictive and mortality-predictive hostility levels. The possible clinical significance of these results was tested, and future large-scale and long-term trials are recommended.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Gender and cardiovascular responses: what is the role of hostility?

Two experiments are reported investigating hostility group by gender effects on heart rate and blood pressure. In experiment 1, 58 males and 59 females were tested with a protocol that included baseline, reaction time with and without harassment, and recovery. In experiment 2, 55 males and 50 females participated in a procedure of baseline, Stroop color--word conflict, anger recall interview, and recovery. Based on Buss-Durkee subscales, genders were divided into high and low neurotic hostility and expressed hostility groups. High expressed hostility was associated with greater diastolic reactivity to all tasks in males, but not in females. Low expressed hostility was associated with greater heart rate and systolic reactivity, specifically during the anger recall interview. High neurotic hostility in males and females was associated with greater diastolic reactivity to the anger task only, while low Neurotic hostility males had higher resting systolic pressures. These results suggest that outward expression of hostility in men may increase their coronary heart disease risk; however, results for both men and women support an association between cardiovascular reactivity and a lack of match between self-reported anger management style and task demands.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Cynical hostility, anger, and resting blood pressure.

Research on associations of anger and hostility with resting blood pressure (BP) has generally ignored their interrelationships. The present study examined the individual and joint relationships of cynical hostility, anger-in, anger-out, and anger frequency with resting BP using the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale and the Spielberger anger scales. Multiple regressions were conducted on data from a community sample of 105 men and women to examine the main and interactive effects of anger and hostility on BP, controlling for established physical covariates. Diastolic BP was inversely related to anger-in scores in men and women. Systolic and diastolic BP were positively associated with Ho (hostility) score only in women. No confounding or interactive effects of hostility and anger on BP were found. It is suggested that the sex-specific link between cynical hostility and BP may reflect a chronic mismatch between the social cognitions of cynically hostile women and some of the cultural norms that govern women's social lives.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Affective verbal learning in hostility: an increased primacy effect and bias for negative emotional material.

The current experiment examined the effects of hostility and a pain stressor on affective verbal learning. Participants were classified as high or low hostile and randomly assigned to a cold pressor or a non-cold pressor group. The subsequent effects on acquisition of the Auditory Affective Verbal Learning Test [AAVLT; Snyder, K. A., & Harrison, D. W. (1997). The Affective Verbal Learning Test. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 12(5), 477-482] were measured. As expected, high hostiles learned negative emotional words significantly better than they learned positive words. Additionally, high hostiles were impaired in their acquisition of verbal material relative to low hostile participants. A significant primacy effect for negative emotional words and an overall better recall of negative information was also found. These results support the idea that high hostiles differ from low hostiles in a number of modalities and demonstrate the persistence of negative emotional material. Future work should address the implications these results have on high hostiles in daily interactions.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2006

Hostility, anger, and sense of coherence as predictors of health-related quality of life. Results of an ASCOT substudy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship of hostility and anger expression to sense of coherence (SOC) and their role as predictors of health-related quality of life (HQL). It was hypothesised that SOC would mediate the impact of hostility and anger on HQL. METHODS: This is a substudy of the Anglo-Scandinavian Cardiac Outcomes Trial, which evaluates different treatment strategies to prevent cardiovascular disease in hypertensive patients. At baseline, SOC was assessed with a short form measure, and hostility-anger with the Cynical Distrust scale and with the Anger Expression scales. HQL was assessed at 6 months with the RAND-36. The sample comprised of 774 subjects (77.5% men). RESULTS: Results showed that strong SOC associates with ability to control expression of anger and with low levels of suppressed or openly expressed anger. Anger control and SOC were related to good HQL; cynicism, anger-out, and anger-in correlated negatively with HQL. Path models revealed that SOC was the strongest predictor of HQL while hostility and anger lost their direct impact on HQL. CONCLUSIONS: Given the significant associations of hostility and anger with SOC, it is concluded that the salutogenic theory of Antonovsky (A. Antonovsky, Health, Stress, and Coping: New Perspectives on Mental Health and Physical Well-Being, Jossey-Bass Inc, San Francisco, 1979) should be extended to include hostility-related constructs. The impact of hostility and anger on HQL is, to a great extent, mediated through SOC, which implies that in future studies, the role of hostility as a risk factor of ill health should be reconsidered from the SOC theory perspective.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2000

Hostility and ill health: role of psychosocial resources in two contexts of working life.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which increased risk to health problems in hostile employees is associated with psychosocial resources and life context. METHODS: Social relationships, job control, and sickness absence were assessed among 757 hostile and nonhostile municipal employees in two life contexts: during a stressful organizational downsizing; and during a period after the downsizing. The follow-up time was 550 person-years for men and 1677 person-years for women during the period of downsizing, and 519 person-years for men and 1568 person-years for women during the period after downsizing. RESULTS: The risk of sick leave was 1.2-1.4-fold higher in the hostile individuals than in the others. Small network size in hostile employees related to a 1.4-2.5-fold higher risk of sick leave compared to large network size. In nonhostile employees, network size did not associate with sick leave. Poor job control effected a 50% higher risk of sick leave in hostile than in nonhostile individuals during downsizing. During the less stressful period, both hostility and poorjob control increased absence rates independently of one another. Strong spouse support protected only nonhostile employees from sickness. No differences between hostile and nonhostile employees were found in the levels of psychosocial resources or changes in them. CONCLUSION: The risk of health problems in hostile persons could be linked with heightened vulnerability in poor psychosocial resource conditions and with the inability to benefit from existing psychosocial resources. Such personal deficits seem to be resource-specific and vary somewhat according to an individual's life context.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1997

Personality and symptom profiles of the angry hostile depressed patient.

Fava, Rosenbaum, McCarthy, Pava, Steingard and Bless (1991) have recently proposed the existence of a subtype of depressed patients who experience anger attacks. The aim of this study was to assess if depressed patients categorized as high angry hostile have symptoms and personality profiles distinct from depressed patients categorized as low angry hostile. From a sample of 125 depressed outpatients, 26 patients were classified as high angry hostile and 25 patients as low angry hostile. The symptom profiles of these tow groups were remarkably similar, with the high angry hostile patients exhibiting more interpersonal sensitivity. The high angry hostile patients were rated as less interpersonally agreeable and less conscientious than low angry hostile patients. These results provide only partial support for the angry hostile subtype of depression.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Changes in and stability of hostile characteristics: results from a 4-year longitudinal study of children.

Changes in and stability of hostility characteristics and their relationship to age, sex, and family support were examined among 108 10-18-year-olds in a 4-year longitudinal study. Clinical ratings of Structured Interview potential for hostility, self-reported Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-derived hostile attitudes, and perceptions of family support were obtained at study entry and at follow-up when subjects were ages 15-21. Results showed relative stability of hostility rankings across 4 years, with males being more hostile than females. Both sexes increased in hostility over time, with the greatest increase in Ss who perceived low family support at follow-up and whose parents perceived high family support at study entry. Results are consistent with notions that early signs of hostility are risk factors for later development of coronary disease and that family environment influences development of hostility.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Effects of hostility on ambulatory blood pressure and mood during daily living in healthy adults.

This study (a) tested the effects of hostile attributes on ambulatory blood pressure (BP), heart rate, and mood monitored repeatedly over 3 days in 100 healthy men and women and (b) determined whether the cardiovascular effects of trait hostility were moderated by mood. Multilevel random-coefficients regression analyses showed that hostile individuals exhibited higher systolic and diastolic BP and rated their current moods as more negative and less positive throughout the monitoring. Individuals low in hostility exhibited high BP only during the few occasions when they experienced negative mood. However, these patterns were true only when participants were classified by Potential for Hostility ratings from the Structured Interview (R. H. Rosenman, 1978), not by the Cynical Hostile Attitudes score derived from the Cook-Medley scale. Results provide convergent and ecological validity of interview rating of hostility and illuminate one possible dynamic mechanism by which overt hostile behaviors might contribute to the rates of increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1989

Potential for hostility and dimensions of anger.

Recent reviews have linked Potential for Hostility derived from the Structured Interview (SI) to coronary artery disease, independent of the global Type A pattern. The present study examined the construct validity of Potential for Hostility ratings by correlating Potential for Hostility with 21 scales from four widely used anger/hostility measures: 7 scales from the Anger Self-Report, 8 scales from the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory, the total score from the Novaco Anger Inventory, and 5 scales from the Multidimensional Anger Inventory. The pattern of correlations revealed that Potential for Hostility was significantly related to scales reflecting awareness and arousal of anger, particularly the verbal expression of anger. To identify underlying anger dimensions, the 21 scales were factor-analyzed. Examination of two and three rotated principal components confirmed previous solutions. The first component, representing anger-arousing and -eliciting situations and anger awareness, was labeled Experience of Anger. The second component, consisting of scales dealing with either physical assault or verbal expression of anger, was labeled Expression of Anger. When a third factor was retained, it contained scales of suspicion, mistrust-suspicion, and guilt: It was therefore labeled Suspicion-Guilt. Potential for Hostility was correlated only with the Expression of Anger factor in the two-factor solution; in the three-factor solution, Potential for Hostility was correlated equally with the Experience of Anger and Expression of Anger factors but was not correlated with the Suspicion-Guilt factor. The implications of these results for the assessment of hostility are discussed.

Adult↗

PubMed2004

Dietary intake of n-3, n-6 fatty acids and fish: relationship with hostility in young adults--the CARDIA study.

BACKGROUND: Hostility has been shown to predict both the development and manifestation of coronary disease. Examining the inter-relation of dietary intake of fish and of polyunsaturated (n-3 and n-6) essential fatty acids with hostility may provide additional insights into the cardioprotective effect of dietary fish and polyunsaturated fatty acids. OBJECTIVE: To examine the association of dietary n-3, n-6 fatty acids and fish with level of hostility in a sample of 3581 urban white and black young adults. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study as part of an ongoing cohort study. A dietary assessment in 1992-1993 and measurement of hostility and other covariates in 1990-1991 were used in the analysis. RESULTS: The multivariate odds ratios of scoring in the upper quartile of hostility (adjusting for age, sex, race, field center, educational attainment, marital status, body mass index, smoking, alcohol consumption and physical activity) associated with one standard deviation increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) intake was 0.90 (95% CI=0.82-0.98; P=0.02). Consumption of any fish rich in n-3 fatty acids, compared to no consumption, was also independently associated with lower odds of high hostility (OR=0.82; 95% CI=0.69-0.97; P=0.02). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that high dietary intake of DHA and consumption of fish rich in n-3 fatty acids may be related to lower likelihood of high hostility in young adulthood. The association between dietary n-3 fatty acids and hostile personality merits further research.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Neurocognitive and psychosocial correlates of hostility among persons in a post-acute phase of schizophrenia spectrum disorders.

Persons with schizophrenia often have difficulty inhibiting hostile behaviors. While the correlates of hostility have been extensively explored in controlled settings, less is known about hostile behaviors and attitudes among outpatients who are in a post-acute phase of illness. Accordingly, this study examined the relationship of self-reported hostile behaviors and attitudes with measures of neurocognition, childhood physical abuse and hopelessness among 36 individuals with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. In a stepwise multiple regression, poorer executive function and a history of childhood physical abuse significantly predicted behavioral hostility (R(2) =.25, P <.05), while attitudinal hostility was uniquely predicted by hopelessness (R(2) =.16, P <.05). Results suggest that behavioral hostility among persons in a stable phase of illness may be closely related to disinhibition and trauma history while hostile attitudes may be more closely linked with attitudes about current psychosocial circumstances.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed2002

Hostility in TMD/bruxism patients and controls: a clinical comparison study and preliminary results.

This study involved a group of 110 TMD/bruxing behavior patients (30 mild, 40 moderate, and 40 severe bruxers) which was compared to a group of 40 nonTMD/nonbruxer controls, with the objective to test the alternative hypothesis that, regarding hostility, there were significant differences between these groups. The mean age in the group of TMD/bruxers was 31.81 years (SD: 11.2, range 14-61) and in the control group was 30.03 (SD: 10.96, range 16-66). Patients were initially classified as presenting TMD and bruxing behavior according to previous criteria. The Cook-Medley Inventory and the Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess levels of hostility and depression, respectively, in bruxers and controls. There were no statistically significant differences in the levels of depression between the three groups of bruxers. However, the difference between the groups of bruxers and controls reached significance (unpaired t test P<0.001). Our results indicated that there was not statistically and significant difference in the levels of hostility between the three groups of bruxers and between the mild group of bruxers and control group. However, there were statistically and significant differences in the level of hostility between the moderate group of bruxers and the control group (P<0.01), and between the severe group of bruxers and the control group (P<0.05). When bruxers were classified into two groups: one presenting minimal to mild depression (N:31) and the other presenting moderate to severe depression (N:19), the group presenting moderate to severe depression demonstrated a level of hostility of about 23.36. The group presenting minimal to mild depression demonstrated a level of hostility of about 17.32, and this difference was statistically significant (unpaired t test, P<0.0004). These results suggest that in these subgroups of TMD/bruxers, increased depression corresponds to increased hostility and provides support for previous investigations indicating that there is a relationship between hostility and bruxism (but only in the groups with moderate and severe bruxism).

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Hostility and health behaviors in young adults: the CARDIA Study. Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study.

Hostility has been associated with coronary heart disease mortality. To assess possible mechanisms linking hostility to coronary heart disease risk, the authors conducted analyses in a cross-sectional study from data collected in 1985 and 1986 on 5,115 young adults, aged 18-30 years, black and white, male and female, in four large urban areas of the United States. The results show that higher levels of hostility as determined by the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale were strongly associated with tobacco and marijuana smoking, increased alcohol consumption, and greater caloric intake in both blacks and whites and in both men and women. The increased caloric consumption was evident in the higher waist/hip ratios, particularly in men (p less than 0.05). The associations were particularly strong (p less than 0.001) for tobacco cigarette smoking and marijuana smoking, with roughly a 1.5 times higher prevalence in the top hostility quartile compared with the bottom quartile after adjusting for age and education. Hostility levels were not related to the percentage of calories from fat or from sucrose intake, to plasma cholesterol levels, or to physical fitness (except for a weak association in the latter in white women). The results describe relations between hostility and health behaviors that may be detrimental to health. The findings provide a possible explanation for the association between hostility and coronary heart disease mortality.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

Hostility during late adolescence predicts coronary risk factors at mid-life.

Hostility, as measured by the Cook-Medley Hostility Scale of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory, has been found to predict higher rates of both coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality. To evaluate one mechanism whereby hostility might contribute to health problems, the authors used regression models to determine whether hostility measured in college (1964-1966) predicted coronary risk factors assessed 21-23 years later (1987-1990) in 4,710 men and women. Of this group, 828 had lipids measured (1988-1991). Persons with higher hostility scores in college were significantly more likely at follow-up to consume more caffeine (r = 0.043), to have a larger body mass index (r = 0.055), to have higher lipid ratios (r = 0.092), and to be current smokers (r = 0.069) than those with lower hostility scores during college. Cross-sectional analyses found significant associations of contemporaneous hostility scores with the same four risk factors, as well as with alcohol consumption and hypertension (rs ranging from 0.043 to 0.117). These associations are large enough to have possible public health significance. We conclude that hostility may contribute to health problems through its influences on several coronary risk factors across the adult life span.

Adult↗

PubMed1980

Type A behavior, hostility, and coronary atherosclerosis.

Type A behavior pattern was assessed using the structured interview and hostility level was assessed using a subscale of the Minnesota Multiphase Personality Inventory in 424 patients who underwent diagnostic coronary arteriography for suspected coronary heart disease. In contrast to non-Type A patients, a significantly greater proportion of Type A patients had at least one artery with a clinically significant occlusion of 75% or greater. In addition, only 48% of those patients with very low scores (less than or equal to 10) on the Hostility scale exhibited a significant occlusion; in contrast, patients in all groups scoring higher than 10 on the Hostility scale showed a 70% rate of significant disease. The essential difference between low and high scorers on the Hostility scale appears to consist of an unwillingness on the part of the low scorers to endorse items reflective of the attitude that others are bad, selfish, and exploitive. Multivariate analysis showed that both Type A behavior pattern and Hostility score are independently related to presence of atherosclerosis. In this analysis, however, Hostility score emerged as more related to presence of atherosclerosis than Type A behavior pattern. These findings confirm previous observations of increased coronary atherosclerosis among Type A patients. They suggest further that an attitudinal set reflective of hostility toward people in general is over and above that accounted for by Type A behavior pattern. These findings also suggest that interventions to reduce the contribution of behavioral patterns to coronary disease risk might profitably focus especially closely on reduction of anger and hostility.

Coronary Disease↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Hostility as a risk factor for mortality and ischemic heart disease in men.

We report the association between hostility and the incidence of ischemic heart disease (IHD) in 3,750 Finnish men aged 40-59. Hostility was assessed from self-ratings on irritability, ease of anger-arousal, and argumentativeness, and four groups were formed from the summed hostility ratings. At baseline, the age-adjusted relative risk (RR) of the prevalence of angina pectoris between the highest and lowest hostility groups was 2.88 (95% confidence limits (CL), range 1.71-4.77). A three-year follow-up yielded 65 deaths and 109 IHD-incident cases. Hostility did not predict IHD among healthy men, but among men with previous IHD and hypertension (N = 104), the age-adjusted RR of IHD between the highest and lowest hostility groups was 12.9 (95% CL, 3.92-42.6). After standardization for smoking, obesity, heavy alcohol use, and snoring, the RR was 14.6 (95% CL, 1.94-110). When the degree of dyspnea at baseline was also standardized, the RR was 21.1 (95% CL, 1.59-282). Our data suggest that extreme hostility is not a consequence of symptom severity; rather, hostility is a strong determinant of coronary attack among hypertensive men with IHD.

Adult↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Cynical hostility, powerful others control expectancies, and patient adherence in hemodialysis.

OBJECTIVE: The present study examined the joint role of cynical hostility and powerful others health locus of control expectancies in predicting regimen adherence in a sample of center hemodialysis patients. METHOD: Forty-eight hemodialysis patients completed the Cook-Medley Hostility (Ho) Scale and the Powerful Others Health Locus of Control (PHLC) scale. Adherence to the fluid-restriction and phosphorus reduction components of the treatment regimen was assessed by examining patients' interdialysis session weight gains and serum phosphorus (P) levels. RESULTS: In a hierarchical regression analysis, higher hostility was associated with significantly higher serum P levels indicating poorer dietary and medication adherence. The main effect for hostility was qualified by the interaction of hostility and PHLC. This pattern indicated that the deleterious effect of hostility on adherence was most pronounced among patients possessing the expectancy that positive health outcomes are not strongly contingent on the actions or advice of powerful others (eg. health care providers). Similar analyses failed to show significant effects for hostility or PHLC in the prediction of interdialytic weight gain. CONCLUSIONS: The present findings suggest that jointly assessing hostility and health-related expectancies may be useful in identifying chronically ill patients who are potentially at risk for difficulties in performing a prescribed regimen.

Adult↗