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PubMed2005

[Nutrient consumption by adults and seniors in a population-based study: the Bambuí Project].

A nutritional survey was performed in a random sample of 550 individuals ( > or = 18 years) in Bambuí, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, using the Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire calibrated with 24-hour recall. Comparisons used means, proportions, and the nutrient adequacy ratio (NAR: 90.0-110.0%). Adequate intake was reported in only 2.4% of the individuals for carbohydrate, 17.6% for protein, 0.0 to 5.1% for vitamins, and 0.0 to 21.1% for minerals. NAR was influenced by gender and age: 90.2% and 91.8% of women presented low iron and B6 vitamin intake, respectively. Meanwhile, 87.7% of men reported excess iron, 80.3% phosphorous, and 11.9% cholesterol. Regarding aging, 64.3% of elderly (>or= 60 years old) reported low protein intake and 39.3% inadequate lipid fraction balance (P/S); 35.7% reported high unsaturated fatty acid intake. For adults (18-59 years), 67.8% reported excess protein and 53.4% deficient iron intake. In this population, high lipid consumption and low intake of fiber, vitamins, and minerals pose an important public health problem and may contribute to an increase in chronic non-communicable diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Documenting the reasons people have for choosing their food.

Understanding the reasons that people have for choosing their food, and why these choices vary, may affect the dietary advice and assumptions about the nutrient adequacy of future food intake. One group of respondents living in Jakarta, Indonesia completed two interviews with the same combined food frequency and qualitative technique, called Food Choice Map (FCM) over a one-month period. Another group of Indonesian respondents from a town in Java completed an FCM interview and a 24-hour recall interview. The Food Choice Map identified the same major foods as contributing to individual intakes as are identified by a 24-hr recall interview. The FCM also identified reasons for changes in food choice. The reasons for food choices varied less than the different food items chosen. The FCM links data on dietary behaviours with perceptions that respondents use to explain of those behaviours. Such data can be used to develop communication strategies for health promotion.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The diet and moderate exercise trial (DAMET): results after 24 weeks.

W.H.O. and U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services advocate a fat-modified, fruits and vegetable-enriched diet in conjunction with mode-rate physical activity for fitness and health. The Diet and Moderate Exercise Trial (DAMET) is a randomized and controlled study and has provided scientific proof, possibly for the first time, to the above hypothesis (based on epidemiologic studies, short clinical trials and experimental studies) that the new approach can cause modulation of risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD) as well as improve fitness. In the DAMET, 231 group A and 232 group B patients with risk factors of CHD were administered a prudent diet for 4 weeks, group A patients in addition were also given at least 400 g/day of fruits and vegetables that are rich in dietary fibre and antioxidants such as vitamins A, C, E, carotene and copper, selenium and magnesium. Fruits and vegetables were administered in a foods-to-eat approach by asking the patients to eat these foods before meals when they were hungry to allow better nutrient adequacy. After 4 weeks, group A patients also did moderate exercise such as brisk walking and spot running compared to no such advice to group B for another 20 weeks. After a follow-up period of 24 weeks, adding exercise to diet was associated with a significant decrease in blood total cholesterol (8.9%) and LDL-cholesterol (6.7%) and triglycerides (11.9%) and a marked increase in HDL-cholesterol (16.5%). Mean blood pressures, fasting blood glucose, body weight, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio and subcutaneous fat also showed a significant decrease in group A, leading to a significant decrease in 12-year CHD risk. A long-term follow-up may be necessary to demonstrate the role of this new approach in decreasing cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.

Blood Pressure↗

PubMed2004

[Effects of home-visit nutrition education on nutritional status improvement of an urban community-dwelling elderly women in Korea].

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects on home-visit nutrition education by a dietitian on nutritional status improvement of an urban community-dwelling elderly women in Korea. METHODS: In the baseline survey, information on general characteristics, health-related characteristics, anthropometric measurements, biochemical measurements, nutritional knowledge. nutritional attitude, dietary habits, and food and nutrient intakes of 183 elderly people were obtained. The intervention group received weekly home-visit nutrition education over 4 months. RESULTS: After home-visiting nutrition education, nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude and dietary habit were increased significantly by 1.8, 2.1 and 6.9 in the intervention group (P<0.01), respectively, who also appeared to consume more cereals and their products, legumes and their products, vegetables, seasonings, milk and dairy products than the control group. It was found that the nutrient intake increased significantly regarding energy, protein, calcium, iron, phosphorus, thiamin and riboflavin (P<0.05). The MAR (mean nutrient adequacy ratio) increased by 0.22 during the period of the study in the intervention group, and 0.09 in the control group, the difference being statistically significant (P<0.01). Differences between in mean change of anthropometric and biochemical indices between the intervention and control groups were not significant. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that home-visit nutrition education by a dietitian is effective for improvement of the nutritional status of elderly women in an urban community. In conclusion, home-visit nutrition education should be recommended for nutritional status improvement and health promotion in the community elderly.

Aged↗

PubMed2006

Concordance of diets and eating practices in a rural Guatemalan setting with the cancer prevention recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund: estimates from existing dietary intake.

To evaluate concordance of eating practices in a rural Guatemalan setting with the 14-point cancer prevention recommendations of the World Cancer Research Fund/American Institute for Cancer Research. Two-hundred sixty nine food-frequency questionnaires based on the Willett model were analysed with respect to concordance with the recommendations, aimed at constraining intakes of: fat, sugar, salt, red meat and alcoholic beverages within specific ranges; restricting nutritional supplements' use for the express purpose of avoiding cancer; maximizing the consumption of: edible plants, especially fruits, vegetables, cereals, tubers and legumes; achieving dietary variety and nutrient adequacy; avoiding high-temperature cooking, and exposure to food additives, pesticides and residues; adequately preserving perishable and fungal-prone foods; maintaining normal body composition and regular levels of physical activity. The study was conducted in the county seat and three hamlets from the rural province of Santa Rosa. 214 females and 55 males were evaluated. Daily food servings of plant origin varied from 18.2 to 99.1% (74.6 +/- 10.7%). The guidelines' criteria were met by more than 80% for total fat, red meat, ethanol, fruits and vegetables, cereals-tubers-legumes, sugar and nutritional adequacy, whereas 80% concordance was not met for nutritional supplements, and dietary variety. The other variables could not be evaluated. Concordance with national standards for micronutrient intake was not achieved most frequently for calcium, riboflavin, and iron. Guatemalan cuisine and diet in this rural setting has features of a cancer-protective diet, but complementary actions must be taken, within the social and economic realities of the region.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1991

An eating plan and update on recommended dietary practices for the endurance athlete.

This article presents a six-group exchange food plan for the endurance athlete. The plan allows approximately 1,850, 3,460, and 3,760 kcal for a weight reduction diet, general training diet, and carbohydrate-loading intake plan, respectively. Because complex carbohydrate is the primary source of fuel, the training diet and the carbohydrate-loading diet contain 500 g and 600 g carbohydrate, respectively, whereas in the weight reduction plan more than 60% of total energy is carbohydrate. Overall nutrient adequacy of the exchanges and fluid needs for the athlete are discussed. Recommendations and protocol for current dietary practices are given. Dietitians are encouraged to assess the caloric needs of their clients and to individualize the suggested plans in accordance with the needs of each athlete.

Diet↗

PubMed1998

Nutrition and shock in pediatric patients.

Critically ill patients, including those in shock, often present with significant metabolic derangement in protein and energy metabolism characterized by: increased protein breakdown which is not suppressed by protein or energy intake; reprioritization of protein synthesis with increased synthesis of acute-phase proteins; decreased synthesis of structural proteins; and high protein turnover. In addition, there is also glucose and lipid intolerance. Adequate nutritional and metabolic support of the critically ill child under these conditions is a challenging endeavor. Traditionally, critically ill children have received nutritional requirements based on those of healthy children despite the fact that the critically ill population is physiologically and metabolically different. Furthermore, nutritional requirements in healthy children are largely based on limited data. With emerging knowledge of non-nutritional functions of nutrients, adequacy of nutritional support and requirements will eventually depend on the goals to be achieved: nutritional, physiologic, and/or pharmacologic.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Estimated nutrient intakes and adequacies in Bangladesh change when newer values for vitamin A, iron and calcium in commonly consumed foods are applied.

A food consumption survey was conducted in rural Bangladesh in January-March 1996 using a 24-h food weighing method. Intakes and adequacies of energy, vitamin A, vitamin C, iron and calcium were estimated for 81 children (aged 24-71 months) and 182 women (aged 18-45 years) using three sets of food composition tables. The local food composition table was modified with newer values for nutrient contents of foods identified as important for the contribution of vitamin A and iron. Significant differences in estimated dietary intakes and adequacies were found for vitamin A and iron when different sets of food composition values were used. This study shows that up-to-date chemical analyses of foods selected on the basis of a high frequency of consumption and a large contribution of the nutrients in focus is a useful approach in improving the quality of food composition tables, resulting in greater accuracy of estimates of nutrient intakes and adequacies.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1985

Consequences of utilizing reduced nutrient data bases for estimating dietary adequacy.

The USDA Nutrient Data Base (NDB) used to calculate dietary intake in the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey of Individuals 1977-1978 (NFCS) was reduced to two levels. Both reduced data bases were used in analysis of 3-day dietary records collected on 7,914 individuals during the first quarter of that survey. Baseline nutrient intake values for energy and 14 nutrients for 22 sex-age groups were calculated prior to NDB reduction. After reduction, nutrient intake values were again calculated. The magnitude of variation was determined, and ANOVA was used to evaluate those variations at both substitution levels. The NDB reductions resulted in significant alterations in calculated nutrient intake and interactions between NDB type and various sex-age groups. However, the magnitude of the differences in calculated nutrient levels between the original and reduced data bases was, generally, quite small. The notable exception was in the under-1-year sex-age group. On the basis of this study, predictions of nutritional adequacy for the NFCS using the smaller data bases would show essentially the same trends as obtained from the original data base.

Analysis of Variance↗

PubMed1999

Nutrient intakes and adequacy among an older population on the eastern shore of Maryland: the Salisbury Eye Evaluation.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the reported usual dietary intakes of the participants in the Salisbury Eye Evaluation (SEE) project and to estimate the prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes using the probability approach. SUBJECTS/SETTING: A representative sample of elderly residents (aged 65 to 85 years) of Salisbury, Md. DESIGN: Cross-sectional survey, using a food frequency questionnaire to obtain nutrient intakes. We estimated energy and protein; percent of energy intake from carbohydrates, fat, and protein; as well as usual intakes of cholesterol, vitamin A, carotenoids, vitamin C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B-6, vitamin E, niacin, iron, calcium, zinc, and folate. Estimates of prevalence of inadequate nutrient intakes were calculated using the probability approach among the 2,655 participants with complete nutrient intake information. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: The chi 2 test for independence and analysis of variance. A P < .05 was considered significant in a 2-sided test. RESULT: On average, white participants of both genders reported higher mean energy and nutrient intakes than did black participants. Zinc had the highest estimated prevalences of inadequacy across all gender and race categories, followed by calcium, vitamin E, and vitamin B-6. Vitamin C, with estimated prevalences of inadequacy lower than 13%, and folate, with prevalences lower than 17%, had the lowest estimated prevalences of inadequacy across all gender, race, and age categories. CONCLUSIONS: In this population, there are race differences in estimated prevalences of inadequate nutrient intake. According to the current nutrient requirements for adults aged 51 years and older, many elderly persons have inadequate dietary intakes of key nutrients.

Age Factors↗

PubMed1996

Nutrient patterns, nutritional adequacy, and comparisons with nutrition recommendations among French-Canadian adults in Montreal.

OBJECTIVES: A survey was carried out in 1988-89 among French Canadians in Montreal, to provide data on food habits, dietary intakes and sociodemographic factors. METHODS: Interviewer-administered questionnaires and 7-day food records (7D-FR) were used to gather data. RESULTS: Some 1,450 individuals (in 845 families) were studied. Complete 7D-FR and sociodemographic data were obtained from 182 children aged 5-18 (44.8% males), and 614 adults aged 19 and over (40.1% males). Most adult respondents greatly surpassed their age-sex specific Canadian Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs), except for low mean energy intakes in women aged 75 years and over (on average, 1477 kcal), and marginally lower than recommended mean calcium consumption, again in the oldest age group (particularly men). Protein furnished 16 to 17% of energy, relative fat intake varied from 34% of energy among the oldest subjects to 38% in 25 to 49 year old women (overall average, 36%). Only 15.3% of respondents consumed < or = 30% relative fat intake; most (66%) were female. Carbohydrate ranged from 45 to 49% (51%) among males and females, respectively. The oldest age group had the highest relative intake of carbohydrates. Saturated fat was 13 to 14% of energy, and the mean P:S ratio was low (.30 to .37). Some respondents had insufficient intakes relative to their RNIs, notably for energy (6.5% of the whole sample; of these, 52.5% were male) and calcium (22.5%; 69.6% females). Contingency table analysis showed this was most evident among participants of low income and education levels, smokers, and female non-smokers. CONCLUSIONS: French Canadian Montreal adults don't meet the Nutrition Recommendations for Canadians with respect to lowering fat and saturated fat, and increasing complex carbohydrate intakes. Attention should be directed to ensuring adequate consumption of calcium-rich foods, particularly among women in susceptible stages of the lifecycle. Although average alcohol intakes appeared low, some individuals reported high levels of consumption of beer, wine or spirits which suggests the need for further investigation of population alcohol intakes and their effect on dietary choices and nutritional adequacy.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Energy and nutrient consumption in Mexican women 12-49 years of age: analysis of the National Nutrition Survey 1999.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the reported energy and nutrient intake and adequacies in Mexican women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 24-hour dietary recall was used to obtain nutrient intake in a representative sub-sample of 2,630 women from 12 to 49 years of age from the National Nutrition Survey 1999. Nutrient adequacies were estimated using the Dietary Reference Intakes and stratified according to region, area (urban or rural), socioeconomic status and obesity status (non-obese: BMI < 30 kg/m2, obese: > or = 30 kg/m2). Differences were analyzed using linear regression for complex surveys of log-transformed intake and adequacy, adjusting for multiple comparisons with the Bonferroni test. RESULTS: The median national energy intake was 1,471 kcal. The Risk of Inadequacy (RI) (prevalence of adequacy < 50%) was: vitamin A: 38.3%, vitamin C: 45.5%, and folate: 34.3%. Carbohydrates, folate, iron and calcium intake was significantly higher in rural than in urban areas. The RI was higher in women of the lowest socioeconomic status tertile for all nutrients with the exception of carbohydrates and calcium. Macro-nutrient adequacies were significantly higher in non-obese women. CONCLUSIONS: Differences within the country among regions, rural and urban areas, and socioeconomic status tertile reflect an increasing availability of inexpensive calorie-dense foods in marginal groups. However, total energy, cholesterol, saturated and total fat were consumed in greater quantities by women from the higher socioeconomic status tertile and from urban areas. These patterns could be a contributing factor to the rise of obesity and other non-communicable nutrition-related chronic diseases in Mexico. The English version of this paper is available at: http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Nutrient patterns and nutritional adequacy among French-Canadian children in Montreal.

OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: A representative sample of French Canadian Montrealers was surveyed to compile data on food habits, nutrient intakes and sociodemographic characteristics, using interviewer-administered questionnaires and 7-day food records (7D-FR). RESULTS: Complete 7D-FR and sociodemographic data were obtained from 614 adults aged 19 and over (40.1% males), and 182 children aged 5 to 18 (44.8% males). Average heights and weights of children were at the 50th percentile for both sexes and all age groups. Nutrient intakes surpassed most of the age- and sex-specific 1990 Canadian Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs). Energy intakes were 83% to 98% of the RNIs, with 16-18 year old adolescent girls having systematically lower energy consumption. Calcium was most frequently found below the 66% age-sex specific RNI cut-off. On average, protein comprised 16% of energy, fat 36-37%, and carbohydrates 48-49%, for males and females, respectively. Simple sugars comprised 16-19% of energy among boys, and 16-20% among girls, fluctuating with age. Only a small proportion of respondents (15.4%) had low relative total fat and saturated fat intakes (ranging from 30-34%, and 10-12% of energy, respectively); no differences in mean nutrient levels were found between low, medium or higher fat consumers. Among those with inadequate intakes, 26% lived in one lower middle income sector of Montreal; however, no clear pattern emerged linking dietary adequacy and socioeconomic factors. CONCLUSIONS: While Montreal youngsters consume generally adequate diets, sufficient quantities of calcium-furnishing foods must be eaten, particularly by adolescent girls. Surveillance of children's food and nutrient intakes will contribute to the reduction of chronic disease by providing data for effective health care planning.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

Evaluation of the Nutrient Guide as a dietary assessment tool.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the Nutrient Guide as a quantitative estimate of dietary adequacy. Using 24-hour dietary recalls of 300 men, food group and overall diet scores based on the Nutrient Guide were compared with nutrient adequacy ratios for eight nutrients and a mean adequacy ratio derived from nutrient analysis. Caloric, fat, and sodium intakes estimated using Nutrient Guide ratings were also compared with nutrient Nutrient Guide ratings were also compared with nutrient analysis estimates. Correlations between food group scores and nutrient adequacy ratios were all positive and significant. Regression analyses revealed a strong linear relationship between caloric, fat, and sodium intakes estimated by the two methods and a curvilinear relationship between mean adequacy ratio and total diet score. These results suggest that the Nutrient Guide can be used to provide a reasonable estimate of adequacy for the nutrients upon which the guide is currently based. Food group and total diet scores in either the upper or lower ends of the score ranges seemed to be better predictors of individual nutrient or overall dietary adequacy than did mid-range scores, which slightly underestimated dietary adequacy of the selected nutrients.

Diet↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Considerations in the design of studies of dietary influences on mammary carcinogenesis in rats and mice.

Design of diets for the study of dietary influences in mammary gland carcinogenesis requires attention to several questions: (1) Do the diets satisfy the nutritional needs of the animal under the conditions of the experiment, and are they palatable? (2) Does the protocol include determination of feed intake (if indicated) and of achievement of the desired level of nutrient deficiency, adequacy, or excess? (3) Are there potentially confounding nutrient interactions or nutrient effects or physiological or pathological responses that must be considered? The particular sensitivity of mammary gland tumorigenesis to intake of fat and calories and to body weight gain must be considered and controlled for in all experiments.

Animals↗

PubMed2002

Determinants of nutrient intake among children and adolescents: results from the enKid Study.

BACKGROUND: Although adequacy of nutrient intake has been studied considerably in children and adolescents across Europe, the factors associated with nutritional risk have rarely been addressed. This study was developed in order to explore the nutritional intakes of Spanish children and the factors influencing the risk of nutritional inadequacy. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate socio-economic and lifestyle variables associated with nutritional adequacy in Spanish children and adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional study utilising face-to-face interviews. A random sample of 3,534 individuals aged 2-24 years were interviewed by a team of 43 dieticians in the subjects' homes. Interviews included two 24-hour recalls (a second 24-hour recall in 25% of the sample) and other questions, including lifestyle. Weight and height were measured in all subjects. Under-reporters (18%) were excluded from the present analysis. An unconditional logistic regression analysis was used to identify variables associated with greater nutritional risk. RESULTS: The participation rate was 68%. Twenty percent of males and 50% of females were classified as being at high nutritional risk. Variables associated with increased nutritional risk were: age between 14 and 24 years, being female, low social class, low educational level of the mother, having more than one sibling, smoking, watching TV during meals, sedentary habits at leisure time, infrequent meals and a poor quality breakfast. One dietary factor closely associated with nutritional risk was a failure to consume ready-to-eat cereals. CONCLUSIONS: Nutritional risk during infancy and adolescence is associated with socio-economic and educational variables of the family, and some lifestyle factors including physical activity and the quality of the breakfast meal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1996

Nutrient intakes of Tongan and Tokelauan children living in New Zealand.

AIMS: To assess the adequacy of nutrient intakes of 10- to 13-year-old Tongan and Tokelauan children living in New Zealand and to compare these data with data from nonPacific Islands children of the same age. METHODS: A 24-hour diet record was used to assess the nutrient intakes of Tongan and Tokelauan school children (n = 162), aged 10- to 13-years, living in Auckland and Wellington. Nutrient intakes using the same methodology were compared with those from a nationally representative sample of nonPacific Islands, Form 1 children and also with Australian recommended dietary intakes for children aged 12- to 15-years. RESULTS: Data were collected from 162 (68 boys and 94 girls) of 220 children eligible to participate in the study (74%). Mean energy intakes for both the Tongan (8855 kJ for boys, 8610 kJ for girls) and the Tokelauan (9872 kJ for boys, 8826 kJ for girls) children were above the range of intake recommended by the World Health Organisation. The combined average energy intake of the two groups was higher than that of nonPacific Islands children for both boys and girls although not statistically significantly. Total fat intake was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for Tongan and Tokelauan boys, protein intake significantly higher for Tongan and Tokelauan boys (p < 0.01) and girls (p < 0.01), and carbohydrate intake significantly lower (p < 0.01) for Tongan and Tokelauan girls than for nonPacific Islands children. Compared with nonPacific Islands children micronutrient intakes were generally lower for Tongan and Tokelauan children with intakes of calcium, riboflavin, thiamin, niacin, folate and vitamin A being significantly lower for both sexes. Vitamin C was also significantly lower for girls (p < 0.05). Tongan and Tokelauan children obtain most of their nutrients from meat, bakery products, fast foods and dairy products. Fruit and vegetables were not significant contributors to nutrient intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Tongan and Tokelauan children living in New Zealand consume a diet that is larger in amount but lower in nutrient density compared to that of nonPacific Islands New Zealand children. Their relatively high dietary energy intakes allow them to meet the recommended intake requirements for most nutrients although if current intakes of fat and energy are maintained this may put them at risk of heart disease and other diseases later in life.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Nutrient intakes of adolescents with phenylketonuria and infants and children with maple syrup urine disease on semisynthetic diets.

Adequacy of nutrient intakes of adolescents with and without phenylketonuria (PKU) and infants and children with and without maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) were assessed using 3-day diet records sorted by disease and by age of the subject. Mean intakes of all nutrients were greater than two-thirds of the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) or Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily Dietary Intakes (ESADDI) for all adolescents studied, with the exception of selenium (Se) in PKU adolescents, which averaged 27.8 micrograms. For adolescents with PKU, > 50% of the RDA or ESADDI for all nutrients was provided by elemental or modified protein hydrolysate medical foods, except for vitamin A in children aged 11-15 years and Se in children 11-18 years. Mean nutrient intakes of all infants and children were greater than two-thirds of the RDA or ESADDI for all nutrients except Se in MSUD children aged 1-11 years, where intakes ranged from 6.4 to 13.2 micrograms (21-66% of the RDA). The medical foods provided for most of the RDA and ESADDI recommendations, with the exception of Se in MSUD children.

Adolescent↗