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PubMed1978

The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire: a validity study.

The MHQ is a brief self-rating inventory purporting to measure aspects of six distinct categories of psychoneurosis and affective status. It has been found to be a reliable instrument and also valid as a profile measure. Two individual scales have also previously been explored in respect of validity. The present report describes a further attempt to examine the validity of individual scales in relation to pertinent single clinical diagnostic entities in a study involving 800 patients. The phobic and obsessional scales are found to be particularly accurate and differentiating in this respect. Patients variously diagnosed as suffering from anxiety states, depressive states and personality disorder tend to score very highly on several scales. The instrument serves overall to distinguish satisfactorily between such populations and others suffering from schizophrenia and anorexia nervosa. It also markedly differentiates them from 'normal' populations.

Anorexia Nervosa↗

PubMed1987

TOBEC methodology for body composition assessment: a cross-validation study.

The accuracy of prediction equations for estimating lean body mass (LBM) from total-body electrical conductivity (TOBEC) was examined by cross-validation. Two samples of adults, aged 18-35 yr, were drawn from separate geographic locations. LBM was determined by densitometry and TOBEC was measured with TOBEC II instrument. LBM and TOBEC were highly correlated in both samples (r = 0.96 and 0.97). Cross-validation of LBM prediction equations was accomplished by exchanging equations and comparing predicted LBM values. There was a mean difference of 0.974 kg LBM between the two equations (p less than 0.0001). Thus, data from 157 subjects were pooled and one equation was developed that incorporated height (cm), sex (males = 0, females = 1), and the zero-, first-, and second-order Fourier coefficients (FC0, FC1, and FC2) of the TOBEC phase value: LBM, kg = -36.410 + (-1.324 X sex) + (0.01185 X (FC1(0.5)xht)) + (12.347 X FC2(0.5)) + (0.0627 X FC0)-(0.9232 X FC2) This equation, developed from 157 subjects, accounted for 96% of the variability in LBM and had a standard error of estimate of 2.17 kg LBM.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1987

An American validation study of the Newcastle Diagnostic Scale. II. Relationship with clinical, demographic, familial and psychosocial features.

We completed the Newcastle Diagnostic Scale on 152 unipolar depressed in-patients: its validity was supported by the findings that endogenous depressives were, in contrast to neurotic depressives, older, more severely depressed, with better social support, fewer life events, less personality disorder, and a lower morbid risk of alcoholism and antisocial personality in their first-degree relatives. The relationship between Newcastle scores and the morbid risk for alcoholism was non-linear, such that a cut-off score of 4, rather than 5, maximised the difference between the endogenous and neurotic groups with respect to familial alcoholism rates as well as other validating variables.

Cognition Disorders↗

PubMed1992

Identification of patients with coronary disease at high risk for loss of employment. A prospective validation study.

BACKGROUND: Work disability is common in patients with coronary artery disease and adversely affects both economic well-being and quality of life. The purpose of this study was to construct a model to predict premature departure from the work force of patients with coronary disease and to validate this model prospectively in an independent cohort of patients. METHODS AND RESULTS: We enrolled 1,252 coronary disease patients referred for diagnostic cardiac catheterization who were less than age 65, employed, and without prior coronary angioplasty or coronary bypass surgery. Medical, functional, psychological, economic, and job-related variables were measured at the time of baseline diagnostic cardiac catheterization, and all patients were followed for 1 year. Three hundred twelve patients underwent percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) within 60 days of catheterization, and 449 had coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG) within 60 days of catheterization. The remaining 491 patients were treated with initial medical therapy. Logistic regression was used to develop a multivariable model for predicting 1-year work status in the training sample patients (872 patients enrolled between March 1986 and February 1989). This model was then validated in the independent prospective test sample (380 patients enrolled between March 1989 and June 1990). Eight factors were independent predictors of departure from the work force: lower initial functional status (as assessed by the Duke Activity Status Index), followed by older age, black race, presence of congestive heart failure, lower education level, presence of extracardiac vascular disease, poorer psychological status, and lower job classification. Standard clinical variables provided only 20% of the total predictive information available from the model about follow-up work outcomes, whereas functional measures provided 27%, and demographic and socioeconomic measures provided 45%. In the test sample, the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for the model predictions was 0.74, compared with 0.80 in the training sample, and model predictions agreed well with observed prevalences of return to work. After adjustment for baseline imbalances, there was no significant difference in 1-year return-to-work rates among the patients receiving initial PTCA or CABG therapy versus initial medical therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with coronary disease who are at high risk for premature departure from the work force can be accurately identified from a combination of medical and nonmedical risk factors. The model developed in this study provides a tool to identify patients at high risk for premature loss from the work force. Such patients may benefit from special multidimensional intervention programs designed to preserve work status. Our data show that revascularization with either PTCA or CABG is not, by itself, sufficient to accomplish this goal.

Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary↗

PubMed1989

A German validation study of the inventory to diagnose depression.

The Inventory to Diagnose Depression (IDD), a self-rating scale designed to identify major depressive episodes (MDE) according to DSM-III, was validated in a sample of 83 inpatients. Depending whether the time criterion of MDE was included or omitted, 63 or 77 patients obtained a syndrome diagnosis of MDE established by means of a structured clinical interview (Polydiagnostic Interview) which served as yardstick. Sensitivity (84.1% with time criterion, 89.6% without time criterion), specificity (60%, 50%), predictive value (67.8%, 64.2%) and kappa (0.43, 0.29) were calculated and found to necessitate improvement for a reasonable application of the IDD in epidemiological and clinical settings. Adapting the IDD algorithm to DSM-III-R diagnosis of MDE, analogous results were obtained.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

Assessing depressive symptoms in five psychiatric populations: a validation study.

Data from five psychiatric populations and a community sample are presented on the CES-D, 20-item self-report depression symptom scale developed by the Center for Epidemiologic Studies. Results show that the scale is a sensitive tool for detecting depressive symptoms and change in symptoms over time in psychiatric populations, and that it agrees quite well with more lengthy self-report scales used in clinical studies and with clinician interview ratings. Although a symptom scale cannot differentiate between diagnositc groups, the CES-D has demonstrated its validity as a screening tool for detecting depressive symptoms in psychiatric populations.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

[Occupation-related socioeconomic groups in Switzerland: social scientific bases and validity studies].

A system of 15 socio-economic groups (SOEG) based on occupation and position within occupation is proposed and discussed as a basis for statistical analyses of mortality data. In order to check the validity of this classification, a random sample of 3058 male death certificates is compared with the information obtained from the corresponding 1980 census records. The comparison reveals that most of the SOEGs have satisfactory validity. The same is true for a model emulating the widely used English system of Social Classes (SC). Estimates of the differences in mortality between SOEGs or SCs can be improved significantly applying correction factors derived from the sample of linked death certificates and census records.

England↗

PubMed1989

Narcissistic personality disorder. A validity study and comparison to borderline personality disorder.

Seventeen former inpatients with NPD were retrospectively compared to 19 patients with schizophrenia, 26 with MAD and 33 patients with BPD in terms of longitudinal course and outcome, exploring the validity of the NPD diagnosis. Two illustrative cases were presented. Results suggest that NPD is a valid diagnostic entity, more distinct from schizophrenia than MAD. NPD probably differs from BPD in terms of equal sex distribution in NPD; poor social functioning, especially in the low level of satisfaction with heterosexual relationships in NPD at follow-up; more rehospitalization in NPD; probably poorer global functioning in NPD at admission; and probably poorer overall follow-up functioning in NPD.

Adult↗

PubMed1988

Validation study of WOMAC: a health status instrument for measuring clinically important patient relevant outcomes to antirheumatic drug therapy in patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee.

Within the context of a double blind randomized controlled parallel trial of 2 nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, we validated WOMAC, a new multidimensional, self-administered health status instrument for patients with osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. The pain, stiffness and physical function subscales fulfil conventional criteria for face, content and construct validity, reliability, responsiveness and relative efficiency. WOMAC is a disease-specific purpose built high performance instrument for evaluative research in osteoarthritis clinical trials.

Aged↗

PubMed1990

Validation study of skull three-dimensional computerized tomography measurements.

Recent advances in imaging have led to high-resolution computerized tomography (CT) scanning with exquisitely detailed slice images of the skull and three-dimensional (3-D) surface reconstructions using computer software. It is possible to use CT scans to acquire morphologic information about the skull in a convenient digital form and to derive 3-D measurements from surface reconstruction images. Unfortunately, no effort has been made to date to test the validity of these measurements on laboratory specimens, and no compelling evidence is available from phantom studies to indicate the nature and magnitude of the errors inherent in the measurement technique. We have performed a pilot study to quantify the morphology of the skull based on surface features that can be found in CT scans and 3-D reconstructions. Comparative measurements were obtained from five skulls (two normal and three with dysmorphology) with calipers and a 3-D electromagnetic digitizer. These measurements were statistically compared with those based on original CT scan slices and reformatted 3-D images. It is concluded that 3D-CT measurement techniques are superior to those in which measurements are obtained directly from the original CT slices; 3-D CT methods, however, must be significantly improved before measurements based on these techniques can be used in studies that require a high degree of precision. The results are used to indicate the most fruitful areas of future study.

Cephalometry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Application of the "Somatization Index" to a sample of soldiers in obligatory military service. Validation study].

One hundred and eighteen clinical records of soldiers attending the Psychological Unit of the Ospedale Militare "A. Riberi" in Turin were included in the study. Records assessed according to the "Somatization Index" and the scores obtained were analysed using statistical methods (t test) according to the following parameters: geographical origin of the family (North/South); place of residence (southern Italians resident in the South/southern Italians resident in the North, and rural/urban environment); educational level (5th class in primary school/upper secondary school). A substantial overlapping was observed between the groups studied. Various hypotheses can be put forward: 1) the index is not capable of distinguishing between expressiveness in psychic terms and expressiveness in somatic terms in relation to the patient's psychosocial malaise; 2) the results of the index are valid and may be interpreted in the following ways: a) the Italian population is homogeneous with regard to the modes of expressing and communicating psychosocial malaise; b) the results obtained are influenced by the excessive homogeneity of the sample studied in terms of age; c) the results obtained are biased by the strong reactive nature of the soldier's psychological problems with respect to Military Service: the reaction has characteristics of immediacy and should therefore be interpreted as a maladjustment which is experienced and expressed in a psychic context; d) the results are influenced by the name of the place of study ("psychological unit") and by the "civil" appearance of its workers.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Dietary intake of individuals interested in eating a healthy diet: a validated study of intake before and after dietary advice.

The food intake of 37 adult volunteers (12 M, 25 F) interested in eating a healthy diet was measured on two occasions by the 7-day weighed record method. In week 1 subjects consumed their habitual diet and in week 2 attempted to follow dietary recommendations (DR). Intakes were compared with recommended dietary allowances (RDA) and with dietary guidelines (DG). Validation of recorded energy intakes against changes in body weight, and sodium, potassium and nitrogen intakes against urine excretions suggested reliable dietary records in both study weeks. Mean dietary intakes in week 1 met the RDA for all nutrients studied except for energy (which was close) and zinc (in females only). Daily energy intake was 2160 kcal (9.04 MJ) in week 1 and 1810 kcal (7.56 MJ) in week 2, and subjects lost weight during week 2. Absolute intakes of vitamins and minerals were similar in both study weeks, thus increasing nutrient density in week 2 and suggesting improved dietary quality. Mean dietary intakes in week 1 conformed more closely to DG than commonly reported and changed in the direction recommended in week 2. Mean daily intakes in week 1 and week 2 respectively were: fibre, 31 and 34 g; sodium 114 and 90 mmol; Na:K ratio, 1.37 and 1.10; alcohol, 3.3 and 2.3 per cent of total energy; fat, 38.7 and 34.2 per cent of food energy or 37.4 and 33.4 per cent of total energy. Intake of fibre increased with respect to energy but sodium intake per unit energy did not decrease. Energy intake was positively related to sodium, fibre and zinc intakes and influenced ease of conformity to DR for these nutrients. It is concluded that our motivated subjects were able to make short-term dietary changes consistent with DR. Whether or not these changes continue in the long term is the subject of a follow-up study.

Adult↗

PubMed1977

A validational study of the WIST as a group-administered instrument for assessment of schizophrenic thinking.

The objective assessment of thought disorder in schizophrenia is problemmatic in clinical psychology. Recently an individually administered instrument (WIST) was introduced as a brief, objective, and quantitative measure of schizophrenic thought processes. Possible shortcomings of the WIST are noted; experimental findings that concern extension to group testing conditions, convergent validity with another self-report measure of schizophrenia, and discriminant validity from intellectual level are presented.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Non-invasive Doppler-derived cardiac output: a validation study comparing this technique with thermodilution and Fick methods.

The high mortality and morbidity related to cardiac events remains a considerable problem in vascular surgery. Predicting high risk patients is difficult except perhaps by coronary angiography which is invasive, costly and impractical. It would be useful to have a technique which could easily measure cardiac output and stratify cardiac risk in patients needing vascular surgery. Doppler-derived cardiac output may be such a technique. It offers considerable advantages over Swan-Ganz thermodilution measurement in that it is non-invasive, continuous, inexpensive, and requires only limited technical skill and training. In order to assess and validate a Doppler cardiac output monitor (ACCUCOM 2, Datascope Medical Co. Ltd.), we undertook a prospective study comparing Doppler-derived measurements with those obtained by thermodilution and Fick methods. Twelve patients undergoing elective coronary angiography were studied. Swan-Ganz thermodilution catheters were inserted on completion of cardiac catheterisation and five consecutive thermodilution and Doppler measurements made in each patient. Oxygen saturation from pulmonary artery and aortic blood samples, and a single indirect Fick cardiac output, were calculated. Linear regression analysis for Doppler against thermodilution gave a correlation co-efficient (r) of 0.81 (p less than 0.002), and (r) for Doppler against the Fick method was 0.76 (p less than 0.02). Bland and Altman's statistical method showed the differences to be normally distributed. The mean difference (thermodilution minus Doppler) was 0.32 l/min SD 0.48 l/min, 95% confidence limits -0.64 to +1.28 l/min. Doppler-derived cardiac output compares well with traditional methods of measurement and may be a useful tool in the assessment and monitoring of the high risk vascular patient.

Adult↗

PubMed1991

Social factors and minor psychiatric disorder in middle-aged men: a validation study and a population survey.

A cross-sectional survey of minor psychiatric disorder is reported in a representative community sample of 2204 men between the ages of 45 years and 64 years living in Caerphilly, South Wales. Minor psychiatric disorder was measured by the 30-item General Health Questionnaire and validated by the Clinical Interview Schedule in a consecutive sample of 97 men, weighted to provide one-third cases, two-thirds non-cases. A case threshold of 4/5 on the General Health Questionnaire was chosen on the basis of 'ROC' analysis. An overall estimated 'true' prevalence rate for minor psychiatric disorder of 22.0% was found, with 22.3% of men scoring 5 or more on the General Health Questionnaire. Rates of minor psychiatric disorder were higher in widowed and divorced men than in married men but were also, unexpectedly, lower in single as opposed to married men. There was no social-class gradient in minor psychiatric morbidity but a lower rate in Social Class III NM may be largely explained by lower unemployment rates. There were markedly higher rates of minor psychiatric morbidity in unemployed men and those who retired ill. Men with no available social contacts had higher rates of morbidity than men with some or high social contacts.

Cross-Sectional Studies↗

PubMed1986

Upper extremity function in hemiplegia. A cross-validation study of two assessment methods.

The methods devised by DeSouza et al. and by Fugl-Meyer et al. for description of upper extremity function after stroke were compared by parallel assessments in a consecutive series of 50 patients with hemimotor deficit. Very close positive associations between both methods indicated a high degree of cross-validity. As both methods appear to be externally valid, have good inter-rater reliability and as the time needed for assessing the arm function of a hemiplegic or hemiparetic patient rarely exceeds 10 min, it appears that the two methods possess about equal descriptive power.

Arm↗

PubMed1985

Validation study of the New York State Optometric Association (NYSOA) Vision Screening Battery.

The New York State Optometric Association (NYSOA) Vision Screening Battery was administered to 1983 grade school children. Complete visual examinations were performed on 125 children. A consensus method for determining a diagnosis was developed and a double-blind paradigm was used to validate the screening battery. The sensitivity was found to be 71.7% and the specificity to be 65%. When compared to the Snellen test, the NYSOA battery is far more sensitive. The Snellen test is 100% specific but misses 75.5% of the children found to have vision problems when given a complete visual examination.

Child↗

PubMed2026

An individualized nomogram for predicting progression-free survival in systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma: a multicenter, retrospective, and internally validated study.

OBJECTIVES: To develop an individualized nomogram for predicting disease progression risk in systemic anaplastic large cell lymphoma (sALCL). METHODS: Independent predictors of progression-free survival (PFS) were identified using Cox regression in a multicenter retrospective cohort of 109 sALCL patients (2010-2022). These were incorporated into a three-factor nomogram, evaluated via bootstrapped internal validation (1000 resamples), ROC analysis, C-index, decision curve analysis (DCA), and clinical impact curve (CIC). RESULTS: A total of 29 PFS events occurred during a median follow-up of 31 months. Multivariable modelling selected serum β2-microglobulin elevation, extranodal disease, and front-line chemotherapy choice (CHOP versus CHOPE or BV+CHP) as autonomous progression drivers. Upon internal bootstrap validation, the nomogram yielded strong prognostic accuracy, achieving AUCs of 0.81, 0.85 and 0.87 for 1-, 3- and 5-year progression-free survival, alongside a corrected C-index of 0.779 (95% CI: 0.699 - 0.861). Calibration plots showed close agreement between predicted and observed outcomes, while DCA confirmed superior net clinical benefit versus conventional IPI or Ann Arbor stratification across multiple decision thresholds. CONCLUSION: This first sALCL-specific nomogram integrates clinical and treatment variables to provide personalized PFS risk estimation. While internally validated, this exploratory, observation-based tool requires external validation and recalibration in prospective cohorts before clinical implementation.

Humans↗