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PubMed1986

Self-injury and its relationship to diagnostic schemes in psychopathology.

It is argued that self-injury should be conceptualized within accepted diagnostic schemes prevalent in the United States and abroad. This approach is viewed as having several benefits including better and more clearly emphasizing to practitioners the nature of the problem by inclusion in DSM III and related diagnostic systems that are readily available in applied settings. It is believed that encorporating self-injury more clearly as a diagnostic entity would also have the result of further legitimizing it for reimbursement by third party payers who routinely use DSM III categories. Additional issues pertaining to the relationship of self-injury to diagnosis are discussed.

Compulsive Behavior↗
PubMed1986

Simulation of gambling responses on the Addiction Research Center Inventory.

The present study investigated possible commonalities between compulsive gambling and abuse of psychoactive drugs. Nineteen volunteers with histories of compulsive gambling were tested twice using the Addiction Research Center Inventory (ARCI): Once answering items as they felt at the time of the test, the other time simulating how they felt while winning at gambling. The main findings were that, as measured on the ARCI, "simulated winning at gambling" produced a euphoria similar to the euphoria induced by the psychoactive drugs of abuse, particularly psychomotor stimulants; secondly, that as a group, the pathological gamblers, demonstrated elevated psychopathy scale scores similar to psychopathy scores found among persons with histories of drug dependence.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

Infantile autism: a dysfunction of the opioids?

We postulate that infantile autism may be caused by a disorder of the endogenous opioid system. Evidence is provided linking the features of this condition with opiatergic dysfunction.

Attention↗
PubMed1995

Felonious sex crime: the possibility of unilateral cerebral irradiation for the offenders.

Some felonious sex crimes might result from compulsions that the perpetrator finds impossible to control. Under judicial systems derived from British law, the court should be extraordinarily careful in mandating any medical procedure. However, if a rapist or child molester voluntarily asks a physician for help, then medical ethics might allow destruction of part of the patient's brain for the purpose of controlling compulsive behaviour. The part of the human brain primarily associated with volition might be near the anterior cingulate sulcus. Could unilateral irradiation of an area near the anterior cingulate sulcus partially destroy the patient's volition? By leaving intact the patient's will based on language and by partially destroying the patient's will based on intuition, could the physician diminish the patient's will to commit felonious sex crimes? Would some patients reject chemical castration but accept unilateral irradiation of an area near the anterior cingulate sulcus?

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The ambulatory treatment of noncompulsive users of psychoactive substances.

This paper presents the experience of "La Casa" Programme, a center of the University of Los Andes (Bogotá, Colombia) aimed at prevention, treatment, and research in the fields of drug addiction and AIDS. The multimodal strategy at "La Casa", ambulatory and almost free of charge, has constituted a unique approach in Colombia. The country has a heavy and specific drug consumption problem: in the last ten years the number of regular consumers of a mixture of alcohol, coca paste ("basuco")/cocaine and marihuana has increased to almost 500,000 people; state facilities and human resources are scarce, thus the importance of an appropriate use of them and search for alternatives.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Predicting the onset of compulsive drinking in alcoholics: a biopsychosocial model.

An attempt is made to develop a formal quantitative model for predicting the conditions under which compulsive drinking will appear in alcoholics. Biological variables are represented by phenomenological concepts as are psychological and social variables. The usefulness of the model in resolving apparent conflict among concepts and empirical findings is explored. Limitations of the model are examined as are further necessary extensions of it in terms of alcoholic subgroups and multiple biopsychosocial models.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1993

AIDS anxieties of adolescents: determinants of "state" and "trait" anxiety dimensions in a linear structural model.

This study presents the effects of general psychologic characteristics on acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) anxieties and sexual behaviour of adolescents. To this end, data were collected in a complex interview and subsequently subjected to a linear structural model analysis. The questioned adolescents were divided into one representative group (n = 256) and a second group who had participated in a voluntary human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody test (n = 45). AIDS anxieties have to be divided into two independent dimensions: first, a relatively stable feeling of AIDS anxiety (trait anxiety) and second, a manifest personal anxiety toward AIDS experienced in a concrete situation (state anxiety). A principal component analysis of the primary data brought forth four variables described as depression/general anxiety, extent of phobic anxieties, compulsion, and tendency to self-consciousness. The present study reveals that the AIDS trait anxiety is more pronounced among those subjects who are not well informed about AIDS, who tend to phobic anxieties, and who observe themselves in a particularly intensive manner. The AIDS state anxiety however, is stronger among subjects who are well informed about AIDS, have sexual experience, and observe themselves intensively. Among the participants who took part in the HIV test, there were more individuals with a higher manifest AIDS anxiety and stronger tendency to depression. The percentage of adolescents who were indeed exposed to a possible risk of getting infected was relatively low. Generally speaking, those young people who are depressed, anxious, and sexually active agreed more easily to take the test than young people with a pronounced phobia toward the risk of infection and less sexual experience. As a conclusion, we can state that those adolescents with less sexual experience tend to externalize their general sexual anxieties in the form of concrete AIDS anxieties.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed2004

Naltrexone and brief counseling to reduce heavy drinking in hazardous drinkers.

The present study examined the utility of daily naltrexone for decreasing alcohol drinking in hazardous drinkers. Forty-one participants participated in a 10-week trial and received 30 min of brief counseling on the first and second week of treatment, as well as a daily dose of 50 mg of naltrexone throughout the trial. Overall, naltrexone-treated participants did not show the same degree of improvement on drinking outcomes as placebo-treated participants. The placebo group drank fewer drinks per drinking day and achieved more abstinence days than the naltrexone group. Craving was also lower for the placebo group. The groups were not balanced on gender or family history of alcoholism and this may explain the lack of effect of naltrexone on the drinking outcomes.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

Explaining the link between violence perpetration, victimization and drug use.

This study examined relationships between illegal and legal drug use and violence perpetration and victimization as well as possible mediators of these relationships. Subjects were continuation high school students followed prospectively over 5 years. Results indicated that illegal drug use predicted violence and victimization 5 years later and that earlier victimization was also associated with later illegal drug use. A measure intending to tap a psychopharmacological effects system, consistent with its definition in [Goldstein, P. J. (1985). The drugs/violence nexus: A tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues, 15(4), 493-506] tripartite model, was found to mediate the relationships between illegal drug use and victimization and violence. Results suggest that violence and victimization prevention efforts may benefit by addressing the psychopharmacological effects of adolescent illegal drug use.

Adolescent↗