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At least 1,081 records · Page 60Linked to original sources
PubMed1995

Evaluation of integrated night vision goggle (NVG) helmets under sustained +Gz.

Three integrated night vision goggle (NVG) helmets from different manufacturers were evaluated under high-G conditions. Structural and operational integrity, as well as neck forces in pounds, were determined via instrumented manikin testing before human exposure with the helmets during sustained +Gz. Results of the manikin testing showed that the helmets could withstand the rigors of high-G, and that predicted forces (using helmet weights and centers-of-gravity) matched those obtained experimentally from load cells in the x-axis of the manikin's neck. After manikin testing, 10 subjects were randomly exposed to four different high-G profiles on the Dynamic Environmental Simulator (DES) man-rated centrifuge located at Wright-Patterson AFB, OH: gradual onset to +8 Gz, a simulated aerial combat maneuver (SACM) profile, and two +4 Gz profiles, one with the mask dangling from the helmet and the other with the mask removed. Fit assessments were conducted before high-G exposure, and one helmet was affected significantly by failure of fit. The degree of migration of the NVG intensified image away from the eyes was affected most by the following helmet characteristics: design of the nape strap, size of the NVG image provided by each helmet system, goodness of helmet fit, and the use of the mask as a stabilizer. Although neck strength of each subject was measured and compared to the degree of head stability while wearing each helmet, no effects were found. However, subjects were not allowed to perform fast, high-amplitude head movements in the centrifuge for safety reasons.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Measurement of night vision goggle (NVG) visual acuity with the NVG resolution chart.

Night vision goggles (NVG) operations are characterized as stressful with high task loading. Any reduction in goggle or visual performance which goes undetected can have a serious effect on flight safety and operational capability. The NVG Test Lane, with its resolution chart, provides an effective cost-efficient method for aircrew members to quickly evaluate the correct positioning and focusing of their NVG's prior to each mission. This evaluation validated the ability of the NVG resolution chart to produce the same performance results as a more detailed psychophysical procedure. NVG visual acuity was measured for five subjects (four pilots and one non-pilot) with two different night vision goggles. The results supported that there is no statistical difference between the results obtained with the individual target format and the 3 x 3 format. Additionally, the pilots with current NVG experience were able to obtain a significantly better acuity level than were those without current NVG experience.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Safe handling of antineoplastic drugs. Results of a survey.

As research continues to highlight the risks involved in handling antineoplastic drugs, the health services are giving increased attention to safety measures. In order to establish what protective measures nursing staff employ and what they know about antineoplastic drugs, a survey was carried out in The Netherlands. The questions were based on the self-study modules by Dunne and the (American) Oncology Nursing Society. A total of 1,373 questionnaires were distributed in 10 hospitals. Of these, 824 were returned, which represents a response rate of 60%. Over two-thirds (68%) of the nursing staff reported that they were involved, on a daily or weekly basis, in caring for patients being treated with antineoplastic drugs. In the view of 94% of the nurses, protective measures are effective. While administering antineoplastic drugs, 91% of the respondents said that they wore gloves, 21% said that they wore a gown, 18% wore a mask, and 3% used goggles. While handling excreta, fewer nurses applied safety measures. Thirty-nine percent of the respondents knew that latex gloves offer a greater degree of protection than PVC gloves. It appeared that there was not one Dutch hospital whose guidelines for the safe handling of antineoplastic material were completely up-to-date and that nurses do not always follow the guidelines established.

Antineoplastic Agents↗
PubMed1994

[Radiation burden in diagnostic and therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP)].

UNLABELLED: The increasing expansion of diagnostic and, in particular, of therapeutic ERCP calls for greater consideration of the radiation dose to which the investigator and assistant personal are exposed and emphasizes the question of additional radiation protection measures such as leadshielded glasses and thyroid protection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Local radiation doses were measured in 19 ERCP sessions at head level of the endoscopist, assistant staff and the radiologist, respectively. The fluoroscopic time, the area dose product (ADP) and the measuring height were recorded. A quotient based on the measured local dose and the ADP was formed which includes all variables having an effect on the scattered radiation. Using this quotient and the known ADP-values radiation exposure levels were mapped over a period of three months and then extrapolated to obtain the annual dose. RESULTS: Not only the FT, but also the ADP, the measuring height, and the source-image-distance (SID) are found to influence the magnitude of the radiation dose to which the investigator and his assistants are exposed at head level. For an assumed rate of 1200 ERCPs per year a median radiation at head level of 16.5 mSv/a is calculated for the investigator, and a corresponding head-level dose of 5.5 mSv/a for the assistants. This shows that the eye dose to which the investigator (and his assistants) are exposed amounts to 10% (5%) and the thyroid dose to 5% (1.5%) of the legally prescribed limit dose. If fewer ERCPs are performed, or if the investigations are divided up among several doctors and assistants, radiation exposure is reduced accordingly. CONCLUSIONS: Under the prevailing investigation conditions additional radiation protection measures such as leadshielded safety glasses or thyroid protection do not appear necessary.

Body Burden↗
PubMed1994

The effect of test chart design and human factors on visual performance with night vision goggles.

In an effort to increase flight safety, it is imperative to learn as much as possible about the man-goggle interrelationship. This study was undertaken to see if type of goggle or other covariates might affect visual acuity (VA). We tested the VA of 103 aircrew with both the AN/PVS-5 and Aviator's Night Vision Imaging System (ANVIS) goggles using a Snellen vision testing chart and the new Night Vision Goggle (NVG) Resolution (Grid Type) Chart. Average VA's using ANVIS (Snellen = 20/38, Grid = 20/45) were significantly better (p < 0.01) than VA's using AN/PVS-5 (Snellen = 20/54, Grid = 20/58). Snellen VA's were better on average than Grid VA's (p < 0.001). Neither age, gender, nor NVG experience affected average VA at the 0.05 level. Average VA was significantly better (p < 0.05) for non-spectacle wearers using ANVIS goggles and for non-smokers using AN/PVS-5 goggles. Visual acuity is better with ANVIS than with AN/PVS-5 goggles, and may be affected somewhat by wearing spectacles, and by smoking.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Compliance with safety glasses wear in monocular children.

1. To evaluate compliance with safety glasses wear in these children, we reviewed the charts of all children (< 21 years old) treated with enucleation and followed at the University of Iowa by the Pediatric Ophthalmology Service between 1962 and 1991. 2. Fifteen of the 33 respondents reported at least one potentially serious accident in which the safety glasses had protected the good eye. 3. Compliance with safety glasses wear appears to be good in this population and may prevent injury to the remaining eye. We recommend prescribing polycarbonate safety glasses for all monocular and functionally monocular children regardless of refractive error or gender.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A one-year review of the Eye Injury Registry of Indiana.

In the first year of operation, the Eye Injury Registry of Indiana collected data on 171 severe eye injuries and categorized them according to the circumstances of the injury, severity of tissue disruption and visual function. Many preventable causes of injury were documented. By understanding the contributors of accidental injury, prevention strategies can be implemented. This collaborative project should continue to provide useful information specific to Indiana concerning the root causes of eye injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Pseudophakic erythropsia.

BACKGROUND: Erythropsia is a temporary distortion of color vision where objects take on an abnormal reddish hue. Several drugs and disease conditions are associated with this acquired color anomaly. The following case reports identify one of these predisposing factors-pseudophakia. METHODS: Two pseudophakic adult white males were examined on separate occasions following complaints of transient reddening of vision after being outdoors. One patient was a monocular pseudophake with a posterior chamber intraocular lens, while the other had bilateral anterior chamber implants. None of the intraocular lens implants involved were ultraviolet-absorbing. RESULTS: Both patients were diagnosed with pseudophakic erythropsia. They were reassured and monitored routinely. At subsequent follow-up visits no recurrence of the symptoms was reported. CONCLUSIONS: The mechanism of pseudophakic erythropsia remains obscure, but its association with exposure to high levels of ultraviolet light is well documented. While generally benign, its appearance may be disconcerting to the patient, and the use of additional ultraviolet protection can be recommended.

Aged↗
PubMed1994

Aircrew laser eye protection: visual consequences and mission performance.

Battlefield laser proliferation poses a mounting risk to aircrew and ground personnel. Laser eye protection (LEP) based on current mature, mass-producible technologies absorbs visible light and can impact visual performance and color identification. These visual consequences account for many of the mission incompatibilities associated with LEP. Laboratory experiments and field investigations that examined the effects of LEP on visual performance and mission compatibility are reviewed. Laboratory experiments assessed the ability of subjects to correctly read and identify the color of head-down display symbology and tactical pilotage charts (TPC's) with three prototype LEP visors. Field investigations included Weapons Systems Trainer (WST), ground, and flight tests of the LEP visors. Recommendations for modifying aviation lighting systems to improve LEP compatibility are proposed. Issues concerning flight safety when using LEP during air operation are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Ocular side effects of PUVA-treated patients refusing eye sun protection.

We have investigated short- and long-term ocular side effects of psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) therapy in 82 patients who refused to wear UVA blocking sunglasses after the treatments. They had received 321.7 +/- 328.8 J/cm2 of UVA in 148.8 +/- 113.9 exposures over 2-4 years. Results were compared with findings obtained in 749 patients who shielded their eyes. They received 402.6 +/- 302.2. J/cm2 of UVA in 167.8 +/- 136.9 treatments over 2-6 years. 20 patients refusing eye sun protection developed conjunctival hyperemia and 21 patients decreased lacrimation. Among patients who adequately protected the eyes, we observed 5 cases of conjunctival hyperemia and 1 case of decreased lacrimation. Lens opacities did not develop in any patient. Adequate eye sun-protection is thus needed to avoid acute toxicity of cornea and conjunctiva but lens opacities do not appear to be a side effect of long-term PUVA-therapy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Bicycle safety equipment.

It is important for the physician to understand bicycle safety equipment in order to prevent and treat bicycle-related injuries effectively. The physician should understand (1) the basic design and function of bicycles, (2) the relationship of improper bicycle fit to injuries, (3) the potential of the various forms of serious riding and racing for injury, and (4) bicycle safety equipment and the standards involved in its fit, manufacture, and care. A decision to use bicycle safety equipment is a decision to control the risk of injury. Physicians should accept a share of the responsibility for decreasing bicycling-related injuries, because they are viewed by the public as credible sources of information regarding the prevention of accidents and injuries.

Bicycling↗
PubMed1994

Compromises in the visual field with the M43 aviation mask.

This study evaluated peripheral vision through the M43 protective mask currently worn by aviators in the AH-64 Apache helicopter. A Humphrey Visual Field Analyzer was used to measure the sensitivity of a subject's visual field with and without the mask. The results were analyzed using Dicon's Fieldview software. The monocular visual field was reduced for each eye when wearing the mask, especially superiorly and nasally. The overall size of the visual field was not reduced when both eyes were open; however, the quality of the visual field was reduced. The area of binocular vision (central binocular vision fusion field subserving stereopsis) was restricted to the central 30 degrees.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Laser safety eyewear.

In spite of repeated warnings about laser safety practices, as well as the availability of laser safety eyewear (LSE), eye injuries continue to occur during use of surgical lasers, as discussed in the Clinical Perspective, "Laser Energy and Its Dangers to Eyes," preceding this Evaluation. We evaluated 48 models of LSE, including goggles, spectacles, and wraps, from 11 manufacturers. The evaluated models are designed with absorptive lenses that provide protection from CO2 (carbon dioxide), Nd:YAG (neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet), and 532 (frequency-doubled Nd:YAG) surgical laser wavelengths; several models provide multiwavelength protection. (Refer to ECRI's Product Comparison System report on LSE for specifications of other models.) Although most of the evaluated models can adequately protect users from laser energy--provided that the eyewear is used--many models of LSE, especially goggles, are designed with little regard for the needs of actual use (e.g., adequate labeling, no alteration of color perception, sufficient field of vision [FOV], comfort). Because these factors can discourage people from using LSE, we encourage manufacturers to develop new and improved models that will be worn. We based our ratings primarily on the laser protection provided by the optical density (OD) of the lenses; we acknowledge the contribution of Montana Laser Optics Inc., of Bozeman, Montana, in performing our OD testing. We also considered actual-use factors, such as those mentioned above, to be significant. Among the models rated Acceptable is one whose labeled OD is lower than the level we determined to be adequate for use during most laser surgery; however, this model offers protection under specific conditions of use (e.g., for use by spectators some distance from the surgical site, for use during endoscopic procedures) that should be determined by the laser safety officer (LSO). LSE that would put the wearer at risk are rated Unacceptable (e.g., some models are not properly or clearly labeled, have measured ODs that are not adequate for protection, or significantly restrict the wearer's FOV); also, LSE with side shields that do not offer adequate protection from diffuse laser energy are rated Unacceptable. Those models that offer adequate protection for surgical applications, but whose measured OD is less than their labeled OD, are rated Acceptable--Not Recommended; if the discrepancy is great, they are rated Unacceptable. Those models whose labels were removed during cleaning are rated Conditionally Acceptable.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Equipment Design↗