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PubMed1985

Regional function and perfusion at the lateral border of ischemic myocardium.

To determine whether function is depressed in areas of myocardium adjacent to an area of myocardial ischemia, 16 open-chest dogs were studied with both two-dimensional echocardiography and ultrasonic microcrystals. Regional myocardial blood flow was measured with radioactive microspheres during control periods and after coronary arterial ligation. Segments of myocardium adjacent to the area of ischemia were found to have no significant change in transmural blood flow (1.02 +/- 0.38 ml/g/min control vs 0.95 +/- 0.3 ml/g/min after ligation) or subendocardial flow (1.18 +/- 0.41 ml/g/min control vs. 1.19 +/- 0.37 ml/g/min after ligation). Regional function assessed echocardiographically as percent change in segment area was significantly depressed in these normally perfused adjacent areas (69.5 +/- 18.8% control vs 52.5 +/- 19.8% after ligation; p less than .01). There was a significant relationship between proximity to border of infarction and degree of adjacent dysfunction (r = .50, p less than .01 for echocardiography; r = .70, p less than .01 for ultrasonic microcrystals). It is concluded that systolic performance is depressed in nonischemic myocardium directly adjacent to the lateral border of an area of acute myocardial ischemia.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Laterality and school achievement: interactions between familial handedness and assessed laterality.

179 8- to 12-yr.-old children received hand-preference, eye-preference, dichotic (digits and nonverbal sounds) tests, and the Wide Range Achievement Test. These data and those from previous studies suggest that brain organization for receptive language laterality can be predicted by familial handedness in conjunction with assessed hand-eye preference. A model of optimum functional ear laterality patterns within a given brain organization is advanced. For example, the "typical" pattern of a right-ear (left-hemisphere) advantage for verbal stimuli was associated with high achievement scores only for right-handed individuals with a family history of dextrality.

Achievement↗
PubMed1999

Functional MRI and the Wada test provide complementary information for predicting post-operative seizure control.

Prediction of post-surgical seizure relief and potential cognitive deficits secondary to anterior temporal lobectomy (ATL) are important to pre-surgical planning. Although the intracarotid amobarbital test (IAT) is predictive of post-ATL seizure outcome, development of non-invasive and more precise means for determining post-ATL seizure relief are needed. We previously reported on a technique utilizing functional MRI (fMRI) to evaluate the relative functional adequacy of mesial temporal lobe structures in preparation for ATL. In the present study, we report follow-up outcome data on eight temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients 1-year post-ATL who were evaluated pre-surgically using IAT and fMRI. Functional memory lateralization using fMRI predicted post-ATL seizure outcome as effectively as the IAT. In general, asymmetry of functional mTL activation favouring the non-epileptic hemisphere was associated with seizure-free status at 1-year follow-up. Moreover, when combined, fMRI and IAT provided complementary data that resulted in improved prediction of post-operative seizure control compared with either procedure alone.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Fitting a bilateral transhumeral amputee with utensil prostheses and their functional assessment 10 years later: a case report.

Traumatic transhumeral amputations resulting from electric burn injury are uncommon and present a significant rehabilitation challenge. Compensating for loss of fine, coordinated function of the upper extremities with prostheses is difficult medically, technologically, psychologically, and socially. We followed up a patient with traumatic bilateral transhumeral amputation who was fitted with specially designed bilateral low-temperature utensil prostheses for 10 years. A bilateral utensil prosthesis consists of 2 thermoplastic sockets, an elastic harness, 2 utensil holders, and several different utensils. The characteristics of utensil prostheses are low cost, quick fabrication, and responsiveness to a patient's needs. Ten years after the patient's first prosthesis fitting, he still used these specially designed prostheses. By using these devices and his feet, the patient has regained independence in most activities of daily living and gained a new working skill.

Activities of Daily Living↗
PubMed2001

Cognitive function in adolescents and young adults in complete remission from benign childhood epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes.

Benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is a frequent, benign childhood epilepsy with a good prognosis. However, neuropsychological deficits have been reported during its active phase. In this study, we evaluate the long-term neuropsychological consequences of this reputedly benign epilepsy, particularly the relation between paroxysmal abnormalities and cerebral language lateralization. The neuropsychological outcomes concerning both overall cognitive and lateral hemispheric functions were studied in twenty-three adolescents and young adults in total recovery from BECTS, in thirty-three controls without any significant past neurological history and in ten adolescents and young adults with complete resolution of generalized idiopathic epilepsy (childhood absence epilepsy or CAE). Language lateralization was evaluated using classical neuropsychological procedures (dichotic listening tasks, dual-task procedure). No difference was seen in the three populations with respect to overall cognitive function: memory, language and the executive functions. Although the Performance IQ was lower in patients in remission from CAE, the results were within normal limits. However, qualitative analysis of the dual-task procedure suggested a different organizational pattern for cerebral language in adolescents and young adults in remission from BECTS as compared to controls and patients in remission from CAE. The different organization in cerebral pattern in BECTS patients appeared to be related to the initial epileptic focus as determined by the EEG and/or the sleep-recording. We discuss the relationship between the presence of paroxysmal anomalies in childhood and subtle functional lateralized hemispheric abnormalities in adulthood.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Metal binding characteristics of a laterally nonsymmetric aza cryptand upon functionalization with a pi-acceptor group.

The laterally nonsymmetric aza cryptand synthesized by condensing tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) with tris[[2-(3-(oxomethyl)phenyl)oxy]ethyl]amine readily forms mononuclear inclusion complexes with both transition and main-group metal ions. In these complexes, the metal ion occupies the tren-end of the cavity making bonds with the three secondary amino and the bridgehead N atoms. When a strong pi-acceptor group such as 2,4-dinitrobenzene is attached to one of the secondary amines, the binding property of the cryptand changes drastically. When perchlorate or tetrafluoroborate salts of Ni(II), Cu(II), Zn(II), or Cd(II) are used, the metal ion enters the cavity which can be monitored by the hypsochromic shift of the intramolecular charge-transfer transition from the donor amino N atom to the acceptor dinitrobenzene. However, in the presence of coordinating ions such as Cl(-), N(3)(-), and SCN(-), the metal ion comes out of the cavity and binds the cryptand outside the cavity at a site away from the dinitrobenzene moiety. Four such complexes are characterized by X-ray crystallography. Thus, a metal ion can translocate between inside and outside of the cryptand cavity depending upon the nature of the counter anion.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Abnormalities in the sensory action potential in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Sensory function in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is thought to be normal; however, there is convincing morphologic evidence that sensory systems are affected in addition to motor systems. In this study, compound sensory action potentials were recorded with near nerve electrodes from 18 patients with ALS. Up to 1024 responses were averaged at high gain to determine minimum conduction velocity; that is, the conduction velocity of the slowest conducting component of the sensory action potential. Nine of 18 patients had abnormally reduced minimum conduction velocity, even when peak-to-peak amplitude and maximum conduction velocity (calculated from the latency to the initial positive peak) were normal. Only 3 of 18 patients showed abnormalities in peak-to-peak amplitude. Thus, subtle abnormalities in the sensory action potential can be detected in many patients with ALS.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed2002

Functional Anatomy, Pathomechanics, and Pathophysiology of Lateral Ankle Instability.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the functional anatomy of the ankle complex as it relates to lateral ankle instability and to describe the pathomechanics and pathophysiology of acute lateral ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability. DATA SOURCES: I searched MEDLINE (1985-2001) and CINAHL (1982-2001) using the key words ankle sprain and ankle instability. DATA SYNTHESIS: Lateral ankle sprains are among the most common injuries incurred during sports participation. The ankle functions as a complex with contributions from the talocrural, subtalar, and inferior tibiofibular joints. Each of these joints must be considered in the pathomechanics and pathophysiology of lateral ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability. Lateral ankle sprains typically occur when the rearfoot undergoes excessive supination on an externally rotated lower leg. Recurrent ankle sprain is extremely common; in fact, the most common predisposition to suffering a sprain is the history of having suffered a previous ankle sprain. Chronic ankle instability may be due to mechanical instability, functional instability, or most likely, a combination of these 2 phenomena. Mechanical instability may be due to specific insufficiencies such as pathologic laxity, arthrokinematic changes, synovial irritation, or degenerative changes. Functional instability is caused by insufficiencies in proprioception and neuromuscular control. CONCLUSIONS/RECOMMENDATIONS: Lateral ankle sprains are often inadequately treated, resulting in frequent recurrence of ankle sprains. Appreciation of the complex anatomy and mechanics of the ankle joint and the pathomechanics and pathophysiology related to acute and chronic ankle instability is integral to the process of effectively evaluating and treating ankle injuries.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2002

Contributions of subregions of the prefrontal cortex to working memory: evidence from brain lesions in humans.

We investigated working memory in patients with focal brain damage involving subregions of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Lesions in the dorsal portion of lateral PFC or the ventromedial portion of orbital PFC did not impair performance in tasks that required maintenance and monitoring of object or spatial information. Larger lesions involving both ventral and dorsal parts of the lateral PFC impaired maintenance and monitoring of spatial and object information, with more severe deficits observed in the spatial tasks. The results support a distributed localization of function in lateral PFC during working memory.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Computed tomographic study of children with classic autism.

Computed tomographic (CT) scans were obtained for nine autistic boys aged between 9 and 16 years. All were considered to have classic childhood autism of unequivocal diagnosis, with symptoms present from infancy, and were functioning in the borderline or normal level of intelligence. They had performed poorly on tests purported to measure left hemispheric functions. There was no sign of abnormality of any kind on the CT scans or any asymmetry that might be related to lateralized cognitive functions. It is suggested that earlier reported abnormalities are a function of the inclusion of patients with a heterogeneous collection of disorders in the tested sample.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Functional MRI and Wada determination of language lateralization: a case of crossed dominance.

The Wada test has historically been the conventional procedure for determining language lateralization before neurosurgery. However, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) offers a less invasive alternative to the Wada procedure. Research indicates that the two techniques used together may provide comparable, and sometimes complementary, information that results in improved prediction of postsurgical language ability. We present a case in which use of fMRI in conjunction with Wada testing provided complementary information about language lateralization before neurosurgical resection of a mesial temporal subependymoma for seizure control in a patient with schizencephaly.

Brain Neoplasms↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Functional MR of frontal lobe activation: comparison with Wada language results.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to determine the utility of functional MR imaging in conjunction with a word-generation paradigm in the assessment of language lateralization. METHODS: Functional MR imaging and Wada testing for language lateralization was performed in patients with complex partial seizures during the performance of word-generation tasks. A language lateralization quotient was calculated from the number of activated pixels in the right and left hemispheres. A language laterality score was derived from the Wada results as the percentage of correct responses during right internal carotid artery injection minus the percentage of correct responses during left internal carotid injection. A correlation coefficient between the functional MR imaging results and the Wada language laterality scores was calculated. RESULTS: In 13 patients, hemispheric dominance based on Wada testing was confirmed by functional MR imaging during silent word generation. The Wada laterality scores varied from 100 to -100 and the functional MR imaging scores varied from 100 to -10. The language lateralization scores determined by functional MR imaging correlated significantly with the language lateralization scores derived from Wada testing. CONCLUSION: Functional MR imaging performed during word generation is an accurate method for lateralizing language function in patients with complex partial epilepsy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Diminished auditory mismatch fields in dyslexic adults.

Electroencephalographic studies have demonstrated smaller auditory responses to infrequent deviances of speech and nonspeech sounds in dyslexic than normal-reading subjects. We used a whole-scalp neuromagnetometer to study selectively reactivity of the auditory cortices to sound deviances in 8 dyslexic and 11 normal-reading adults. Within a monotonous sequence of 50-millisecond 1000 Hz binaural tones, tones of 920 and 1080 Hz occurred with 7% probability each. Magnetic mismatch fields, elicited by the stimulus deviances, were diminished in the left hemisphere of the dyslexic subjects. The results indicate deficient change detection in the left auditory cortex of right-handed dyslexic adults.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

The neural system that mediates familiarity memory.

In recognition memory tests, feelings of familiarity for stimuli vary in strength. Increasing levels of felt familiarity should modulate activity in brain structures that mediate familiarity memory. We used this expectation to identify the neural system that underlies scene familiarity memory. Normal subjects studied pictures of scenes and 2 days later while undergoing event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) rated old and new pictures as novel, slightly familiar, moderately familiar, very familiar, or recollected, although they were specifically instructed not to try and recollect. Familiarity strength was, therefore, judged as absent (misses) or present at three levels of increasing strength. A parametric analysis showed that, as perceived strength of familiarity increased activity in the perirhinal cortex, insula and left superior temporal cortex declined linearly whereas activity in the left dorsomedial thalamus, left ventrolateral and anteromedial frontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, and left parietal neocortex increased linearly. Hippocampal activity was not modulated linearly or quadratically by changes in familiarity strength. Recollection activated the hippocampus, and left anterior and inferolateral frontal and parietal cortices more than strong familiarity. In contrast, no brain region that was unaffected by recollection (relative to misses and correct rejections) was modulated by variations in familiarity strength. The implications of these findings for the functional and neural bases of familiarity and recollection are considered.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

F-waves in neurogenic atrophy.

F-waves were determined in the peroneal nerves of 17 normal subjects, 11 amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients, and 13 patients with other disorders causing neurogenic atrophy (NA) in extensor digitorum brevis muscle. F-waves were examined with regard to latency and waveform. Latency was increased above normal for both ALS and NA patients (P less than 0.024 and P less than 0.003, respectively). In normal subjects, the mean number of repeated responses (same latency and waveform) was 1.9 (r = 1.0-5.0), where 1.0 corresponds to no repeated response. In ALS patients, repeated responses were 2.9 (r = 1.2-7.8), which is not significantly different from normal (P less than 0.099). In NA patients, repeated responses were 6.5 (r = 1.6-23), which is significantly above normal (P less than 0.041). A dominant waveform occurred in 21.5% (mean) of responses in normal subjects (r = 4%-58%). In ALS and NA, corresponding values were 40.3% (r = 10%-88%) and 44.1% (r = 17%-100%), both of which were significantly above normal (P less than 0.014 and P less than 0.012, respectively). The distribution of F-wave latencies is often nonrandom in normal, ALS, and NA subjects. The dominant F-wave that was present in normal subjects and significantly increased in ALS and NA subjects may result from decreased numbers of motoneurons capable of contributing to the F-response and would seem to be a useful additional measure of abnormality.

Adult↗
PubMed2000

Immunotoxic effects of inorganic lead on host resistance of mice with different circling behavior preferences.

We have observed differential immune responses in mice with different circling preferences, which are posited to reflect interindividual immune response differences influenced by brain laterality effects on neuroimmune circuits. In this study, we have investigated the influence of inorganic lead (Pb) and/or Listeria monocytogenes (LM) infection on the cytokine and corticosterone (CORT) levels of mice grouped by lateralized behavior. Pb increased the LM susceptibility of mice with both left (LC)- and right-circling (RC) preferences; however, Pb did not inhibit the host resistance of mice with no circling preference (NP mice). The basal serum IFNgamma levels were lowered in all groups after Pb exposure, which coincided with a decrease in host resistance in LC and RC mice, but not NP mice. Pb also altered the basal serum CORT levels, and these changes appear to correlate better with changes in the host resistance of all groups. The basal CORT levels were significantly lowered by Pb in mice with a circling preference, and Pb significantly suppressed the host resistance of mice with a circling preference. However, Pb slightly increased the serum CORT level of NP mice, and their host resistance was slightly improved by Pb. After infection, the increase in CORT levels was associated with an increase in the serum IL-6 levels, which may reflect cytokine influences on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. At 3 days after infection, the serum IL-6 level seems to be a good indicator of the severity of the infection. We suggest that environmental stressors can reorder the observed differential susceptibility to LM in mice with different circling preferences, in that relatively resistant mice (RC mice) become more susceptible than NP mice after exposure to Pb. The results suggest that environmental stressors may have differential effects among individuals with endogenous differences in their neuroimmune circuits, since brain laterality is known to influence immune functions.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Changes in intraocular pressure induced by differential forced unilateral nostril breathing, a technique that affects both brain hemisphericity and autonomic activity. A pilot study.

There is evidence of the central regulation of intraocular pressure, and it has been suggested that vagal tone might be elevated in glaucoma simplex. The nasal cycle, the simultaneous congestion-decongestion response in the nasal cavities, reflects the dynamic lateralization of the autonomic nervous system. Since this lateralization presents with sympathetic activity induced by left brain hemisphere stimulation and parasympathetic activity induced by right hemisphere stimulation, forced unilateral nostril breathing (FUNB) has recently been demonstrated to induce selective contralateral hemispheric stimulation as measured by relative increases in EEG amplitude in the contralateral hemisphere as well as alternating lateralization of plasma catecholamines. Using this functional vagotomy/sympathectomy, we report the novel finding that right hemispheric activation via left FUNB increases intraocular pressure (IOP) by an average of 4.5%, whereas left hemispheric stimulation via right FUNB leads to a significant (25%) decrease in IOP.

Adult↗