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PubMed1980

[2 approaches to experimental psychology studies in psychopathies].

The paper deals with some results of experimental psychological studies of psychopathic personalities, which indicate the efficacy of using not only experimental data for verifying the existing clinical concepts. Such studies are important as well for formulating some psychological hypotheses, the solution of certain questions on the basis of the known personality theories in psychology. The possibility of using psychological examinations for the study of motivations in psychopathies are discussed. For the 4 forms of psychopathy (explosive, hysterical, inhibited, paranoidal) the prevalent motives are singled out, which in normals as a rule are not the leading ones.

Affect↗
PubMed1985

Drug discrimination and cross generalization between two methylxanthines.

Twenty-one rats were trained to discriminate 32 mg/kg caffeine from saline in a two-lever drug discrimination task (variable ratio) while another ten rats were trained to discriminate 56 mg/kg theophylline from saline. For each group, dose-effect curves (% drug-lever responses and overall response rate) were obtained for both caffeine and theophylline. Significant dose-related generalization of each training drug was found for both the caffeine- and theophylline-trained rats. Concomitant dose-related decreases in overall response rate also were apparent. Similar dose-related effects were seen with cross-generalization tests for various doses of the other xanthine. The nature of the training session preceding the test session was found to have an effect on discrimination performance at intermediate test doses. Drug appropriate responding was higher and overall response rate was lower after saline- than after drug-training days. Such data may suggest the possibility of short-term tolerance to caffeine's cue. That the discriminative cue was specific to the xanthines was shown by the lack of generalization seen after either amphetamine or metrazol.

Amphetamine↗
PubMed1980

Speech modification in near-mute schizophrenics.

Twelve male neat-mute schizophrenics were divided into a model-plus-reinforcement group; a model-only group; and a control group, to test the hypothesis that the presence of a verbalizing model to 35 mm slides would serve as an eliciting stimulus to increase speech output. Significant increases in verbalizations were found over treatment sessions, the model-plus-reinforcement condition showing the most marked improvement. Generalization to the ward was found for only three subjects.

Aged↗
PubMed1992

Extinction and DRO in the treatment of aggression in a boy with severe mental retardation.

A novel use of extinction was applied in combination with differential reinforcement of other behavior to reduce dangerous levels of aggression displayed by an 11-year-old boy with severe mental retardation and cerebral palsy. Data taken during actual treatment sessions and in the client's "natural" environment (classroom and dormitory) suggest that the intervention was immediately effective and that the improvements were maintained and generalized.

Aggression↗
PubMed1979

Generalization of norcocaine to the discriminative stimulus properties of cocaine.

In rats trained to discriminate 10 mg/kg cocaine from 1 mg/kg saline, norcocaine, the N-demethylated metabolite, at doses of 2.5 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, produced a dose response curve similar to that of cocaine and generalized to cocaine at the two higher doses. As with cocaine, the discriminative stimulus produced by the norcocaine was partially attenuated by the dopaminergic antagonist pimozide and the amine depletor reserpine. Benzoylecgonine, benzoylnorecgonine and ecgonine methyl ester in doses of 10 mg/kg and 20 mg/kg did not generalize to cocaine.

Animals↗
PubMed1980

Levels of psychological experience in asthma: general and illness-specific concomitants of panic-fear personality.

Coping styles in asthma indexed by a Panic-Fear personality measure are known to influence physicians' medical decisions and long-term treatment outcome. Unusually High or Low Panic-Fear personality styles are maladaptive, the former characterized by anxious, helpless dependency and the latter by an extreme counterphobic independence. In this study (N = 90), the psychological experiences among Panic-Fear personality groups (LOW, Moderate, and High) of asthma patients are described at three levels of assessment: (1) general personality characteristics; (2) attitudes toward asthma and its treatment; and (3) the subjective symptoms reported during breathing difficulties. Comparisons among the groups delineated the linkages between Panic-Fear personality and more illness-specific attitudes, symptoms, and experiences in asthma. Discussion centered upon how general personality and illness-specific characteristics associated with extreme High and Low Panic-Fear personality may contribute to the psychomaintenance of asthma.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Factors that influence the detection of psychological problems in adolescents attending general practices.

BACKGROUND: Epidemiological studies indicate that the prevalence of psychological problems in patients attending primary care services may be as high as 25%. AIM: To identify factors that influence the detection of psychological difficulties in adolescent patients receiving primary care in the UK. DESIGN OF STUDY: A prospective study of 13-16 year olds consecutively attending general practices. SETTING: General practices, Norfolk, UK. METHOD: Information was obtained from adolescents and parents using the validated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) and from GPs using the consultation assessment form. RESULTS: Ninety-eight adolescents were recruited by 13 GPs in Norfolk (mean age = 14.4 years, SD = 1.08; 38 males, 60 females). The study identified psychological difficulties in almost one-third of adolescents (31/98, 31.6%). Three factors significant to the detection of psychological disorders in adolescents were identified: adolescents' perceptions of difficulties according to the self-report SDQ, the severity of their problems as indicated by the self-report SDQ, and whether psychological issues were discussed in the consultation. GPs did not always explore psychological problems with adolescents, even if GPs perceived these to be present. Nineteen of 31 adolescents with psychological difficulties were identified by GPs (sensitivity = 61.2%, specificity = 85.1%). A management plan or follow-up was made for only seven of 19 adolescents identified, suggesting that ongoing psychological difficulties in many patients are not being addressed. CONCLUSIONS: GPs are in a good position to identify psychological issues in adolescents, but GPs and adolescents seem reluctant to explore these openly. Open discussion of psychological issues in GP consultations was found to be the most important factor in determining whether psychological difficulties in adolescents are detected by GPs.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

Reliability of the CPRS between the disciplines of psychiatry, general practice, nursing and psychology in depressed patients.

To test the reliability and robustness of the CPRS in use by different disciplines we obtained 49 pairs of ratings on depressed patients in England and Sweden during treatment. Each rater pair consisted of a psychiatrist trained as a rater plus either a psychologist, a general practitioner, or a nurse, who had not been trained as a rater. The 17 most commonly rated items in depressive illness showed good inter-rater reliability for all groups and demonstrated the robustness of the scale even in training sessions. The implications of this for future interdisciplinary research are discussed along with suggestions for the use of the CPRS for teaching purposes.

Depression↗
PubMed2005

The contribution of latent inhibition to reduced generalization after pre-exposure to the test stimulus.

Two experiments assessed the contribution of latent inhibition to the generalization-reducing effects of pre-exposure to the test stimulus using a taste aversion procedure in rats. In both experiments, lithium chloride induced illness was paired with a flavor compound (AX) of either salt or sugar (A or B) and hydrochloric acid (X). Generalization of the resulting aversion to a test compound (BX), was assessed after varying pre-exposure to BX, X, and B. Experiment 1 showed that generalization to BX was less when BX itself had been exposed than equivalent pre-exposure to either B and X separately or to B and a new compound (CX). Experiment 2 showed that levels of generalization varied directly as a function of the amount of pre-exposure to BX. The findings show that latent inhibition alone cannot account for the generalization-reducing effect of pre-exposure to BX.

Animals↗