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PubMed1995

Referred ocular pain relieved by suboccipital injection.

Pain originating from ophthalmic disease has been well documented. A series of patients presenting with eye or periorbital pain attributed to cervical region dysfunction were diagnosed and treated with injections of subcutaneous lidocaine followed by triamcinolone acetonide. Twelve patients, 11 women and 1 man, ranging in age from 20 to 82 years had an evaluation including a complete eye examination, and laboratory tests and neuroimaging as dictated by the history to exclude structural abnormalities or systemic disease. All patients had marked focal suboccipital tenderness ipsilateral to the side of their headache and eye pain. A subcutaneous injection with 2% lidocaine followed by triamcinolone acetonide 40 mg was administered directly to the site of focal tenderness. After injection, five patients described total relief of pain, five patients described some degree of pain relief, and two patients had no relief of headache. Duration of pain relief ranged from several hours to 3 months. Patients may present with periorbital or eye pain as a result of disease affecting the cervical sensory roots with subsequent stimulation of the trigeminal apparatus. Subcutaneous injection of lidocaine and triamcinolone acetonide may be of help in the diagnosis of these patients and provide temporary relief.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Changes in blood flow close to subcutaneous insulin injection sites in stable and brittle diabetics.

Photoelectric plethysmography (PPG) was used to investigate blood flow changes close to superficial subcutaneous injection sites. As a validation procedure, the PPG response to subcutaneous injection of a known hyperemic agent, prostaglandin E1 (10(-5) M), was shown to correlate strongly with subcutaneous blood flow changes estimated by the established technique of 133Xe washout. Changes in blood flow over the subcutaneous injection sites of insulin (Actrapid) and insulin diluent were measured by photoelectric plethysmography in six nondiabetics and in six stable and seven brittle insulin-dependent diabetics. In all subject groups, an acute increase in local blood flow was seen within 2 min of both insulin and diluent injections, probably caused by injection trauma. At diluent injection sites, this acute hyperemia faded rapidly, blood flow returning to preinjection levels within 15-20 min, and there was no further increase in blood flow in any of the subjects. Insulin injected into the nondiabetics and stable diabetics caused a pronounced increase in local blood flow, sustained for at least 60 min after injection. In the brittle diabetics, however, there was no prolonged local hyperemia, the response being significantly less than that seen in both the nondiabetics and the stable diabetics. Insulin-related hyperemia close to injection (or infusion) sites may be important in subcutaneous insulin absorption. Its near-absence in brittle diabetics may contribute to the impaired response to subcutaneous insulin characteristic of these patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effect of pH modification by bicarbonate on pain after subcutaneous lidocaine injection.

OBJECTIVE: To quantify the pain experienced on subcutaneous injection of lidocaine, lidocaine with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and saline. DESIGN: A double-blind randomized prospective study. SETTING: A clinical research unit in a university-affiliated hospital. PARTICIPANTS: Forty-two healthy adult volunteers who did not have a history of adverse reaction to lidocaine or peripheral neuropathy and were not pregnant. The study was performed in two phases. In Phase 1, 1 mL each of three solutions (2 mL or 8.4% NaHCO3 in 20 mL 1% lidocaine, 2 mL saline in 20 mL lidocaine and saline alone) were injected by an investigator, blinded as to the identity of the solutions, in random order to five volunteers to measure onset and duration of anesthesia and the perceived pain on injection. In Phase 2, 37 volunteers were injected with the three solutions in random order, by an investigator blinded as to the identity of the solutions. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Pain on injection measured with the visual analogue scale. RESULTS: There were no clinically significant differences between onset and duration of action of lidocaine with and without NaHCO3, as determined by Kruskal- Wallis one-way analysis of variance and the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. Injection of lidocaine with NaHCO3 was significantly less painful than injection of plain lidocaine (p=0.041). Injection of saline was the most painful. CONCLUSION: The addition of NaHCO3 to lidocaine produces significant reduction in pain experienced on injection without significantly affecting the onset or duration of action.

Adult↗
PubMed1992

[Laryngeal cancer following gunshot injury and paraffin injection].

Subcutaneous and submucosal injections of paraffin were a wide-spread technique in plastic and reconstructive surgery during the early decades of this century. Intralaryngeal injections were applied to patients suffering from paralysis of one vocal cord or a defect resulting from perforating trauma, intending improvement of the voice. This method was widely abandoned within the fifties when severe complications like foreign-body granuloma and carcinoma developed in patients undergoing paraffin injections. The development of cancer after a trauma is a common question in expert reports. We report the case of a patient who developed carcinoma of the vocal cord 49 years after perforation of the larynx by a shot with consecutive injection of paraffin. The relationship between trauma, injections of paraffin and cancer is discussed and consequences on diagnostics and treatment of risk patients are outlined.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

The interaction between cadmium, mercury and zinc--administered subcutaneously in a single injection.

The interaction between three heavy metals, cadmium, mercury and zinc was investigated. The metals were injected subcutaneously into the hind leg of male rats of approximately 200 g body weight in a volume of 0.2 ml either alone or in combination with another metal. It has been shown that interaction started at the site of injection, at which the retention of one metal was increased by the presence of the other over a 48 h period. Besides this local interaction, probably based on competition for a carrier compound, there were differences in distribution. Analysis of the data indicates that metals injected simultaneously can influence the distribution of each other and, although each of the studied metal is able to induce thionein, the observed interactions cannot be explained by a single mechanism.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

In vivo augmentation of the cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes against syngeneic B-16 melanoma cells and the suppression of the artificial metastases in C57BL/6 mice by subcutaneous multiple injections of high dose human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2).

The cytotoxicity of spleen lymphocytes against YAC-1 cells, against syngeneic B-16 and F-10 melanoma cells was augmented not only by incubation of spleen lymphocytes with human recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2) in vitro, but also by injecting C57BL/6 mice with high dose rIL-2 for more than 3 consecutive days. In animals injected s.c. with multiple high dose rIL-2, the numbers of tumor nodules in the lung were significantly decreased 21 days after i.v. tumor inoculation. In addition, in these groups of animals no liver metastases were observed although liver metastases were detected in 6/11 control mice.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Comparison of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single-dose oral insulin spray and subcutaneous insulin injection in healthy subjects using the euglycemic clamp technique.

BACKGROUND: Oral insulin spray is a new, noninjectable method of insulin delivery. This system delivers an aerosol of uniform-sized droplets containing regular human insulin at a high velocity into the oropharyngeal cavity for local transmucosal absorption. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to compare the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of single-dose oral insulin spray and SC insulin injection in healthy subjects. METHODS: Healthy male volunteers aged 21 to 25 years participated in this open-label study conducted at the Diabetes Unit, Hadassah-Hebrew University Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel. Subjects presented at 2 visits separated by 7 to 14 days. At both visits, the euglycemic clamp technique was used to maintain a constant blood glucose level. At one visit, subjects received regular human insulin 0.1 U/kg by SC injection. At the other visit, subjects received 15 puffs (150 U) of oral insulin spray. The pharmacokinetic (insulin absorption) and pharmacodynamic (glucose uptake) properties of the drugs were evaluated using blood analyses over the subsequent 360 minutes. RESULTS: Six volunteers were enrolled (mean [SD] age, 22.8 [1.2] years; mean [SD] body mass index, 23.2 [2.2] kg/m(2)). The mean (SD) baseline-corrected C(max) was significantly higher with oral insulin spray compared with SC insulin (54.0 [20.3] vs 30.8 [6.1] microU/mL; P = 0.028). Mean (SD) T(max) was significantly shorter with oral insulin spray compared with SC insulin (23.3 [5.2] vs 83.3 [42.2] minutes; P = 0.027). The mean (SD) time to maximal metabolic effect (maximum glucose infusion rate [GIR(max)]) (44.2 [8.6] vs 100.0 [35.6] minutes) and late time to half-maximal effect (101.0 [41.0] vs 257.2 [27.8] minutes) were shorter with oral insulin spray compared with SC insulin (both, P = 0.028). The baseline-corrected GIR(max) (6.8 [3.3] vs 6.2 [2.3] mg/kg . min) and glucose consumption (396.7 [178.0] vs 432.1 [226.0] mg/kg) during the 120 minutes after study drug administration were comparable between oral and SC insulin, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In this study in a small, selected population of healthy male subjects under euglycemic conditions, oral insulin spray was associated with a higher C(max), shorter T(max), and faster time to peak glucose uptake compared with SC insulin. The short T(max) and the 120-minute duration of effect of oral insulin spray suggest it may be a promising alternative for fulfilling meal-related insulin requirements in persons with diabetes.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2002

Exposure to the estrogenic pollutant bisphenol A affects pain behavior induced by subcutaneous formalin injection in male and female rats.

We investigated the effects of perinatally administered bisphenol A (BPA), an environmental contaminant with estrogenic activity, on formalin-induced nociceptive responses. Male and female offspring of mother rats treated with BPA or oil were cross-fostered after birth to obtain three homogeneous groups: BPA-prenatal, receiving BPA via the placenta; BPA-postnatal, receiving BPA through suckling; OIL, control, from mothers receiving only peanut oil (vehicle). All groups underwent a pain test with s.c. formalin injection (50 microl, 10%) or were sham injected (pricking with a syringe needle) in the dorsal hind paw. They were immediately placed in an open field apparatus where pain responses (licking, flexing and paw-jerk) were recorded for 60 min. Corticosterone, testosterone and estradiol serum levels were determined in blood obtained at the end of the experiment. BPA-prenatal treatment induced an increase in licking duration in females and in flexing duration in both sexes in the first half of the test (0-30 min after formalin injection). BPA-postnatal treatment induced a decrease in paw-jerk frequency in males and females during the second part of the test (30-60 min after formalin injection). Plasma concentrations of corticosterone, estradiol and testosterone did not differ significantly between groups. These results indicate that exposure to BPA modified the activity of neural pathways and/or centers involved in nociception and pain in a sex-related and exposure-related manner.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Sex differences in late behavioral response to subcutaneous formalin injection in mice.

We investigated sex- or gender-dependent differences in nociception using the formalin test in mice. In addition to typical biphasic responses, a new, late phase (Phase 3) was observed. A local anesthetic QX-314 injected at the end of Phase 2 blocked Phase 3. Phase 3 in female mice was significantly greater than that in male mice regardless the stage of the estrus cycle.

Animals↗