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PubMed1984

The need-informational theory of emotions.

As an evolvement of Pavlov ideas on higher nervous (psychic) activity 'the need-informational theory of emotions' was suggested by the author in 1964. According to it an emotion is a function of two major factors: (1) power and quality of actual need (or drive, or motivation) and (2) estimation of probability (possibility) of need satisfaction on the basis of phylo- and ontogenetic experience. In the process of experimental testing of 'the need-informational theory of emotions' the role of different cerebral structures (frontal neocortex, hippocampus, amygdala, hypothalamus) in the genesis of emotional states and in the organization of goal-directed behavior was elucidated. The experimental data showed that these 4 brain structures play the major role in estimation of signals coming from environment and in the choice of subject's reactions. The individual characteristics of the interaction between the 4 brain structures must be taken into consideration in discussing neurophysiological backgrounds of different types of the higher nervous activity (temperaments), parameters of extra-introversion and neurotism (emotionality), the formation of main types of neurosis.

Amygdala↗

PubMed2005

[Correlations of anthropometric and psychodynamic indexes of accelerant boys and girls (georgians) and their comparing with the data of women and men of normal physical development].

Our goal was to determine relations of anthropometric and psychodynamic indexes of accelerant women and men (Georgian) and compare them with the data of women and men of normal physical development. For this reason we have investigated 100 accelerants -- 45 girls and 55 boys. On the basis of our study we have shown that correlations between subspecies of temperament and anthropometrical signs in accelerant women and men are equal or lower among men. From the point of view of character form -- these data in women are comparatively high, and correlation of intellect and types of mood and anthropometric signs are equal. In comparison with the men of normal development, in accelerant men are noticed law interconnection between anthropometrical and psychodynamic data except subspecies of intellect, which is equal in every case. Connection between the types of mood and anthropometric data are moderate (in the limits 0.3-0.4). Men accelerants (Georgians) are brachymorphic somatotypes; they are distinguished by phlegmatic temperament, introversion, middle logic intellect, conflict -- statistic mood; according to the mood they are harmonic-dynamic constitutional types.

Adult↗

PubMed2000

Survivor guilt, submissive behaviour and evolutionary theory: the down-side of winning in social comparison.

In prior research submissive behaviour has been studied in relation to social comparison. Evolutionary theory conceptualized submissive behaviour as a fear-based self-protective strategy when in a subordinate position. In this study we hypothesized that survivor guilt, the type of guilt associated with feeling better off than others, is also linked to submissive behaviour. The Interpersonal Guilt Questionnaire, the Submissive Behaviour Inventory, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire-Revised and the Automatic Thoughts Questionnaire were administered to a sample of 199 college students. Submissive behaviour was found to be significantly correlated with survivor guilt. Introversion, used as an indirect measure of the fear of being put down, was also correlated with submissive behaviour. A principal components analysis found two components: the first was composed of high loadings of submissiveness, survivor guilt and omnipotent responsibility guilt; the second was composed of high loadings of submissiveness and introversion. This supports the hypothesis that there may be two motivational states related to submissive behaviour, the fear of harm to the self, as described in prior studies, and the fear of harm to another or guilt-based submissive behaviour. We propose that survivor guilt has been selected by evolution as a psychological mechanism supporting group living, and that it may be considered from the perspective of inclusive fitness, reciprocal altruism, and multilevel selection theory.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1977

Arousal, personality, and assortative mating in marriage.

It is known that there is significant assortative mating for intelligence. However, where personality is concerned, the picture is less clear, and where physiologically referenced individual differences are concerned, there is a negligible body of available research. A compound major individual difference variable having a putative physiological basis--arousal and the stimulation-seeking motive, which has not heretofore been investigated in studies of assortative mating--was the focus of the present study. In addition, three major personality dimensions--extraversion-introversion, neuroticism and psychoticism--were included for study. One hundred and two married couples in the housing complex of a large American midwestern university were tested on the arousal/stimulation-seeking and personality measures. Significant assortative mating (p less than .01) was found only for arousal/stimulation-seeking. The results for the other personality dimensions failed to confirm significant but slight assortative mating for neuroticism and psychoticism previously reported for British couples, but were in accord with the previously reported lack of any assortative mating for extraversion-introversion. The results were discussed in terms of further understanding the basis of assortative mating, with particular attention given to the likely role of biological cycles. Further research was outlined.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed1991

The psychological organization of multiple personality disordered patients as revealed in psychological testing.

The reader familiar with the borderline literature may see a correspondence between certain of our MPD/DD Rorschach results and typical borderline characteristics. Most notably, both groups reason and view others in unusual but not psychotic ways and demonstrate certain difficulties in affect integration. On the other hand, the MPD/DD group exhibits many attributes that contradict predictions one would make from a borderline perspective, and which support Kluft's assertion that the majority of these patients have a more complex and structured personality system. Rather than holding oversimplified attitudes, they are attuned to the subtleties of experience. Their generally introversive personality style reflects a capacity for internalization, for ideational organization of anxiety, for taking analytic distance from themselves, and for viewing and relating to others in a complex and empathetic fashion. To return to our metaphor of the explorer, we can conclude that the borderline personality concept gives us too broad and blurred a view of the MPD/DD terrain. It lacks the level of specificity needed to describe the test phenomena that appear on these MPD/DD Rorschachs. The special test instructions, behavior ratings of extra-test dissociative phenomena, and the posttest process questions enable us to see that although at gross level certain vulnerabilities resemble borderline characteristics, the processes underlying these phenomena are quite distinct. Moreover, unexpected areas of strength and maturity also exist. These findings suggest that we are not viewing a developmental arrest, but rather, are seeing the signs of what developmental psychologists call a "strange" development i.e., an atypical developmental pathway created by unusual interactions with the world. It may well be that much of the difficulty in establishing the validity of BPD test criteria has been due to the unwitting inclusion of DD patients within these studies. If so, the distinction between borderline and dissociative test characteristics will lead to more accurate and refined studies of both groups. The concept of PTSD has been a particularly useful dimension for elucidating MPD test phenomena. As we further investigate commonalities and differences within the MPD/DD continuum, it will be interesting to examine in what way the severity of these patients' PTSD relates to their personality characteristics, symptom patterns, and treatment response. The strength of psychological assessment has long been its ability to describe the organization of psychological processes to gain a detailed knowledge of the individual. As such, in the hands of well-trained clinicians, psychological assessment has been one of the most powerful tools for predicting long-term treatment outcome.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Borderline Personality Disorder↗

PubMed1997

Subjective and psychophysiologic insomnia: an examination of sleep tendency and personality.

The goal of this study was to compare insomniacs with and without objective verification, on the basis of sleep parameters, personality, and performance. An insomniac complaint group was subclassified as objective insomniac (OI) or subjective insomniac (SI) and compared to a non-complaint group. Groups did not differ on night sleep variables or daytime sleep latency measures; rather, a consistent sleep tendency was revealed for all three groups. The poorer the previous night sleep, the longer the daytime sleep latencies. Groups differed on subjective measures of conscious state during the day. SIs inaccurately estimated sleep/wake state in comparison to objective measures on the MSLT, whereas OIs were accurate in their estimations. Personality scores showed trends that suggested greater neuroticism for SIs and introversion for OIs. Results demonstrated subjective tendencies and related personality types that may help in the understanding of the complaint of insomnia with and without objective findings.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1990

[Clinical evaluation of psychiatric disorders among first-visit patients to a primary care unit].

It is important for a primary care physician to know the most common psychiatric diagnoses, criteria for these diagnoses, and proper treatment. During a 4-month period from December 1987 to March 1988, the authors conducted this prospective study in a rural group practice center and investigated 189 first-visit patients aged from 16 to 60 years. Among them, 55 cases (29.1%) were diagnosed as having psychiatric disorders which included: psychological factors affecting physical condition, 29 cases; generalized anxiety disorder, 12 cases; adjustment disorder, 10 cases; and others, 4 cases. There were no significant differences in marital status, social class, or family structure between patients with and without psychiatric disorders. However, the patients with psychiatric disorders tended to have a longer duration of illness, to exhibit more salient features of introversion and neuroticism in their personalities, to show poorer family function and to experience more stressful life events. Although all the psychiatric patients presented somatic symptoms as their primary complaints, we also found that they reported significantly higher scores for psychiatric symptoms on a self-rating scale. This study demonstrates that in order to promote comprehensive primary health care, psychiatry and behavioral science are essential training curricula for family physicians.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1984

Personality, hypnotic susceptibility and EEG responses: preliminary study.

22 men and women, students in psychology, were given the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, also percent theta, alpha and beta EEG spectral powers were evaluated during an hypnotic induction induced according to Barber's method. The EEG performance was compared with two baseline eyes-open, eyes-closed conditions and with a neutral control situation of listening to a weather report. No relation was found between Extraversion-Introversion scores and scores on the Barber Suggestibility Scale. The difference in EEG powers was nonsignificant for groups high and low in suggestibility, while a significant interaction was found for eyes open or closed X suggestibility groups when extreme scores of Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism were considered according to Eysenck's (1966) method. The right theta power of the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, high in susceptibility in eyes-open condition was higher than the neurotic extraverts, and stable introverts who were low in susceptibility to hypnosis. The right theta power of the neurotic extraverts and stable introverts who were low in susceptibility to hypnosis showed a tendency to increase in eyes-closed conditions, while an opposite observation was made for the stable extraverts and neurotic introverts, subjects who were high in susceptibility. It is interesting to notice, according to Galbraith, et al. (1970) that it was the eyes-open condition which yielded the best EEG predictor of hypnotic susceptibility.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1983

Search for the relationship between academic performance and some psychosocial factors. The use of a structured interview.

Eight hundred and seventy-four freshmen underwent a structured interview to study the relationship of psychosocial factors to academic performance. The scores were measured using the SPSS computer package. The results demonstrate positive significant relationships between study success and sex, fulfilled study expectations, fulfilled college expectations, informal contacts with faculty members, introversion and confidence. The scores indicate negative significant relationships between study success and regular alcohol drinking, abuse of medication and some psychopathological symptoms.

Achievement↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Computerized EEG and personality].

The ordinary EEG, on only showing qualitative malfunction of abnormal graphoelements in the tracings, proves itself insufficient to go into the analysis of psychological and psycho-pathological problems. Since computerised studies of EEG permit quantitative comparisons, we tried to apply them in correlation with the characteristics of the personality classified also with quantitative criteria, such as those offered in the personality inventory 16 PF; from which have been chosen the so-called factors of the second order, and the subjectivity-objectivity factors. The test was carried out on 100 voluntary subjects from Almeria (Spain), all with High School grades, between 18 and 40 years of age, of both sexes, all right-handed, without neuro-psychiatric history, and with normal ordinary EEGs. From the statistical analysis of the results one could deduce that there are significant specific relationships from the computerised EEG, with those secondary polar values of 16 PF: high and low anxiety, extroversion-introversion. Subjects with low anxiety presented a significant increase of the alpha band opposed to the subjects with high anxiety. There is a significant differences in power of the frontal areas between extrovert and introvert subjects. The extroverted subjects have a greater power of the right side and the introverted subjects a greater power of the left.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1999

Studies of psychophysiological and temporal conditions of work.

The main areas studied until the 70s were fatigue and rest. Many tests for fatigue were examined, and studies failed to find their practical use. Fatigue grows according to the positive acceleration curve while recovery grows according to the negative acceleration curve. Different mechanisms are involved in intelligence test performance when subjects are fatigued and when rested. Contrary to the pharmacological, psychological stimulants increase performance without adverse effects on the organism. The differences in absenteeism between male and female workers are related to family duties. After the 70s, research was focused on shiftwork. Shiftwork is associated with imposed change in a worker's normal activity pattern. It brings about fatigue, negative moods, and impaired health, sleep, safety, and working capacity. The shiftwork tolerance is connected with introversion, neuroticism, morningness, control of behavioural arousal, and parameters of circadian rhythms. The most important predictors of shiftwork tolerance are dimensions of control of behavioural arousal and morningness, while the most important criterion is sleep quality.

Central Nervous System Stimulants↗

PubMed1977

Components underlying the relation between field dependence and extraversion.

Components of Eysenck's Extraversion scale were examined to account for previous findings indicating that field independence, as measured by individual and group forms of the embedded-figures test, is associated with Introversion. In two of the three samples of female unversity students, field independence, as measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test, was associated with low impulsivity and slow decision time, as measured by items on Eysenck's Extraversion scale.

Extraversion, Psychological↗

PubMed1978

[Reactivity of the hemostatic system depending on the model of the behavior and personality characteristics of hypertensive patients under emotional stress].

The results of investigating the effect of emotional stress on the blood coagulation and anticoagulation systems are discussed. It was found that similar conditions of emotional stress cause three types of reactions in different people: functional hypercoagulation, functional hypocoagulation and the absence of any noticeable reaction according to the findings of thrombelastography. The degree of activation of the blood fibrinolytic system depends on the extent of involvement of the patients in interpersonality relationships. Patients with hypertensive disease are characterized by neuroticism, heightened level of anxiety and dependence, and increased emotional aggressiveness. Signs of introversion also prevailed in these patients, which was attributed to the forced formation of new behavior models due to the disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

Expressive tendencies and physiological response to stress.

This study assessed the effects of natural expressive tendencies on physiological response to stress. Male undergraduates were unobtrusively observed while watching a stressor videotape. On the basis of the subjects' facial responsiveness to the film, a group of 23 natural expressers and 22 natural inhibitors were selected and exposed to a threat of shock situation during which heart rate, respiration rate, skin conductance, and facial expressions were monitored. In accord with the discharge model of emotion, natural inhibitors were less facially expressive and more physiologically reactive to the shock threat than were natural expressers. The results also demonstrated that overt expressivity is stable over time and situation. On personality measures, natural expressers scored significantly higher on Mehrabian's empathic tendency scale, thus supporting the efficacy of this paper-and-pencil instrument as a measure of non-verbal responsiveness. The two groups did not differ on measures of self-esteem, introversion--extraversion, or locus of control. The results are discussed in terms of the discharge model as a descriptive metaphor and not a causal theory.

Arousal↗

PubMed2002

[Psychological symptoms in children of alcoholic fathers].

OBJECTIVES: In spite of a growing interest in recent years in epidemiological research on behavior problems of children of alcoholics (COAs), few prospective longitudinal child psychiatric studies have been conducted up to now. METHODS: In the Mannheim Study of Risk Children, an ongoing prospective study of high risks, the data of 219 children (26 COAs and 193 non-COAs) were analyzed from birth to the age of 11 years. Sociodemographic data, organic and psychosocial risk factors, the number and severity of behavior problems, and the rate of expansive and introversive disorders have been investigated. RESULTS: The family status of the COAs was characterized by the father's lower level of education as well as by socioeconomic difficulties and more numerous adverse life events. Other psychosocial problems such as marital conflict and a lack of coping mechanisms were also more frequent in COA families. A significantly higher rate of expansive symptoms and disorders was found in children of alcoholic fathers from the age of two years on. CONCLUSIONS: Children of alcoholic fathers represent a group at risk for the early onset of psychiatric problems and are deserving of more attention in prevention and early intervention programs.

Alcoholism↗

PubMed2006

15-year prospective follow-up study of behavioral therapy in a large sample of inpatients with chronic tinnitus.

CONCLUSION: The results of this study are in accordance with the assumption that cognitive-oriented therapy enabling the patient to live with tinnitus is of primary importance to enhance quality of life. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study describes the success of an integrative behavioral-medicine inpatient treatment for complex chronic tinnitus and presents its long-term effects. In 1987 we developed and evaluated a new treatment concept of psychological treatment of complex chronic tinnitus based on international experience and results. To evaluate the influence, effects and individual results of the specific therapy we analyzed the data of 434 consecutively treated patients. To investigate the long-term effects of the treatment, we contacted the patients 15 years after discharge from the hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We used the tinnitus questionnaire (TQ) and visual analog scales (VAS) for specific tinnitus variables (loudness, discomfort, control of tinnitus, stress, general mood). The German version of the Derogatis psychopathology checklist (SCL-90-R) was used to analyze the impact of additional symptoms (depression, anxiety, introversion, etc.). RESULTS: Compared with a control group (patients on a waiting list) significant and clinically relevant effects were found. At the outcome, there were significant improvements in almost all parameters measured. For evaluation of the long-term effect we succeeded in contacting 312 of 434 former patients. Data were assessed using the same questionnaires that had been employed at the first contact. In all, 271 patients (86%) returned the questionnaires. Data for 244 cases (mean age 63 years; 79 females, 165 males) were complete enough to be used for data analysis. The results of the follow-up were as unexpected as clear: 15 years after conclusion of the treatment, the improvements of the tinnitus parameters and additional symptoms were stable when compared with the end of therapy.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Musculoskeletal complaints, functional capacity, personality and psychosocial factors.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the research was to study the association between psychosocial and personality factors, and neck and wrist-hand musculoskeletal complaints, taking account of the occupational factors of force, posture and repetitiveness, and non-occupational risk factors such as sport, hobbies, medical history. METHODS: During personal interviews 133 women from seven different companies, working at constraining workplaces (very repetitive work), answered several questionnaires. These concerned: personal characteristics and history; work characteristics; psychosocial factors (perception and appreciation of the work situation, satisfaction at work, stress symptoms, Karasek questionnaire) and personality factors (neuroticism, conscientiousness, type-A behavior). They also undertook functional and psychomotor tests (wrist angles, grip strength and a dexterity test). Logistic regression models were calculated. RESULTS: Wrist-hand complaints appear to be associated with some personal characteristics (smoking habits, fewer hobbies), work constraints (fewer breaks, heavy lifting efforts) and some personality (introversion) and psychosocial factors (worse appreciation of work). Neck complaints are also associated with some personal characteristics (young people, small, bad health, hormonal problems, fewer hobbies), some personality (urgency of time) and psychosocial factors (constraints as seen by the supervisor). CONCLUSION: The study confirms the multifactorial character of the musculoskeletal disorders and underlines the need for a global ergonomic approach to work situations, taking into account all their physical, psychological and social components.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

[Globus Hystericus, personality and psychopathology].

The aim of this investigation is to establish if there is a relation between the Globus Hystericus (GH) and any psychopathological disorder. In order to do this we have evaluated, the psychological characteristics of a sample of patients that have attended the ENT clinic with G.H., and we have compared them with those of a control group from the same clinic, to see if there were differences between both groups, and if these were statistically significant. The results have show that there are significant differences in the personality of people with G.H. They present higher marks in the Neuroticism and Introversion variables from Eysenck's E.P.Q-A, besides presenting significant differences in the behaviour signs of depression, being evaluated these with the Beck Inventory B.D.I.

Conversion Disorder↗