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Results for “Persons with Visual Disabilities”

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PubMed1996

Teaching students with mental retardation and other disabilities to make simple drawings through a computer system and special cards.

3 students with mental retardation and other disabilities were trained to make simple drawings on a computer screen (with a light-pen) following the color sequence used for the same drawings on special cards. The screen provided immediate feedback on the students' drawing accuracy. Teachers rated the students' posttraining drawings much higher than the pretraining ones.

Attention↗
PubMed1990

Instruction on Piagetian concepts for children with mental retardation.

Eighteen children with mild mental retardation were pretested on unidimensional classification (oddity), unidimensional seriation, number conservation, Slosson's Intelligence Test, and the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT). The children were instructed on the Piagetian concepts twice per week for 4 months via a learning-set technique. All 315 problems (except 20 verbal classification and 15 verbal seriation items) involved concrete items. When posttested at the semester's end, the children had, with few exceptions, mastered the Piagetian concepts and made significant gains on performance on the PPVT.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

Stimulus overselectivity by mentally retarded adolescents: effects of pretraining on cue identification.

Severely and profoundly mentally retarded adolescents were given two-cue redundant relevant cue discrimination problems under each of three conditions. In one condition both cues were ones that subjects had been previously trained to associate labels with. In the second condition one pretrained and one untrained cue were used, and in the third, two untrained cues were employed. Results from test trials indicated that the amount of stimulus overselectivity was lowest in the third condition. There was a much greater amount of overselective responding in both the first and second conditions. The results offered little support for the hypothesis that teaching severely retarded learners to label stimuli would reduce the likelihood of stimulus overselectivity. The relationship of the results to previous findings concerning the effects of stimulus and training conditions on overselectivity was also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Suppression of irrelevant location information by individuals with and without mental retardation.

Negative priming in a location task was examined for individuals with and without mental retardation. In each prime display, a target stimulus was presented in one of four locations, with a distractor stimulus appearing in another location. The target in the probe appeared either in the same position as the target in the prime, the same position as the distractor, or a different position from both. In contrast to results obtained using identification tasks (Cha & Merrill, 1994), all subjects exhibited interference to locating the target in the negative priming condition. All individuals apparently actively suppressed response tendencies to the location of irrelevant information in the prime display.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Eye diseases in the elderly in Singapore.

OBJECTIVE: The study was conducted to determine the prevalence rates of blindness and visual impairment in those aged 60 years and above in Singapore and to determine the pickup rate of undiagnosed eye diseases through an active screening programme. METHOD: A random frame of 3,000 elderly persons aged 60 years and above was obtained from the Ministry of Home Affairs in Singapore. They were invited by mail to attend eye screening at Hougang Senior Citizens' Health Care Centre. The eye screening was in two parts: the first part by a trained registered nurse or therapy aide and the second part by the ophthalmologist. For each respondent, autorefraction, tonometry, retinal photography and visual field analysis were done. Examination criteria and disease classification were modelled after the Framingham Eye Study. RESULTS: 574 subjects attended the screening, giving a response rate of 22.2%. The prevalence rates for blindness and visual impairment in the elderly screened were 3.0% and 15.2% respectively. The prevalence rates for cataract, age-related macular degeneration, glaucoma and diabetic retinopathy were 78.6%, 27.0%, 5.7% and 5.1% respectively. For every person known to have cataract, 2 were unknown; for every person with age-related macular degeneration, 154 were unknown. None of the 29 persons with diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed previously. CONCLUSION: Almost 1 in 5 of the elderly screened had some degree of visual disability. The rates of visual impairment and blindness were similar to those reported in other studies and indicate a significant burden of visually impairing diseases in the community.

Aged↗
PubMed1976

Stimulus overselectivity: a common feature in autism and mental retardation.

Groups of children with different IQ levels were trained to discriminate between stimulus cards containing two or more pictures. In subsequent testing the pictures were presented singly in order to determine how many pictures the child had responded to during discrimination training. The data showed that the lower the IQ, the fewer pictures the child responded to. We speculated that intellectually retarded functioning may be related to problems in overselective attention; the lower a person's IQ level, the less of the environment becomes functional in controlling his behavior.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

The enabling power of optics.

The clinical perspective relating to optometric roles and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) is presented. Aspects including access, adaptive procedures and instrumentation, treatment planning, interaction with the vision rehabilitation network, advocacy, and hiring practices are discussed. An organized clinical approach, based on a remediation scheme, is suggested as a framework for constructive treatment planning. The team approach is emphasized, as transition issues are addressed, in an effort to help each patient reach his/her potential visually and in goal-directed activities of daily living.

Architectural Accessibility↗
PubMed1994

Facilitation and inhibition effects in visual selective attention processes of individuals with and without mental retardation.

Adolescents with and without mental retardation participated in a visual selective attention task. They were required to identify one of two letters presented to them on the basis of color. We manipulated the relation between target and distractor letters on successive trials. A target letter could have been a target on the preceding trial, a distractor on the preceding trial, or not appear on the preceding trial. Subjects without mental retardation exhibited facilitation when the target was identical to the target on the preceding trial and inhibition when the target was a distractor on the preceding trial. Subjects with mental retardation also exhibited facilitation when the target was identical to the target on the preceding trial but not when it had been a distractor on the preceding trial. The inefficient suppression processes may result in performance deficits for individuals with mental retardation across a variety of tasks.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Socioeconomic consequences of blinding onchocerciasis in west Africa.

Onchocerciasis or river blindness, a major cause of irreversible blindness among adults, has been the focus of international disease control efforts for over 20 years in West Africa. This paper employs the international classification of impairment, disability and handicap (ICIDH) to interpret results from a field study to assess the socioeconomic consequences of onchocerciasis in Guinea in 1987. In a sample of 136 blind, 94 visually impaired and 89 well-sighted persons, decreasing visual acuity is strongly associated with mobility, occupational and marital handicaps. Individual, household and disease correlates were explored. The implications of these findings for the ICIDH concept of handicap are discussed with particular emphasis on the need to extend analysis beyond the individual when assessing the socioeconomic consequences of disabling disease.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Nonverbal perceptual organization output disability and schizophrenia spectrum symptomatology.

Patients with neurodevelopmental syndromes often receive numerous psychiatric diagnoses before the true nature of their disorder becomes apparent. We present a case in which the neuropsychological evaluation played a significant role in reconceptualizing a patient who had received, at various times, diagnoses of schizotypal personality disorder, schizoaffective disorder, and schizophrenia. The identification of specific cognitive deficits in executive functioning, perceptual organization, visual-spatial problem solving, and abstraction led to: 1) a diagnosis of nonverbal perceptual-organization-output disabled; 2) the adoption of a rehabilitative treatment model; and 3) a greater understanding of the way in which the patient's social deficits represented adaptations to her cognitive impairments. Research data and theoretical models relating cognitive deficits to psychiatric symptoms are discussed, and evidence is presented that schizophrenia and certain neurodevelopmental syndromes may share commonalities of pathophysiology. Diagnostic issues arising from similarities between these disorders are discussed. It is suggested that direct comparisons between these groups can aid in clarifying the specific nature of cognitive deficit-symptom relationships, as well as leading to improvements in the understanding, diagnosis and treatment of schizophrenic and neurodevelopmental syndromes.

Achievement↗