Consequences of model choice when analysing polyester bag data.
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Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
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A colorfast stain for polyester-embedded ligneous tissues.
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Plants↗
Particulate matter loss and the polyester-bag method.
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Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
[Macrocyclic diterpene polyesters of the jatrophane type from Euphorbia esula].
Three new jatrophane diterpenes, esulatin A, B and C (1-3) were isolated and characterized from the whole, undried plant of Euphorbia esula. By means of spectral analysis, the structures were established as penta- and heptaesters of hitherto unknown, polyfunctional diterpene parent alcohols. Esulatin A (1) and C (3) are the diterpenoids with the highest degree of esterification identified to date from the family Euphorbiaceae.
Diterpenes↗
Toxicological evaluation of typical fiber glass reinforced polyester plastic applied in shipbuilding.
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Animals↗
[Estimation of biocompatibility of fibers with large mechanical resistance].
Aramid fibers from aromatic polyamide group are plastic materials with high mechanical resistance to breaking, small elongation and low mass. They have obtained numerous technical usage for products carrying high mechanical forces and resistance to consumption. Application of aramid in alloplasty would satisfy the grafts with high mechanical resistance. However, the biological influence and biostability of aramid is unknown and univocal. Research of the degree of biocompatibility of aramid fibres in comparison with commonly used polyester fibres with known and accepted biological reaction was the purpose of the study. The research included in the first phase: physicochemic properties, hemolytic action, cytotoxity degree, intracutaneous reactivity of aqueous extracts, in the second phase: estimation of tissue reaction after implantation the early and distant period, estimation of systemic and local induction of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta ad IL-6 after implantation. In physicochemic studies of aqueous extracts from fibers proper electric conductivity and dry residue were determined. The research of toxic action was carried out on frozen sperm of a bull estimating the survival time of sperm cells in the tested aqueous extracts. The estimation of hemolytic was conducted on human erythrocytes according to the method based on photometric measurement of blood supernatant and aqueous extracts. The research of irritating action measured with the changes of colour and size reaction after intracutaneous injection of aqueous extracts was carried out on rabbits. The research of the local reaction of soft tissue after implanting of aramid and polyester fibers into back muscles and into the peritoneal cavity was carried on 90 rats. Estimation was performed in early period, that is to 90th, and distant period, that is to the 360th day after implantation. The estimation of the local reaction of cartilaginous tissue was performed on 24 rabbits after implantation on 60, 90, 180, 270 and 360 days of aramid and polyester fibers into xiphoid process of sternum. The quantitative microscopic estimation of the local reaction of tissue after implantation of fibers was performed using punctual estimation of tissue reaction. The research of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6 induction after implantation of aramid and fibers into peritoneal cavity was performed on 85 mice Balb/c. the level IL-1beta and IL-6 was determined in the serum of peripheral blood of mouse and in peritoneal fluid in 3rd, 7th, 14th and 21st day after implantation. The results were compared with control of operative and spontaneous production of proinflammatory cytokines in non-operated animals. A rubber medical drain constituted the control of the tested cytokines induction. The determinations were made with ELISA method. The tests of resistance to biocorrosion in electronic scanning microscope were performed after implantation of fibers into peritoneal cavity of rats for 180 and 360 days. Biostability of mechanical properties of fibers after remaining for 360 days in the application of the tested breaking force in the knot and in the dynamic system of cyclic strain of fibers (with strength 20N and 1Hz). In the tests of aqueous extracts from fibers comparative pH (aramid--6.42 and polyester 6.35), four-time higher proper electric conductivity (aramid 45.5; polyester 11.0) and five-time higher-dry mass of residue after vaporization of extracts from aramid fibers in comparison with polyester fibers (aramid--10.4 mg, polyester--2.1 mg) were observed. In biological tests of aqueous extracts toxic, hemolytic or irritating action was not observed. The local reaction soft tissues after implantation of aramid and polyester fibers was similar. Macroscopically it was characterized with producing on the third day thin, transparent membrane which in distant period, was whitish, thicker and strongly connected with the implanted fibers and surrounding tissues. In the microscopic tests the reaction was characterized with a short-lasting exudative phase less intense around the aramid fibers and a proliferating phase led to producing a capsule from newly created areolar tissue sharply separated from muscles undergoing collagenization in the cicatrization phase. The produced connective tissue capsule from the side of the graft both around aramid and polyester had the cellular character with the presence of single giant multinucleated cells till the 360th day after implantation. From the side of the muscles the connective tissue streak had more dense character and in distant period consisted mainly of collagenous fibers with hyalinization features. The reaction of cartilaginous tissue after implantation both kinds of fibers from the 90th to the 360th day was similar. It was characterized with producing cartilaginous tissue and locally fibrous tissue with a large amount of intercellular substance. Connective tissue showed hyalinization features and was transformed into cartilaginous tissue. According to the punctual estimation of reaction the tested fibers caused minimal reaction. In the testes of level of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6 their constant presence on the low level in the serum of mouse blood and in the peritoneal fluid was observed. aramid fibers did not induce an increase of the level IL-1beta and IL-6, whereas polyester fibers in the 3rd day after surgery stimulated locally their moderate increase. The influence of surgery on the local induction IL-1beta and IL-6 was statistically essential in the 3rd day. The rubber medical drain was strong inductor of mediators of inflammation IL-1beta and IL-6. In physiocomechanical fatigue-testing and in SEM in the period to 360th day after implantation, biocorrosion of aramid and polyester fibers was not observed. The value of breaking force of aramid fibers was twice higher and the resistance to cyclic fatigue was over two hundred times higher in comparison to polyester fibers. Those differences were statistically significant (p < 0.001). On the basis of the performed tests it is possible observed that aramid fibers cause minimal tissue reaction compared with the observed one around polyester fibers, they do not cause local nor systemic stimulation of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1beta and IL-6. aramid fibers show essentially higher statistic and dynamic mechanical resistance in comparison with polyester fibers; they not undergo biocorosion and they can be useful to increase mechanical resistance of medical materials or as independent biomaterial resistant to high mechanical forces.
Animals↗
Repair of zone II flexor digitorum profundus lacerations using varying suture sizes: a comparative biomechanical study.
PURPOSE: To compare the maximum tensile load, change in work of flexion, and gapping at the repair site after zone II flexor digitorum profundus tendon repairs using 2-0, 3-0, and 4-0 braided polyester 4-strand locked cruciate repair technique in fresh-frozen cadaveric hands with standard 6-0 suture epitenon repairs, to determine which suture size is the best for a core repair. METHODS: A randomized study was designed using 41 tendons from 15 fresh-frozen cadaveric hands. We included only the flexor digitorum profundus tendons from the index, middle, and ring fingers to minimize variation between digits. Core suture size was randomized for each finger. A sharp laceration through the flexor digitorum profundus in zone II was made and a 4-strand locked cruciate braided polyester core stitch was performed along with a locked epitenon stitch. Cyclic loading was performed for 1,000 cycles. For each tendon the mean work of flexion (before/after zone II repair) and maximum tensile load were measured using a custom-designed tensiometer, as was gapping before maximum tensile loading. RESULTS: Mean gaps after 1,000 load-unload cycles to 3.9 N of pulp pinch did not approach the clinically significant limit of 3 mm in each group. By using a regression model, we found that the prerepair and postrepair comparisons for mean work of flexion to a 3.9-N pulp pinch showed the greatest change in work of flexion for 2-0 braided polyester. Statistical significance was found between 2-0 braided polyester and 3-0 or 4-0 braided polyester; however, the work of flexion between the 3-0 and 4-0 polyester was not clinically significant. The highest maximum tensile load was obtained with suture size 2-0 braided polyester. The maximal tensile load statistically showed 2-0 braided polyester to be stronger than 4-0 braided polyester but we found no statistically significant difference between 3-0 and 2-0 braided polyester or between 3-0 and 4-0 braided polyester. CONCLUSIONS: In this cadaveric study we found that increasing locking cruciate suture caliber from 4-0 to 2-0 increased maximum tensile strength but also caused increased work of flexion. Gapping was not affected by suture caliber. There was no significant difference in strength or mean change in work of flexion between 3-0 or 4-0 braided polyester sutures.
Biomechanical Phenomena↗
Co- and terpolyesters based on isosorbide and succinic acid for coating applications: synthesis and characterization.
Co- and terpolyesters based on succinic acid and isosorbide in combination with other renewable monomers such as 2,3-butanediol, 1,3-propanediol, and citric acid were synthesized and characterized. Linear polyesters were obtained via melt polycondensation of nonactivated dicarboxylic acids with OH functional monomers. Polymer end functionality (i.e., hydroxyl or carboxylic acid) was controlled by adjusting the monomer stoichiometry. The glass transition temperatures of the resulting polyesters could be effectively adjusted by varying the polymer composition and molar mass. By adding polyfunctional monomers such as trimethylolpropane or citric acid, polyesters with enhanced functionality were obtained. These biobased polyesters displayed functionalities and Tg values in the appropriate range for (powder) coating applications. The polyesters were cross-linked using conventional curing agents. Coatings from branched polyesters--hydroxyl as well as acid functional--showed significantly improved mechanical and chemical resistance compared to those formulated from linear polymers. These renewable polyesters proved to be suitable materials for coating applications with respect to solvent resistance, impact resistance, and hardness.
Butylene Glycols↗
Cytokine production and protein adsorption in a stainless steel filter used for leukocyte reduction.
A new metallic filter made from a stainless steel fiber has been under development. To evaluate biocompatibility of this filter, the authors compared cytokine production with that of stainless steel fibers and polyester fibers by using a mononuclear cell culture. Furthermore, adsorbed proteins on each fiber were identified by using sodium-dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrlyamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The levels of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha in the cultured supernatant without fibers as the control, with polyester fibers, and with stainless steel fibers were 28.1 +/- 8.1, 39.3 +/- 2.6, and 29.1 +/- 6.7 pg/ml, respectively. The levels of interleukin (IL)-1 beta were 7.6 +/- 3.2, 8.9 +/- 1.5, and 8.9 +/- 2.1 pg/ml, respectively. The IL-4 levels were less than 0.25 pg/ml, and the interferon-tau levels were less than 7.8 pg/ml in all three conditions. The amount of adsorbed proteins was 3.39 +/- 0.27 microgram/cm2 for the polyester fibers and 2.72 +/- 0.23 microgram/ cm2 for the stainless steel fibers. The protein bands adsorbed to the polyester fibers by SDS-PAGE analysis were observed at approximately 180, 120, 90, 76, 67, 59, 56, and 28 kd molecular weight. In contrast, the protein bands adsorbed to the stainless steel fibers were observed at 90, 76, 67, 62, 56, 28, and 12 kd molecular weight. Thus, the proteins adsorbed to the stainless steel fibers differed from those on the polyester fibers. By western blot analysis, the amounts of albumin, IgG tau chain, and fibronectin adsorbed on the stainless steel fibers were smaller than those on the polyester fibers. The results of this study suggest that the stainless steel fibers do not stimulate monocytes, Th1, and Th2 cells. In addition, lesser adsorption of IgG tau chain and fibronectin may indicate that the stainless steel is a superior material for anti thrombogenicity compared to polyester.
Adsorption↗
Selecting valid in vitro biocompatibility tests that predict the in vivo healing response of synthetic vascular prostheses.
We have investigated the usefulness of six in vitro biocompatibility tests in predicting the healing performance of polyester vascular prostheses as observed in previous canine in vivo trials. Vascular grafts were evaluated by using (i) a direct contact (DC) assay, (ii) an extract dilution (ED) assay on murine fibroblast cells, (iii) a DC assay on endothelial cells, (iv) a complement activation study, (v) a leucocyte activation study of CD18 integrin subunit expression on human polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and (vi) interleukin-2 receptor expression on lymphocytes. Uncleaned polyester grafts had previously been associated with poor healing and gelatin-impregnated polyester grafts with delayed but satisfactory healing, whereas commercially cleaned polyester grafts had demonstrated excellent healing. Lightweight and heavyweight knitted and woven polyester grafts supplied specifically for this project were studied, each with a different surface condition, i.e. commercially available (CP), uncleaned (UP) and impregnated with gelatin (GP). The UP grafts induced fibroblast cytotoxicity according to the ED assay, poor migration and viability of endothelial cells, and an elevated expression of CD18 and interleukin-2 receptor on PMNs and lymphocytes, respectively. In contrast, the CP grafts promoted good endothelial cell growth, no evidence of cytotoxicity and a weaker cell activation, and the GP grafts were found to be non-cytotoxic, to exhibit a good cellular response and to moderate cell activation. The complement activation assay and the DC assay on fibroblasts were found to be less useful and less discriminating. From this, it is concluded that the two cell activation measurements, the DC assay on endothelial cells and ED assay on fibroblasts, are useful in predicting the in vivo healing response of arterial polyester substitutes.
Analysis of Variance↗
Towards developing surface eroding poly(alpha-hydroxy acids).
We have prepared a library of biodegradable polyesters derived from poly(alpha-hydroxy acids) (PHAs) that appear to primarily exhibit surface erosion behavior. This was achieved by increasing the hydrophobicity of the polymers in two distinct steps, namely: macromer formation and a coupling step. In the first step, macromerdiols (MDs) with varying lipophilicities were prepared by polymerization of L-lactide or mixture of L-lactide and glycolide (3/1 by mole) to various lengths (n = 10, 20, 30, and 40) using alkanediols of increasing C-chain length (C6, C8, and C12) as initiators in the presence of Tin(II) catalyst. In the second step, the macromer diols were linked together with diacid dichlorides of varying C-chain lengths (C6, C8, C10, and C12) to yield polyesters ranging in molecular weight (Mw) from 20 to 130 KDa and polydispersity of 1.5-6. These polyesters exhibited different thermal behavior from pure PHAs that can be tuned by changing the initiator core, the lactide/glycolide chain length, and diacid dichloride type. In addition, all these polymers showed solubility in tetrahydrofuran unlike poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA). In contrast to PLLA and PLGA, the degradation behavior of these novel polyesters exhibited linear profiles consistent with a surface erosion behavior. Release studies using Congo red as a model drug from microspheres prepared from these polyesters showed linear release profiles with correlation constants of least-square fits approaching a value of unity. Degradable polyesters with tunable thermal and degradation behavior may find applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering, where control over these parameters is critical to ensure predictable outcomes.
Absorbable Implants↗
Cyclic testing of pullout sutures and micro-mitek suture anchors in flexor digitorum profundus tendon distal fixation.
PURPOSE: Little data exist comparing the strength of traditional methods of fixation in a flexor digitorum profundus tendon with the use of a suture anchor. In vitro cyclic testing simulating a passive mobilization protocol was used to compare the repair of a flexor digitorum profundus tendon using a single micro-Mitek anchor (Mitek, Westwood, MA) or a modified Bunnell 2-strand pullout technique using a monofilament or a braided polyester suture. METHODS: Twenty-four fresh-frozen cadaveric fingers were divided randomly into 4 repair groups (n = 6 each): a micro-Mitek with a 3-0 braided polyester suture or a 3-0 monofilament suture, or a modified Bunnell technique with a 3-0 braided polyester suture or a 3-0 monofilament suture. After repair the specimens were loaded cyclically from 2 to 15 N at 5 N/s, for a total of 500 cycles. Gap formation at the tendon-bone interface was assessed every 100 cycles. Samples were tested to failure at the completion of 500 cycles. RESULTS: No specimens failed catastrophically during cyclic testing. A significantly greater gap formed using the monofilament sutures compared with the braided polyester sutures with both repair techniques. Load to failure in the modified Bunnell technique was superior to the micro-Mitek with both suture types. The modified Bunnell technique using a braided polyester suture was superior to the monofilament suture whereas the suture type did not alter the properties of the micro-Mitek repair. CONCLUSIONS: Significant gap formation with the use of a monofilament suture may be of concern. The use of a braided polyester suture when removal of the pullout suture is required as in the Bunnell technique also needs to be considered.
Aged↗
Biodegradation of aliphatic homopolyesters and aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters by anaerobic microorganisms.
The anaerobic degradability of natural and synthetic polyesters is investigated applying microbial consortia (3 sludges, 1 sediment) as well as individual strains isolated for this purpose. In contrast to aerobic conditions, the natural homopolyester polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) degrades faster than the copolyester poly(hydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV). For the synthetic polyester poly(epsilon-caroplacton) (PCL), microbial degradation in the absence of oxygen could be clearly demonstrated; however, the degradation rate is significantly lower than for PHB and PHBV. Other synthetic polyesters such as poly(trimethylene adipate) (SP3/6), poly(tetramethylene adipate) (SP4/6), and aliphatic-aromatic copolyesters from 1,4-butanediol, terephthalic acid, and adipic acid (BTA-copolymers) exhibit only very low anaerobic microbial susceptibility. A copolyester with high amount of terephthalic acid (BTA 40:60) resisted the anaerobic breakdown even under thermophilic conditions and/or when blended with starch. For the synthetic polymers, a number of individual anaerobic strain could be isolated which are able to depolymerize the polymers and selected strains where identified as new species of the genus Clostridium or Propionispora. Their distinguished degradation patterns point to the involvement of different degrading enzymes which are specialized to depolymerize either the natural polyhydroxyalkanoates (e.g., PHB), the synthetic polyester PCL, or other synthetic aliphatic polyesters such as SP3/6. It can be supposed that these enzymes exhibit comparable characteristics as those described to be responsible for aerobic polyester degradation (lipases, cutinases, and PHB-depolymerases).
Bacteria, Anaerobic↗
Effect of different types of textiles on sexual activity. Experimental study.
The effect of wearing different types of textiles on sexual activity was studied in 75 rats which were divided into five equal groups: four test groups and one control. Each of the four test groups were dressed in one type of textile pants made of either 100% polyester, 50/50% polyester/cotton mix, 100% cotton or 100% wool. Sexual behaviour was assessed before and after 6 and 12 months of wearing the pants and 6 months after their removal. The rate of intromission to mounting (I/M) was determined. The electrostatic potentials generated on penis and scrotum were also measured by electrostatic kilovoltameter. At 6 and 12 months of wearing the polyester and polyester-cotton mix pants, the I/M ratio was significantly reduced compared to the pre-test levels and the controls (p < 0.0001). The reduction was more manifest in the polyester than in the polyester-cotton mix group, and at the 12th month than at the 6th month of examination. The I/M ratio of the cotton and wool groups showed insignificant changes (p > 0.05) at the 6th month of the study and a significant increase at the 12th month (p < 0.01). Six months after removal of the pants, the I/M ratio returned to the pre-test levels (p > 0.05) in the four groups. The polyester-containing pants generated electrostatic potentials while the other textiles did not. These potentials seem to induce 'electrostatic fields' in the intrapenile structures, which could explain the decrease in the rats' sexual activity.
Animals↗
Biomechanical analysis of suture anchors and suture materials used for toggle pin stabilization of hip joint luxation in dogs.
OBJECTIVE: To compare in vitro mechanical properties of toggle pins and toggle rods used as suture anchors and of 3 suture materials (50-lb monofilament polybutester, No. 5 braided polyester, and 5-mm woven polyester) commonly used as prosthetic ligaments in the repair of hip joint luxation in dogs. SAMPLE POPULATION: Femoropelvic specimens from the cadavers of 18 dogs. PROCEDURE: Suture anchors were compared by use of pullout tests. Suture materials were compared by use of monotonic and cyclic tensile tests; cyclic tensile tests were performed with the suture placed over the edge of an aluminum bar to simulate the edge of the femoral bone tunnel. In vitro mechanical properties of the ligament of the femoral head were determined by use of monotonic tensile tests, using bone-ligament-bone cadaveric specimens. The in vitro mechanical properties of the acetabulum-ligament-femur complex and of this complex following rupture of the ligament and stabilization with a toggle rod and 5-mm woven polyester were determined by use of compression tests that simulated weight-bearing. RESULTS: Mechanical properties of the toggle rod were not significantly different from those of the toggle pin. Woven polyester had the longest fatigue life in cyclic testing. Hip joints stabilized with a toggle rod and woven polyester had less than half the strength in vitro of intact joints. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that a toggle rod or toggle pin can be used for stabilization of hip joint luxations in dogs. Of the materials tested, braided polyester had the best in vitro mechanical properties.
Animals↗
Effect of different types of textiles on male sexual activity.
The effect of different types of textile underpants on sexual activity was studied in 50 men. All the subjects were potent and sexually active. They were divided into 5 equal groups: 4 test and 1 control. Each of the 4 test groups were dressed in one type of textile underpants made of either 100% polyester, 50/50% polyester/cotton mix, 100% cotton, or 100% wool. Sexual behavior was assessed before and after 6 and 12 months of wearing the pants, and 6 months after their removal. Behavioral response was rated as potent if the subject's penis became erect, entered the vagina, and ejaculated. The rate of potent intromission (I) to mounts (M) (I/M ratio) was determined. The electrostatic potentials (EP) generated on the penis and scrotum were measured by an electrostatic kilovoltmeter. The I/M ratio at 6 and 12 months of wearing the polyester and polyester/cotton mix pants was significantly reduced compared to the pretest levels and the controls (p < .001). The reduction was more manifest in the pure polyester than in the polyester/cotton mix group, and at the 12-month than at the 6-month examination. The I/M ratio of the cotton and wool groups showed insignificant changes during the study period. Six months after removal of the underpants, the I/M ratio had returned to the pretest levels in the two groups that had worn polyester-containing pants. The polyester-containing pants generated EP, which may induce electrostatic fields in the intrapenile structures and could explain the diminished sexual activity. The cotton and wool textiles did not generate EP. Thus, polyester underpants could have an injurious effect on human sexual activity.
Animals↗
Comparison of glass vessels and plastic bags for enclosing living plant parts for headspace analysis.
Plants release volatile chemicals into their surrounding air space that can affect the physiology of neighboring plants and influence the behavior of insects. In studying these interactions, it is desirable to collect volatiles from plants that have not been excised and are growing under as natural conditions as possible. We compared a vessel of borosilicate glass and Nylon-6 or polyester [poly(ethyleneterephthalate) or PET] cooking bags for enclosing plants during collection of volatiles. A push-pull airflow system was used, and volatiles were trapped on Tenax TA and analyzed by gas chromatography after thermal desorption. Low levels of impurities were found for the glass vessel and polyester bags. Nylon bags contained higher levels and more impurities. Recoveries of standards of 10 plant volatiles were measured in static and dynamic systems. In a static air system, there was good recovery only from the glass vessel. In a dynamic system, there was generally good recovery from both the glass vessel and polyester bags. Recoveries of alpha-pinene and (Z)-jasmone were poor throughout. The former was shown to have a very low breakthrough volume on the Tenax TA adsorbent, and the latter may be strongly adsorbed on glass. All three materials were essentially transparent in the IR and visible (photosynthetic) range but with significantly different absorptions in the UV range. In a simulated dynamic entrainment in full sunlight, internal vessel temperatures were higher than ambient by up to 9.5 degrees C in the glass vessel and 7.5 degrees C in the polyester bag. Lower increases in temperature relative to ambient (<1 degrees C) were recorded when entrainments were conducted in the shade. In a field trial, the profiles of volatiles collected from an apple tree infested with rosy apple aphid using a glass vessel and a polyester bag were similar. Polyester bags are recommended as more convenient than glass vessels for the enclosure of plants during the collection of volatiles.
Adsorption↗
In vivo and mechanical properties of peritoneum/fascia as a novel arterial substitute.
OBJECTIVE: This study evaluates the efficacy of bovine peritoneum/fascia as an arterial substitute. METHODS AND OUTCOME MEASURES: Twelve dogs underwent bilateral femoral artery patch angioplasty with a glutaraldehyde-fixed bovine peritoneal/fascial patch (PFA patch) on one side and polyester patch on the contralateral side. Arteriograms were performed just before vessel harvest at 1 and 6 months, and vessels were evaluated for aneurysms and inflammation. Histologic analysis included intima area, media thickness, and lumen area. Immunofluorescence for CD 34 and Factor VIII was done to evaluate endothelialization and alpha-actin for smooth muscle cell growth. Mechanical strength testing was evaluated in separate PFA patches and compared independently to a commercially available bovine pericardial patch and polyester patch. RESULTS: All vessels examined at both 1 and 6 months were patent with no arteriographic evidence of stenosis. There was no evidence of aneurysm formation in any vessel and no difference between groups in inflammatory reaction. One polyester patch at 1 month developed an infection. Microscopic evaluation of experimental vessels revealed no difference between groups in intima area at 1 month (2.1 +/- 1.2 vs 2.2 +/- 1.2 mm 2 ; P = .5) and at 6 months (1.81 +/- 1.2 vs 1.9 +/- 1.2 mm 2 ; P = .5). There was no difference in media thickness, but the PFA patch group had a greater lumen area at 1 month (8.8 +/- 2.9 vs 9.8 +/- 3.0 mm 2 ; P = .02) and 6 months (10.5 +/- 4.2 vs 11.7 +/- 5.6 mm 2 ; P = .02). Immunofluorescence for CD34 and Factor VIII demonstrated complete re-endothelialization of all patches. The polyester patch had a chronic inflammatory response, but not the PFA patch. Mechanical strength testing demonstrated that compared to pericardium, the PFA patch had superior ( P < .05) failure tension, stiffness, and suture pull-out strength, whereas extensibility, fatigue tension, relax slope, and creep tests were not different. Polyester demonstrated superior suture pull-out, stiffness, relax slope, and failure strain ( P < .05), but it was not different in failure tension and extensibility than the PFA patch. However, the PFA patch had significantly less creep (0.25 +/- 0.25 vs 4.92 +/- 0.84; P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The PFA patch has similar clot-resistant properties to polyester and is superior to the pericardial patch in mechanical strength. It is a promising endothelial alternative for not only arterial patches but other vascular products. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The search for an artificial, thromboresistant, and intimal hyperplasia resistant interface between blood and native blood vessels still continues. This study demonstrates the feasibility and proof of concept of the peritoneum's clot-resistant properties. When adding the underlying fascia, it serves as an ideal arterial patch. Other studies are underway evaluating its feasibility as a bypass graft and a "drug coated"-like stent lining.
Animals↗