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PubMed2001

Testing a structured decision approach: value-focused thinking for deliberative risk communication.

Public participation is now part of many decision making processes for managing environmental and technical risks. This article describes a test of a strategy to improve the quality of public input by combining themes from risk communication with the prescriptive decision process of value-focused thinking. It was hypothesized that participating in a structured, value-focused risk communication approach would lead people to make more thoughtful, better informed, and hence higher quality decisions by helping them to consider and discuss a wider array of decision-relevant issues and address key value trade-offs. It is also anticipated that utilizing a value-focused decision structure would make participants feel more comfortable with their decisions; more satisfied that their selected alternative reflected their key concerns; and, in the end, more satisfied with their decisions. To test these hypotheses, six groups comprised of 7 to 10 people participated in conventional "alternative-focused" risk communication workshops and eight groups participated in similar "value-focused" workshops. All workshops dealt with the management of risks to riverine salmon habitat from hydroelectric electricity generation. The results provided support for the hypotheses: the value-focused decision structure led to more thoughtful and better informed risk management decisions.

Adult↗

PubMed2001

The Baldwin effect: a neglected influence on C. G. Jung's evolutionary thinking.

This paper considers the claim that C. G. Jung used a Lamarckian model of evolution to underwrite his theory of archetypes. This claim is challenged on the basis of Jung's familiarity with and use of the writings of James Mark Baldwin and Conway Lloyd Morgan, both of whom were noted and forceful opponents of neo-Lamarckian theory from within a neo-Darwinian framework. The paper then outlines the evolutionary model proposed by Baldwin and Lloyd Morgan, which has come to be known as Baldwinian evolution or the Baldwin effect. This model explicitly views psychological factors as central to the evolutionary process. Finally, the use of Baldwinian thinking in contemporary theorizing regarding language and other symbolic systems is reviewed and suggestions are made regarding the implications of Baldwinian models for theory building in analytical psychology.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Parents explain more often to boys than to girls during shared scientific thinking.

Young children's everyday scientific thinking often occurs in the context of parent-child interactions. In a study of naturally occurring family conversation, parents were three times more likely to explain science to boys than to girls while using interactive science exhibits in a museum. This difference in explanation occurred despite the fact that parents were equally likely to talk to their male and female children about how to use the exhibits and about the evidence generated by the exhibits. The findings suggest that parents engaged in informal science activities with their children may be unintentionally contributing to a gender gap in children's scientific literacy well before children encounter formal science instruction in grade school.

Chi-Square Distribution↗

PubMed2004

An alternative to current thinking about positive selection, negative selection and activation of T cells.

Given that recognition by the T-cell receptor (TCR) of allele-specific determinants on major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-encoded restricting elements (Rs) is germline encoded, whereas recognition of peptide (P) is somatically encoded, two combining site repertoires, anti-R and anti-P, are implied. As a consequence, the three pathways of T cells, positive selection, negative selection and activation, must be signalled by qualitatively distinct interactions engaging the TCR. These are spelled out as they provide an alternative to the current thinking that these pathways depend on affinity-based quantitatively distinguishable interactions.

Cell Differentiation↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The Baby Think It Over experience to prevent teen pregnancy: a postintervention evaluation.

An evaluation was conducted to describe the personal impact of the "In Your Care" pregnancy prevention intervention program using Baby Think It Over infant simulator. Data was collected regarding the attitudes, actual and intended sexual practices, feelings, and opinions of participants 2 or 3 years after the intervention. Student recommendations for program continuation and improvement were also solicited. Male and female 11(th) grade students in rural and suburban Midwestern communities, who had experienced the program 2 or 3 years earlier, completed surveys and were interviewed in focus groups. Participants vividly recalled and described the simulated experience in statements that reflected insight and feelings about parental responsibility and the consequences of teen pregnancy. The teens also made several recommendations for enhancing the program. The findings suggest that simulated experiences can be a powerful strategy for effective learning about complex decisions regarding the risks of sexual activity and the realities of parenting.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Re-thinking family-centred care across the continuum of children's healthcare.

BACKGROUND: The terms family-centred care (FCC) and family-centred services (FCS) are used interchangeably across the continuum of children's healthcare to encompass concepts of: parental participation in children's healthcare; partnership and collaboration between the healthcare team and parents in decision-making; family-friendly environments that normalize as much as possible family functioning within the healthcare setting; and care of family members as well as of children. However, authors from different professional and policy perspectives have used different definitions and literatures when arguing the evidence for FCC and FCS. METHOD: A critical literature review and theoretical discussion exploring common concepts and issues forming the basis for a research agenda further strengthening of the evidence base for FCC. A systematic identification of constructs, concepts and empirical indicators is developed and applied to exemplars in pain and asthma that span the continuum of children's healthcare across acute and community settings. CONCLUSIONS: The extent to which the concepts are supported by research and applied in practice remains unclear. We propose that re-thinking of FCC is required in order to develop a more coherent programme of research into the application of FCC theory in children's healthcare.

Asthma↗

PubMed1991

What parents think about parenting and teaching.

What parents of young mentally handicapped children think about parenting and teaching can affect their response to services offered, particularly programmes of advice on how to boost their child's rate of development. The paper presents a descriptive study of 40 mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their role in their child's activities, and how these relate to daily patterns of family interaction. The individual variations have implications for intervention strategies.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed1992

The effects of sleep deprivation on divergent thinking and attention processes.

Twelve male undergraduate students were deprived of sleep for one night and were tested with a series of cognitive tasks. Their performance was compared to the performance of thirteen control subjects. Two hourly tasks and three occasional tasks were administered in order to examine cognitive performance following sleep loss. In an attempt to replicate the findings of Horne (1988a), the figural form of the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking was administered. To explore the effects of short-term sleep deprivation on attention, the following tasks were also administered: a working memory task, a trail-making task, a vowel/consonant discrimination task, and a letter recognition task. Results of the Torrance test, trail-making task and letter recognition task revealed decreases in cognitive abilities following sleep loss, although all tasks required less than 10 minutes to administer. The results of this study suggest that cognitive measures following sleep deprivation have not been adequately explored. Results support the hypothesis that sleep serves a function of cognitive restitution, particularly in the maintenance of attentional mechanisms.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2005

Do patients think that dry powder inhalers can be used interchangeably?

As recognised in management guidelines, patients are the most important group of people in any prescribing decision. Despite their importance, few studies have asked what patients think about being switched between different inhalers. This paper reports two such studies, one involving interviews of a sample of patients and the other consisting of a quantitative survey of patients across five countries. In the qualitative study, four of the five patients interviewed reported that they would be confused, worried and unhappy about a switch in their dry powder inhaler and would revisit their physician to be shown how to use the inhaler or to ask for a new prescription for their old inhaler. In the quantitative survey of 499 patients with asthma, more than half (51%) were opposed to their current dry powder inhaler being replaced by a substitute device, with 83% reporting concerns. There was considerable concern about training in use of the new device and confusion about the need for change. Almost a quarter of patients (23%) would want training, and 23% of patients thought they would need information about the new inhaler. From limited information, it appears that patients would be concerned about switching of their existing dry powder inhaler for another, with the potential for confusion, need for additional consultations and need for training in the new device.

Administration, Inhalation↗

PubMed2000

Should public health experts listen to the people or tell them what to think and do? Yes and no, more or less.

This article refers to Margo Kingston's analysis of Pauline Hanson's doomed election campaign in 1998 (Kingston M. Off the Rails: The Pauline Hanson Trip. Sydney: Allen and Unwin; 1999) for insights that may resolve the Chapman/Mooney debate. Should we listen to Pauline Hanson or tell her and her One Nation colleagues what to think and do? Yes, and no, more or less. If more Australian citizens were given access to the material, social, educational and other privileges that Margo Kingston has enjoyed we wouldn't have a debate.

Australia↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Children's thinking about diversity of belief in the early school years: judgments of relativism, tolerance, and disagreeing persons.

Children's thinking about diversity of belief in 4 realms--morality, taste, facts, and ambiguous facts--was examined. Ninety-six participants (ages 5, 7, and 9) were interviewed about beliefs different from their own that were endorsed by characters with different status; their judgments of relativism, tolerance, and disagreeing persons were assessed. Five-year-olds made fewer relative and tolerant judgments than 7- and 9-year-olds. Nevertheless, participants of all ages organized their judgments according to the realm of diversity, thought that some beliefs are relative and some are nonrelative, and made tolerant judgments of some divergent beliefs (and their proponents) but not of others. The findings suggest that, in the early school years, children have multiple and well-differentiated perspectives on belief diversity.

Attitude↗

PubMed1982

The question of childhood egocentrism: the co-ordination of perspectives in relation to operational thinking.

To what extent is the concept of 'childhood egocentrism' valid? Piaget presents an account in which a child's ability to appreciate different points of view is intimately related to his capacity for operational thought. To examine this hypothesis, children aged from 3 to 7 years were presented with tasks requiring the co-ordination of visuo-spatial perspectives, and tests of operational thinking. Subjects in the pre-operational stage demonstrated an ability to co-ordinate viewpoints, but found certain forms of visuo-spatial problem relatively difficult. The significance of this for the concept of egocentrism and the analysis of role-taking is considered.

Child↗

PubMed1989

Thinking about head injuries in children.

The number of head injuries in children is rising annually and the number is by no means insignificant. Although the relatively small number of severe injuries has been acknowledged to produce profound and long-term effects, the majority of injuries are comparatively mild. In the past, mild injuries have not been thought to produce significant cognitive or psychological sequelae. This view is now being challenged, suggesting that professionals need be aware of the subtle sequelae that can effect children's functioning in the home and classroom. Children, once seen as having an advantage over adults with regard to their recovery, may in fact be more vulnerable and have poorer prognoses. Adequate rehabilitation provision for the unique complexity of problems following head injury is rarely met by Health and Education Authorities. Children with head injuries are neither sick nor mentally handicapped, and they need a rehabilitation service that fits their special needs. Finally, little within the literature of children's head injury has been written on children's own experience of their predicament. One notable exception is the work of McCabe and Green (1987). Children are often acutely aware of their difficulties once they begin to recover, mourning the loss of past skills and abilities, and the loss of freedoms they once had. Yet they are only partially able to understand how their world is so different. Frustration, fear, anger and sorrow are not uncommon feelings expressed either verbally or through their behaviour. In thinking about head injury in children it is their experience of this trauma that must be foremost in our minds.

Age Factors↗

PubMed2006

Redesigning emergency department patient flows: application of Lean Thinking to health care.

OBJECTIVE: To describe in some detail the methods used and outcome of an application of concepts from Lean Thinking in establishing streams for patient flows in a teaching general hospital ED. METHODS: Detailed understanding was gained through process mapping with staff followed by the identification of value streams (those patients likely to be discharged from the ED, those who were likely to be admitted) and the implementation of a process of seeing those patients that minimized complex queuing in the ED. RESULTS: Streaming had a significant impact on waiting times and total durations of stay in the ED. There was a general flattening of the waiting time across all groups. A slight increase in wait for Triage categories 2 and 3 patients was offset by reductions in wait for Triage category 4 patients. All groups of patients spent significantly less overall time in the department and the average number of patients in the ED at any time decreased. There was a significant reduction in number of patients who do not wait and a slight decrease in access block. CONCLUSIONS: The streaming of patients into groups of patients cared for by a specific team of doctors and nurses, and the minimizing of complex queues in this ED by altering the practices in relation to the function of the Australasian Triage Scale improved patient flow, thereby decreasing potential for overcrowding.

Emergency Service, Hospital↗

PubMed1994

Social decision-making and life skills development: a critical thinking approach to health promotion in the middle school.

This article discusses a classroom-based social decision-making intervention for health promotion and prevention of problem behaviors. The social decision-making approach brings together social-cognitive, affective, behavioral, and social relationship areas with critical thinking skills important for academic achievement. These skills are the same ones needed to promote children's health and prevent substance abuse and related health-compromising behaviors. Key components of this program, its development, and theoretical background are discussed, focusing on implications for school-based health promotion. As such, social decision-making provides an approach to health promotion that enhances coordination among classroom and health education personnel. The middle school years, a time of increasing risk for negative health-related outcomes, are examined as a key period for intervention. Finally, empirical evidence supporting use of social decision-making and related approaches is discussed.

Adaptation, Psychological↗

PubMed2001

Effectiveness of the "Baby Think It Over" teen pregnancy prevention program.

In an effort to reduce teen pregnancy, schools are purchasing a program called "Baby Think It Over," a computerized infant simulator intended to provide a realistic infant care experience. However, little empirical, especially experimental, program effectiveness data exist. This study determined if the program changed participants' attitudes toward parenting, as well as sexual and contraceptive behaviors linked to avoidance of teen pregnancy. Development of measurement tools was a part of the purpose. The study also asked teen-agers, through narrative questions, about their conscious perceptions of the baby's utility and impact. Participants included experimental (n = 151) and control (n = 62) groups of primarily White, middle class, suburban high school' students (mean age = 16.2). The quasi-experimental portion of the study failed to reveal a statistically significant effect. Narrative data revealed several positive and notable program effects.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Evaluation of the North Carolina "Baby Think It Over" project.

The North Carolina "Baby Think It Over" (BTIO) evaluation was conducted during spring semester 2000. Data were collected from participating teachers, students, and parents. Twenty-five teachers were selected randomly from different counties in North Carolina. Each randomly selected teacher coordinated the evaluation in conjunction with the intervention. Student surveys determined whether using the BTIO doll changed perceptions and attitudes toward teen parenting. Information also was collected on the veracity of each student's participation based on data provided from the computer in the baby. Surveys were sent home to the parents of participating students so information on communication, disruption of the household, and parenting perceptions could be obtained. Each teacher completed a survey that sought information on topics discussed throughout the intervention, hours of the program, and perceptions of program effectiveness. Parents and teachers were offered participation incentives. Overall, support existed for the BTIO intervention by parents and teachers. Most teachers and parents felt the program was effective at increasing communication about parenting and changing teens' attitudes in a desired direction. Most teachers reported that the intervention was not disruptive to their classes. However, results from student surveys did not reveal the same support. Student changes in attitudes and beliefs about parenting after the intervention were minimal.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1977

Thinking with restricted language. A personal construct investigation of pre-lingually profoundly deaf apprentices.

By means of the deaf manual system of communication, Personal Construct grids were elicited from profoundly deaf apprentices. Contrary to expectation, the grids are not uni-dimensional, and they are as well elaborated as grids with the same supplied elements and constructs elicited from hearing subjects. Implications of the deaf subjects' grids are considered in the light of the relationship between thinking and language explored by Furth.

Adolescent↗