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PubMed1989

Antibodies against Trichosporon beigelii in vaginal washings from asymptomatic women.

Trichosporon beigelii was isolated from vaginal washings from three asymptomatic women. All three women had IgG or IgA anti-T. beigelii antibody titres greater than or equal to 20 when tested by an indirect immunofluorescence assay against the three strains isolated. Titres greater than or equal to 160 were found when each patient was tested against her own isolate. Patients with Candida albicans vulvovaginitis, or from whom C. albicans or Toruloposis glabrata was isolated from vaginal washings, or who had negative cultures for yeasts, had titres less than or equal to 20.

Antibodies, Fungal↗
PubMed1969

Photooxidation by photosystem II of tris-washed chloroplasts.

Irradiation of tris-washed chloroplasts with moderate intensities of red light caused a partial bleaching of chloroplast pigments and an inhibition of the hydroquinone-supported photoreduction of NADP. The presence of an electron donor for photosystem 2 (PS2) during the irradiation prevented the bleaching and inhibition. It is concluded that the strong oxidant produced by PS2 accumulates in tris-washed chloroplasts during irradiation and an electron donor for PS2 protects against the photooxidation reactions.

Chloroplasts↗
PubMed1977

Studies on 133Xe wash-out from human skin: quantitative measurements of blood flow in normal and corticosteroid-treated skin.

Blood flow was measured by the 133Xe technique in normal and corticosteroid-treated skin. Epicutaneous and intracutaneous methods of tracer application were compared in normal skin. The two labeling methods were equally suitable for measuring cutaneous blood flow provided calculations in both cases were based on a biexponential resolution of the wash-out curve in its cutaneous and subcutaneous components and provided the traumatic hyperemia phase was considered, when intracutaneous application of the tracer was used. Results were invalidated if calculations were based on initial slope of the wash-out curves.Topical application of beta-methasone valerate in a reduction in cutaneous blood flow as measured by the intracutaneous technique with curve resolution, whereas no effect could be demonstrated when calculations were based on the initial slopes of the curves. The 133Xe technique is a simple and reliable method for measuring cutaneous blood flow, which might prove useful in estimations of penetration ability and potency of topical corticosteroids.

Administration, Topical↗
PubMed1997

Detection of carcinoembryonic antigen-expressing free tumor cells in peritoneal washes from patients with gastric carcinoma by polymerase chain reaction.

Cytological examination of peritoneal washes is a useful predictor of peritoneal recurrence in gastric carcinoma patients. In the present study, even more sensitive detection of free cancer cells could be achieved through amplification of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) mRNA by means of the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). CEA was first confirmed to be present in all the gastric cancer cell lines examined, irrespective of the differentiation degree, and absent in blood and mesothelium, indicating the specificity of this approach for detection of carcinoma cells in peritoneal lavage fluid. In sensitivity tests, CEA RT-PCR proved to be capable of detecting 10 carcinoma cells per sample. Peritoneal washes of 15 of 48 gastric carcinoma patients, including all 10 patients with positive cytology results, proved positive for CEA mRNA. None of the 5 patients with benign disease was positive. Moreover, a close association with the depth of cancer invasion was established. The results indicate that the assay is more sensitive for detection of free carcinoma cells in the peritoneal cavity than conventional cytology. This is the first study to suggest the feasibility of the RT-PCR method for prediction of peritoneal recurrence in gastric cancer patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Specific interaction of HLA antibodies (eluates) with washed platelets.

The mechanism of complement-independent action of HLA-A2 antibodies (eluates) on washed platelets was investigated. HLA-specific alteration was confirmed by serological (platelet micro-complement fixation), morphological (platelet spreading) and functional parameters (platelet aggregation, inhibition of collagen-induced platelet aggregation, [14C]serotonin release). In the presence of fibrinogen and calcium ions, HLA antibodies induced instantaneous platelet aggregation and release. Although no morphological (spreading) and functional changes (collagen-induded aggregation) were seen, these platelets did not aggregate or release when fibrinogen was subsequently added. When platelets--in the presence of fibrinogen--were incubated with antibody concentrations too low to induce platelet aggregation or release, specific reduction of platelet reactivity was observed by subsequent collagen aggregation. HLA-specific action of antibodies on washed platelets was inhibited by apyrase and acetyl-salicylic acid, indicating an active participation of platelets in HLA antibody-induced platelet alteration.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1985

An ultrastructural study of stored human platelets after washing using prostacyclin.

The morphology of washed human platelets stored at 4 degrees C has been examined over a period of 96 h. Platelets prepared using prostacyclin showed good preservation of their internal structure. These platelets showed no signs of activation when stirred in an aggregometer and only small reversible aggregates were formed during storage. In contrast, platelets prepared using a more conventional method, which does not use prostacyclin, showed poor preservation of internal structure. Storage and stirring of these platelets resulted in activation and morphological deterioration. These observations support our previous finding that prostacyclin prolongs the viability of washed human platelets in vitro.

Blood Platelets↗
PubMed2005

'I'm just going to wash you down': sanitizing the vaginal examination.

AIM: This paper reports findings from an ongoing study exploring the qualitative experiences of midwives and women in relation to vaginal examination in labour, focusing on how vaginal examination is discussed and on the wash-down procedure used by some midwives. BACKGROUND: The body is a source of considerable ambivalence in sociological terms. Women's bodies, in particular, have been viewed as problematic and as a potential source of dirt and pollution. It has been suggested that vaginal examinations during labour are used, at least in part, as a ritual procedure by which healthcare professionals demonstrate that they are in control of both the labouring woman and the process of labour itself. Methods. In-depth interviews were undertaken during 2003 with six childbearing women and 10 midwives who had been involved in these women's care. Non-participant observation was also carried out of each woman's labour and birth. FINDINGS: During interviews, when discussing vaginal examination, midwives persistently used abbreviations or euphemisms as a means of distancing themselves from the realities of the procedure. Some midwives were observed washing women's genitals in a highly ritualized manner prior to vaginal examination, apparently as a strategy for establishing power differentials. CONCLUSION: Midwives commonly state that they are advocates for woman-centred care but their behaviour in relation to vaginal examination belies this and suggests that they regard women's bodies as contaminated and polluting. Healthcare students need to be taught specific communication skills to enable them to discuss vaginal examination more fully with women so that they feel less need to resort to euphemisms and abbreviations when discussing the procedure. It is also important to carry out vaginal examination in a way that is not demeaning and does not reinforce notions that women's bodies are dirty.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗
PubMed1995

Reflective process in action: the uncovering of the ritual of washing in clinical nursing practice.

Reflection can be utilized to reveal aspects of clinical practice which remain shrouded in ritualistic origin. The underlying themes surrounding the action of washing patients can be traced to Victorian legacies and the nurse education process. The nurse-patient relationship serves as a template for the deliverance of nursing interventions. An incomplete awareness of the nurse-patient relationship persists as to its initiation, continuation and usefulness in clinical nursing. Following reflection, there has been an increased awareness of feelings and attitudes surrounding the activity of washing a patient.

Baths↗
PubMed2005

Detection and identification of Flavobacterium psychrophilum from gill washings and benthic diatoms by PCR-based sequencing analysis.

A nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification technique was used to detect Flavobacterium psychrophilum from washings of fish gill surfaces and benthic diatoms as environmental samples. Gill washing samples were prepared from kawamutsu, Zacco temminckii (Temminck & Schlegel) and oikawa, Z. platypus (Temminck & Schlegel). Benthic diatom samples were collected from stone surfaces. All samples were collected from rivers in Wakayama Prefecture, Japan from November 2003 to January 2004. Following simple DNA extraction using a chelating resin, nested PCR techniques targeting 16S-rDNA and gyrB regions were performed, and PCR products were cloned and sequenced. With nested PCR amplification for the 16S-rDNA gene, ambiguous PCR products were detected from two of six samples, and by cloning and sequencing analysis were found not to be DNA fragments amplified from F. psychrophilum. Using nested PCR for the gyrB gene, however, five of six samples were clearly positive for F. psychrophilum in agarose gel electrophoresis, and were found to be identical with nucleotide sequences of F. psychrophilumgyrB deposited in DNA databases by sequencing analysis. Results indicate that nested PCR for the gyrB region is a useful technique to detect low levels of F. psychrophilum from environmental samples contaminated with many other organisms.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Sensitive glass microfibre-based histamine analysis for allergy testing in washed blood cells. Results compared with conventional leukocyte histamine release assay.

The new microfibre method for allergy testing is based on basophil histamine release after challenge with suspected allergens in samples of 50 microliter washed blood cells. Released histamine is bound to microfibres and measured after removal of interfering substances by washing. The microfibre method was compared with the conventional leukocyte histamine release assay in 18 allergic patients tested with 10 different allergens. It was found that the same individuals responded with histamine release to the same allergens in both assays, and the number of responders was almost identical. Also the dose-response curves and the cell sensitivity were almost identical, which further substantiated identity between the results obtained by the new microfibre method and the conventional assay. A comparison between the microfibre method and in vivo provocation tests showed good agreement when comparing the number of positive and negative responses in these test. The new method overcomes the problems in allergy testing, where only small amounts of blood are available and many tests have to be carried out.

Allergens↗
PubMed1987

House dust mite-induced histamine release from washed blood cells. Evaluation of effect parameters.

In a selected group of 60 house dust mite allergic asthmatics, the correlation between the bronchial sensitivity to house dust mite and effect parameters of mite-induced histamine release from washed blood cells was evaluated. Using a sensitive glass microfibre-based method, a significant positive correlation (r = 0.60; P less than 0.001) was found between bronchial allergen sensitivity and basophil cell sensitivity expressed as the house dust mite concentration necessary to give half the maximum histamine release. No correlation was found between bronchial sensitivity and other parameters of the histamine release response. This way of determining the histamine release from washed blood cells is a simple and valuable alternative to bronchial allergen challenge.

Animals↗
PubMed1975

GTP degradation to guanine catalyzed by ribosomal subunits and microsomal-wash factors.

Ribosomes from stringent strains of bacteria generate (p)ppGpp if incubated with uncharged tRNA, a ribosomal wash fraction, GTP and ATP. By contrast, an analogous system from rat liver does not transform GTP to (p)ppGpp but degrades it to guanine. The reaction requires the ribosomal subunits, a 40 000-Mr and a 60 000-Mr microsomal wash protein factor and is inhibited if the ribosomal A-site is charged with aminoacyl tRNA. The degradation of GTP to guanine occurs in the following four distinct reaction steps: (a) hydrolysis of GTP to GDP plus Pi, (b) hydrolysis of GDP to GMP plus Pi, (c) hydrolysis of GMP to guanosine plus Pi, (d) hydrolysis of guanosine to guanine plus ribose. The reaction step (a) is inhibited by fusidic acid, cycloheximide, emetine, tetracycline and puromycin. The hydrolysis of GDP is inhibited strongly by fusidic acid, emetine and tetracycline. A putative physiological significance of this ribosome-dependent pathway in the processes of growth control of animal cells under conditions of amino acid deprivation is discussed.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of infertile patients by intrauterine insemination of washed spermatozoa.

Thirty-five couples with a variety of infertility problems were treated by a sperm-washing and intrauterine-insemination method. The husband's semen was washed with a modified Biggers, Whitten, and Whittingham's medium to obtain a seminal plasma-free, highly concentrated sperm suspension for intrauterine insemination. Couples receiving these inseminations were evaluated by semen analysis, zona-free hamster egg penetration test (EPT), post-coital test (PCT), antisperm antibody test (ASAT), and other appropriate infertility tests to determine the possible cause of infertility. The pregnancy rate as a group was 17%, while the spontaneous rate was found to be only 7%. Patients with a poor PCT result had a good success rate (25%) especially if the male's fertilizing ability appeared normal in the EPT (50% success). This treatment did not help men with poor EPT results or reduced sperm concentration (5% and 0% success). By excluding unsuccessful patients attempting less than three months, the calculated conception rate for this treatment is 33%. No infection or other serious complications were reported. It is concluded that this method is an uncomplicated and effective treatment for certain infertility patients. The patients most likely to be assisted by this method can be identified by using the EPT, PCT, and ASAT, and these patients should be treated for a minimum of three cycles.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Sperm wash in three culture media: maximization of motile sperm recovery during swim-up incubation.

Three different culture media commonly used during in vitro gamete manipulations were studied for their efficacy in sperm wash procedure. Highest numbers of motile sperm were recovered at 6 hours following incubation in WT-6 and Ham's F-10 media. However, WT-6 yielded higher motile sperm numbers than Ham's F-10. Swim-up sperm number reached a peak at 3 hours following incubation in BWW. A period of 2 to 6 hours of incubation of sperm pellets overlayed with sperm wash media resulted in highly enriched motile sperm fractions free of dead spermatozoa and seminal debri.

Culture Media↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Human follicular fluid stimulates motility and velocity of washed human sperm in vitro.

Human follicular fluid collected by laparoscopic oocyte pick-up during IVF was studied with a computer-assisted semen analyser to evaluate the effect of hFF on human sperm motility and velocity. Freshly ejaculated human sperm were washed with phosphate buffered saline and mixed with either PBS or hFF. At various incubation periods of time, hFF increased both sperm motility and velocity as compared with control (P less than 0.01). After incubation of sperm with hFF at 37 degrees C and 5% CO2 in air for 0, 1, 3, 6, and 12 h, the amplitude increase of motility were 49%, 77%, 330%, 2020%, and 3340% when individual control motility was considered to be 100%. The amplitude increase of curvilinear velocity were 43%, 51%, 67%, 152%, 278%, respectively. Comparison of the motility and velocity of the sperm treated with hFF between 0 and 12 h, showed that hFF preserved both motility and velocity in vitro (P less than 0.01). The stimulatory effect of hFF was retained after boiling at 100 degrees C for 30 min, or after being filtered through Amicon membrane cones, but it disappeared if the hFF had been pre-treated with chymotrypsin. However, hFF did not stimulate the motility and velocity of unwashed sperm in freshly ejaculated human semen. A non-dialyzable and heat-stable factor(s) with a molecular weight below 50,000 in hFF may improve and maintain the motility and velocity of washed human sperm. Whether this factor could be used to improve pregnancy rate in assisted reproduction awaits further investigation.

Centrifugation↗
PubMed1994

Elimination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus from a neonatal intensive care unit after hand washing with triclosan.

Evaluating hand wash products in terms of user acceptability and effectiveness against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has been part of a long-term strategy to eliminate endemic MRSA from the neonatal intensive care unit at the Royal Women's Hospital (Brisbane). Following the introduction of a new hand wash disinfectant (triclosan 1% wt/vol), new cases of MRSA colonization were monitored for 12 months. In addition, the use of antibiotics, the incidence of multi-resistant Gram-negative cultures and neonatal infections were noted. No changes were made to any procedures or protocols during the trial. All babies colonized with MRSA had been discharged from the nursery within 7 months of the introduction of triclosan and in the subsequent 9 months no new MRSA isolates had been reported. Reduction in the use of vancomycin has resulted in a cost saving of approximately $A17,000. The total number of Gram-negative isolates has not increased, although Pseudomonas aeruginosa is now reported more often. Compared with the previous 12 months, fewer antibiotics were prescribed and fewer nosocomial infections recorded (P < 0.05).

Colony Count, Microbial↗
PubMed2005

Nasal wash as an alternative to bronchoalveolar lavage in detecting early pulmonary inflammation in children with cystic fibrosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine whether nasal inflammation reflects pulmonary inflammation in young children with cystic fibrosis (CF), as assessed by inflammatory markers in nasal wash (NW) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), respectively. METHODS: CF patients younger than 6 years of age who were to undergo bronchoscopy for routine BAL from May 2000 to October 2001 were recruited for this study. NW was collected immediately after the patient was sedated for bronchoscopy. Total cell counts (TCC), differential cell counts and interleukin (IL)-8 levels (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were assessed in NW and BAL. RESULTS: In total, 19 children with CF (mean age, 1.9 years; SD, 1.7 years) were included in the study. There was a significant relationship between IL-8 and the percentages of neutrophils in NW (r (2) = 0.76; P < 0.001) and in BAL fluid (r 2 = 0.62; P = 0.006). Similarly, IL-8 concentrations in the NW correlated with those in the BAL (r 2 = 0.48; P = 0.036) and neutrophil percentages in NW correlated significantly with those in BAL (r 2 = 0.7; P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: When measured under 'ideal' conditions, nasal IL-8 reflects lower airway levels and may reflect the inflammatory stimulus that results in neutrophilic inflammation. These data encourage further assessment of nasal wash under clinically appropriate conditions to determine its utility for assessing inflammation in young children with CF.

Biomarkers↗