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PubMed1979

Cost containment: a national policy.

Guaranteeing access to high-quality care became a firmly established national policy with the advent of Medicaid and Medicare programs. However, since 1970, the federal government has gradually shifted the emphasis of national policy on hospital care. Cost containment efforts on the part of President Carter's Administration have made cost containment, rather than guaranteed access, the major national policy on hospital care.

Cost Control↗
PubMed1980

Effectiveness of bedtime dosing of benzodiazepines: a placebo-controlled comparison of halazepam and clorazepate.

The efficacy of halazepam and clorazepate were studied in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Sixty-four patients with symptoms of anxiety were treated single-blind with placebo for one week; at the end of the week, all patients scored 18 or higher on the Hamilton Anxiety Scale and were entered into the the double-blind phase of the study. They were randomly assigned to four weeks of treatment with halazepam (80 to 160 mg), clorazepate (15 to 30 mg), or placebo, each administered in a single dose at bedtime. Dosage was adjusted to fit patient needs. Patients were evaluated weekly using both physician and patient rating scales. At 19/20 time points, mean values for improvement from baseline on physician-rated measures of efficacy (global and relative evaluations, Hamilton Anxiety Scale and its two factors, psychic and somatic) showed statistically significant differences (P less than or equal to 0.10, two-tailed) favoring halazepam over placebo. Clorazepate was statistically better at 18/20 time points. Patient-rated measures of efficacy (global evaluations, Hopkins Self-Rating Scale), while showing more variability in response, tended in the same direction. Comparison of the halazepam and clorazepate treatment groups on the physician's rating of relative improvement after three and four weeks of treatment showed patients treated with halazepam significantly more improved than those treated with clorazepate (P less than 0.10). Similar differences in favor of halazepam were observed at the same time points on paired comparison of percent improvement from baseline in scores for physician's global assessment of psychopathology and the Hamilton Anxiety Scale. It is concluded that halazepam and clorazepate, when administered in a single bedtime dose, are safe and effective agents for the relief of anxiety. Daytime somnolence was not a problem with either drug and no serious or unexpected side effects occurred.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Alprazolam in clinically anxious patients with depressed mood.

A double-blind study compared alprazolam and placebo in 462 clinically anxious patients with accompanying depressed mood. Alprazolam was more effective than placebo as measured by the Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, the Self-Rating Symptom Scale, Target Symptoms, Physician's Global Impressions, and Patient's Global Impressions. Alprazolam was not significantly different from placebo in the number of patients reporting drowsiness, the most frequent side effect.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1983

Comparison of alprazolam, imipramine, and placebo in the treatment of depression.

Alprazolam is the first of the triazolobenzodiazepines to be studied in a large population of depressed patients. In a six-week, double-blind multicenter comparison of alprazolam, imipramine hydrochloride, and placebo in the treatment of 723 patients with depression, the two active drugs were statistically more effective than placebo. Alprazolam was at least as effective as imipramine in relieving depressive symptoms, significantly more effective in relieving somatic symptoms, and showed an earlier onset of activity in some measurements. Anticholinergic side effects were reported most often by patients receiving imipramine, while drowsiness was the only side effect reported most often in the alprazolam group. The Feighner Diagnostic Criteria and prestudy and poststudy intercenter conferences with videotaped patient interviews ensured interrater reliability.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1981

A murine stage-specific embryonic antigen (SSEA-2) is expressed on some murine SV40-transformed cells.

A stage-specific embryonic antigen-2 (SSEA-2) found on murine preimplantation embryos is maximally expressed on 4- to 8-cell stage embryos and is present in decreasing amounts of morulae and blastocysts. This antigenic determinant is also expressed on murine teratocarcinoma cells, sperm, and some, but not all, SV40-transformed mouse cell lines. Analysis of solubilized immunoprecipitates by SDS-gel electrophoresis indicates that this cell surface molecule is not the 54,000 m.w. protein shared by teratocarcinoma and SV40-transformed cell lines.

Absorption↗
PubMed1983

Characterization of the human plasma binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites synthesized by the human hepatoma-derived cell line, Hep 3B.

Screening of three human hepatoma-derived cell lines revealed the presence of an immunologically similar plasma binding protein for vitamin D and its metabolites in media from Hep 3B cells. Approximately 3% of protein synthesized and secreted by these cells was immunoprecipitated by specific antiserum to the D-binding protein. Medium content of the protein increased over 11 days following cell seeding, and negligible amounts of 125I-labeled binding protein added to cultures were degraded over 48 h. The hepatoma-derived binding protein was indistinguishable from plasma binding protein or reference pure protein in gel filtration, sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation, and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis systems. The Hep 3B cell product was found to bind mole/mol with monomeric actin, and bind vitamin D sterols with an affinity and specificity characteristic of the human plasma binding protein. The findings argue strongly for the identity of the Hep 3B cell product and the human plasma protein. The continuous availability of the Hep 3B cell line provides a reasonable model for investigations of biosynthesis and release of this important plasma protein.

Calcifediol↗
PubMed1984

Biosynthesis and postsynthetic processing of human C3b/C4b inactivator (factor I) in three hepatoma cell lines.

Human factor I is a two-chain plasma glycoprotein composed of disulfide-linked 50,000- and 38,000-dalton subunits. Analysis of its biosynthesis and postsynthetic processing demonstrated that factor I is synthesized as a single chain precursor (pro-I) that undergoes glycosylation and limited proteolysis to generate the native protein. One of three human hepatoma cell lines, HepG2 , secreted factor I predominantly (70-90%) in a single chain pro-I form. The other cell lines secrete factor I predominantly in its two chain native form. The defect in conversion of pro-I to I in HepG2 was protein specific since other multichain proteins, derived from single chain precursors, the third, fourth, and fifth components of complement were processed normally. Further analysis of the inefficient pro-I to I conversion by HepG2 revealed that Xenopus oocytes injected with HepG2 mRNA secreted factor I in a predominantly two-chain form. In addition, the apparent sizes of native factor I, transferrin, and alpha-1-antitrypsin secreted by the three hepatoma lines differed due to differences in postsynthetic processing.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Quazepam in the short-term treatment of insomnia in outpatients.

The safety and hypnotic efficacy of quazepam 30 mg vs placebo in 57 insomniac outpatients were assessed in a randomized, controlled comparison. Patients received placebo during a 3-night, single-blind baseline period, and then quazepam 30 mg or placebo during a 5-night, double-blind treatment period. Quazepam-treated patients reported significantly better sleep quantity and quality on the first treatment night and for the overall treatment period than did placebo patients. No clinically significant change was seen in pre- and posttreatment physical examinations, electrocardiograms, or routine laboratory tests. Of the 57 subjects, 20 (16 quazepam, 4 placebo) reported adverse experiences. All 20 reported daytime somnolence (drowsiness, lethargy, or sleepiness), and one quazepam-treated patient also had hypokinesia. Overall, quazepam 30 mg was a safe and effective hypnotic, with significant hypnotic activity on the first night of administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Ludwig's angina.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Histone complements of human tissues, carcinomas, and carcinoma-derived cell lines.

The pattern of subtypes of the nucleosomal histones and of histone H1 was investigated in human cells from adult and fetal lung and liver, from carcinoma tissues and from carcinoma-derived cell lines, with the object of comparing these patterns, and their relationship to cell growth rate, with those in cells of other species. The subtype pattern of the nucleosomal histones H2A and H3 shows a correlation with replication rate. In adult tissues, subtype H3-3 predominates over H3-2 and H3-1, and the subtype H2A-1 and H2A-2 are approximately equally abundant. In fetal tissues, lung carcinoma and cultured carcinoma-derived cell lines, the subtype H3-1 is predominant and H2A-1 is more abundant than H2A-2. The subtype pattern of H1 also differs between normal and carcinoma cells, among different tissues, and in different cell lines derived from the same type of carcinoma. In particular, the relative level of H1 degrees differs in several cell lines showing relatively high rates of replication, and in some cases represents more than 25% of the total H1, similar to the level in slowly replicating normal adult liver and lung tissues. The relative level of H1 degrees does not therefore appear to be correlated in a simple manner with cell growth rate in these human cells.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

Tolerance to amoxapine antidepressant effects.

Several patients treated with amoxapine (in dosages ranging from 50 to 300 mg/day) had excellent initial responses followed by relapse unresponsive to dose adjustment, suggesting pharmacological tolerance to its antidepressant effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1980

Alprazolam compared to diazepam and placebo in the treatment of anxiety.

Alprazolam was compared to diazepam and placebo in 235 outpatients suffering from manifest anxiety. In this 28-day double-blind study, alprazolam was more effective than placebo and essentially equivalent to diazepam in alleviating the symptoms of anxiety. However, alprazolam produced a markedly lower incidence of side effects than either diazepam or placebo. Of particular note, drowsiness was reported less than half as frequently by alprazolam patients than by diazepam patients. These results were achieved with an average daily dose of 1.5 mg alprazolam compared to 18.6 mg diazepam.

Adolescent↗