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PubMed2002

Mode of action of recombinant Azotobacter vinelandii mannuronan C-5 epimerases AlgE2 and AlgE4.

The enzymes mannuronan C-5 epimerases catalyze conversion of beta-D-mannuronic acid to alpha-L-guluronic acid in alginates at the polymer level and thereby introduce sequences that have functional properties relevant to gelation. The enzymatic conversion by recombinant mannuronan C-5 epimerases AlgE4 and AlgE2 on alginate type substrates with different degree of polymerization and initial low fraction of alpha-L-guluronic acid was investigated. Essentially no enzymatic activity was found for fractionated mannuronan oligomer substrates with an average degree of polymerization, DP(n), less than or equal 6, whereas increasing the DP(n) yielded increased epimerization activity. This indicates that these enzymes have an active site consisting of binding domains for consecutive residues that requires interaction with 7 or more consecutive residues to show enzymatic activity. The experimentally determined kinetics of the reaction, and the residue sequence arrangement introduced by the epimerization, were modeled using Monte Carlo simulation accounting for the various competing intrachain substrates and assuming either a processive mode of action or preferred attack. The comparison between experimental data and simulation results suggests that epimerization by AlgE4 is best described by a processive mode of action, whereas the mode of action of AlgE2 appears to be more difficult to determine.

Alginates↗
PubMed1998

Genetic analysis on the NifW by utilizing the yeast two-hybrid system revealed that the NifW of Azotobacter vinelandii interacts with the NifZ to form higher-order complexes.

Nitrogenase is a complex metalloenzyme composed of two separately purified proteins designated the Fe-protein and the MoFe-protein. Apart from these two proteins, a number of accessory proteins are essential for the maturation and assembly of nitrogenase. Even though experimental evidence suggests that these accessory proteins are required for nitrogenase activity, the exact roles played by many of these proteins in the functions of nitrogenase are unclear. Our studies were directed to understand the role of two nif accessory proteins, the NifW and the NifZ in the biological nitrogen fixation. To accomplish this, we have utilized a genetic method, the Yeast based Two-Hybrid protein-protein interaction assay. This analysis showed that the NifW could interact with itself to make a multimeric complex. In contrast, the NifZ could not interact with itself. However, the NifZ could interact with the NifW. Previously it was shown that mutating either the NifW or the NifZ have similar effects on the activity of nitrogenase. This observation indicated that both these proteins may exert their regulation on the nitrogenase by a common pathway. Furthermore, it was suggested that the NifW plays a role in the oxygen-protection of the MoFe-protein by direct physical interaction. Our observation that the NifW can interact with itself as well as with the NifZ, suggests that the NifW and the NifZ may form a higher order complex and such a complex may be needed to exert the effects of the NifW or the NifZ on the nitrogenase activity.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1992

The nifU, nifS and nifV gene products are required for activity of all three nitrogenases of Azotobacter vinelandii.

Strains with mutations in 23 of the 30 genes and open reading frames in the major nif gene cluster of A. vinelandii were tested for ability to grow on N-free medium with molybdenum (Nif phenotype), with vanadium (Vnf phenotype), or with neither metal present (Anf phenotype). As reported previously, nifE, nifN, nifU, nifS and nifV mutants were Nif- (failed to grow on molybdenum) while nifM mutants were Nif-, Vnf- and Anf-. nifV, nifS, and nifU mutants were found to be unable to grow on medium with or without vanadium, i.e. were Vnf- Anf-. Therefore neither vnf nor anf analogoues of nifU, nifS, nifV or nifM are expected to be present in A. vinelandii.

Azotobacter vinelandii↗