SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “CHOLIC ACID”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources

PubMedDate not supplied

Suppression of atherogenesis in female low-density lipoprotein receptor knockout mice following magnesium fortification of drinking water: the importance of diet.

OBJECTIVE: Magnesium (Mg) has previously been found to modulate blood lipid levels, atherogenesis and atherosclerosis in rabbits when used as a dietary supplement. In addition, we have reported that Mg fortification of drinking water can attenuate atherogenesis in male low-density lipoprotein (LDL)-receptor-deficient mice, but had a mild and nonsignificant effect on female mice fed a high-cholesterol diet supplemented with cholic acid. The aim of this study was to examine whether Mg has an antiatherogenic effect in female mice fed a high-cholesterol diet without cholic acid. METHODS: Two groups of female LDL-receptor-deficient mice were included. The mice received either distilled water or water with 50 g of Mg sulfate per liter. In the first (12 weeks) and second (6 weeks) stages of the experiment, the mice received low- and high-cholesterol diets, respectively, both without cholic acid. At the end of each stage of the experiment, blood was drawn for the determination of plasma Mg, calcium and lipid levels. In addition, the extent of atherosclerosis was determined at the aortic sinus level. RESULTS: Mg fortification was associated with higher levels of plasma Mg while the mice were on a high-cholesterol diet, and the extent of atherosclerosis at the aortic sinus was significantly decreased in the female mice that received high levels of Mg compared with the female mice that received distilled water. The female mice that received water fortified with Mg had lower levels of triglycerides after stage 2, whereas no differences regarding cholesterol levels were found. CONCLUSION: These results confirm that Mg fortification of drinking water is capable of inhibiting atherogenesis also in female LDL-receptor-deficient mice fed a high-cholesterol diet, and demonstrate the importance of the nutritional composition of diet in this experimental model.

Animals↗

PubMed1975

Bile acid metabolism in mammals. VIII. Biliary secretion of cholylarginine by the isolated perfused rat liver.

In studies of cholic acid metabolism using the isolated perfused rat liver system, an unknown conjugate of cholic acid was observed. This conjugate comprised 15-27% of the biliary bile acids in these experiments, was less polar than cholylglycine on thin-layer chromatography using butanol, acetic acid, and water, and had an apparent molecular weight greater than that of cholyltaurine on gas-liquid chromatography. Amino acid analysis of the hydrolyzed conjugate demonstrated the presence of arginine. Perfusion studies with radioactive arginine, and mass spectrometric analysis proved that the conjugate was cholylarginine. Secretion of this conjugate does not represent a deficiency of available glycine and taurine.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Biliary lipids, faecal steroids, and liver function in patients with chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis: significance of hepatic orcein-stained complexes.

Biliary lipids, faecal steroids, and serum bile acids were studied in patients with chronic active hepatitis and primary biliary cirrhosis. The results were correlated with excretory and parenchymal liver function tests and with the presence or absence of orcein-positive copper-protein complexes in histological liver specimens. In general, faecal bile acids, but not neutral and total sterols, correlated negatively with the percentage of biliary cholic acid, serum cholesterol, and serum bile acids and positively with the percentage of biliary deoxycholic acid. In orcein-positive subjects-indicative of long-standing cholestasis-the bile was undersaturated with cholesterol, biliary deoxycholic acid was subnormal, cholic acid correspondingly increased, and serum cholesterol and bile acids were raised. Only patients with marked impairment of both excretory and parenchymal liver functions had a decreased output of neutral sterols, bile acids, and total steroids, and, thus, low bile acid and cholesterol synthesis. The findings indicate that mild disturbances in parenchymal liver function infrequently cause major changes in cholesterol metabolism, while abnormalities in secretory liver function-in orcein-positive subjects especially-are frequently associated with proportionate changes in parameters of cholesterol metabolism.

Adult↗

PubMed1978

[Determination of bile acids by radioimmunoassays (author's transl)].

The present paper, based on the current literature, considers the practical aspects of bile acid radioimmunoassays. The problems associated with the raising of specific antisera and their characterization are discussed. Features of assay design for bile acids are considered. Solid-phase radioimmunoassays are described for separate determination of unconjugated cholic acid and conjugated cholic acid in serum. The clinical application of specific bile acid radioimmunoassays is shown by an "oral cholate tolerance test" as a sensitive indicator of liver function and by an "oral cholylglycine tolerance test" for characterization of intestinal function in diarrheal states.

Bile Acids and Salts↗

PubMed1984

Fecal bile acid excretion in patients with colon cancer, colon polyp and peptic ulcer.

Fecal bile acids were analyzed by gas chromatography in 10 patients with colon cancer, 25 patients with colon polyp and 10 patients with peptic ulcer. On admission total bile acid excretion in patients with colon cancer was significantly higher than in patients with peptic ulcer (P less than 0.01). Also, concentration of cholic acid, chenodeoxycholic acid and primary bile acids in patients with colon cancer were significantly higher than those in patients with peptic ulcer (P less than 0.05, P less than 0.025) and in patients with colon polyp (P less than 0.005). Primary bile acids in patients with colon cancer significantly decreased under ward conditions after admission (P less than 0.05). Total bile acids in patients with colon cancer decreased after admission though there was no significant difference. It is of considerable interest that the fecal bile acid composition of colon cancer patients was different from that of colon polyp and peptic ulcer patients. Fecal bile acids may be involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer.

Adenoma↗

PubMed1987

Simulation of the metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of endogenous deoxycholic acid in humans using a physiologic pharmacokinetic model for bile acid metabolism.

The metabolism and enterohepatic circulation of deoxycholic acid (DCA), a major secondary bile acid in humans, was simulated using a linear multicompartmental physiologic pharmacokinetic model. The model was similar to that previously reported and used to simulate the metabolism of cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid, but differed in two respects: (a) the input of newly formed DCA molecules originated from colonic absorption rather than from de novo hepatic biosynthesis and (b) a new type of transfer coefficient was proposed to describe the movement of DCA molecules from an insoluble, bound compartment to a soluble compartment. Simulations were performed to define the effect of varying fractional colonic absorption (from 0.1 to 0.6) as well as varying fractional formation of DCA from cholic acid (from 0.3 to 1). The simulations indicated that the exchangeable total DCA pool expanded up to 12-fold as fractional colonic absorption was increased from 0.1 to 0.6. The fractional turnover rate of the DCA pool showed a corresponding decrease. Increased conversion of cholic acid to DCA had an effect on DCA pool size that was similar to that resulting from increased colonic fractional absorption. So long as ileal absorption was efficient, the "soluble" colonic pool of DCA remained small relative to other organ pools, and the absorption of unconjugated DCA from the colon was less than 10% of the total DCA absorption from the ileum. It is proposed that the relatively large proportion of DCA in the biliary bile acids of white adults in the Western world as compared with that of most other mammals is attributable to (a) a high fractional absorption of DCA because of a diet relatively low in fiber, (b) the absence of hepatic 7-hydroxylation of DCA, and (c) effective competition by DCA conjugates for active transport by the terminal ileum.

Biliary Tract↗

PubMed1994

Dual role of divalent cations in the bile acid:CoA ligase catalyzed reaction.

The role of divalent cations in the bile acid:CoA ligase catalyzed reaction of cholic acid, CoA and ATP to yield cholyl-CoA was investigated using guinea pig liver microsomes as the source of enzyme. EDTA treatment completely eliminated activity indicating an absolute requirement for divalent cation for enzyme activity. Analysis of this requirement revealed that it was twofold. First, the data suggested that ATP which was not complexed with a divalent cation did not appreciably bind to the enzyme and thus a divalent cation complex of ATP is the form of ATP that is the substrate for the enzyme. Further, this was shown to be the basis for the absolute requirement for divalent cation in the reaction. In addition, analysis revealed that there is a secondary site which binds divalent cations with relatively low affinity, and results in a rate enhancement. Binding at this secondary site is estimated to increase the rate by greater than 60%.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗

PubMed1993

Microtubule-dependent transport of bile salts through hepatocytes: cholic vs. taurocholic acid.

Studies with taurine-conjugated bile salts have demonstrated two pathways for hepatocellular delivery of bile salts to bile: a cytosolic, microtubule-independent pathway and a membrane-based, microtubule-dependent pathway. However, a significant portion of circulating bile salts may be unconjugated. To determine whether free bile salts utilize similar pathways, we examined the effect of colchicine on the biliary excretion of intravenously administered cholic acid and taurocholate in intact rats. Basal rats were pretreated with low-dose colchicine or its inactive isomer, lumicolchicine, 1 hr before placement of intravenous and biliary cannulas and 2.75 hr before intravenous injection of [14C]cholic acid and [3H]taurocholate. Superfused rats were prepared as above but with intravenous infusion of taurocholate at 200 nmol/min.100 gm beginning 0.75 hr before [14C]cholic acid/[3H]taurocholate injection. Depleted/reinfused rats were subjected to biliary diversion for 20 hr before colchicine or lumicolchicine pretreatment, infusion of taurocholate and [14C]cholic acid/[3H]taurocholate injection. In each group, biliary excretion of [14C]taurocholate and [3H]taurocholate was inhibited equally by colchicine; for peak excretion rates the respective inhibition values were 33% and 35% in basal rats, 63% and 65% in superfused rats, and 74% and 76% in depleted/reinfused rats. Biliary excretion of [14C]taurocholate occurred consistently later than excretion of [3H]taurocholate, and maximal rates of excretion were reduced. In contrast, plasma uptake rates of [14C]cholic acid and [3H]taurocholate were essentially the same in depleted/reinfused rats. Deconvolution analysis of [14C]taurocholate vs. [3H]taurocholate biliary excretion curves revealed no significant differences among experimental groups. We conclude that conversion of [14C]cholic acid to [14C]taurocholate slightly retards its biliary excretion and diminishes its peak excretion rate compared with exogenous [3H]taurocholate.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Delta 22-beta-muricholic acid in monoassociated rats and conventional rats.

Bile acids were analyzed in the bile, small and large intestines, and feces of germ-free rats after a single inoculation with one of six intestinal bacteria that had been originally isolated from human feces. Bacteroides vulgatus and Bifidobacterium longum preferentially deconjugated tauro-beta-muricholic acid and taurocholic acid, respectively. Clostridium ramosum, Peptostreptococcus productus and Lactobacillus gasseri deconjugated both bile acids, but Escherichia coli did not deconjugate either one. Rats inoculated with bacteria that deconjugated tauro-beta-muricholic acid produced delta 22-beta-muricholic acid in the feces. In contrast, delta 22-cholic acid could not be detected in rats inoculated with bacteria that deconjugated taurocholic acid.

Animals↗

PubMed2001

Effects of cisapride on gall bladder emptying, intestinal transit, and serum deoxycholate: a prospective, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Octreotide inhibits gall bladder emptying and prolongs intestinal transit. This leads to increases in the proportion of deoxycholic acid in, and cholesterol saturation of, gall bladder bile, factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of octreotide induced gall stones. AIMS: To see if an intestinal prokinetic, cisapride, could overcome these adverse effects of octreotide and if so, be considered as a candidate prophylactic drug for preventing iatrogenic gall bladder stones. METHODS: A randomised, double blind, placebo controlled, crossover design was used to examine the effects of cisapride (10 mg four times daily) on gall bladder emptying, mouth to caecum and large bowel transit times, and the proportions of deoxycholic acid and other bile acids, in fasting serum from: (i) control subjects (n=6), (ii) acromegalic patients not treated with octreotide (n=6), (iii) acromegalics on long term octreotide (n=8), and (iv) patients with constipation (n=8). RESULTS: Cisapride had no prokinetic effect on the gall bladder. In fact, it significantly increased both fasting and postprandial gall bladder volumes. However, it shortened mouth to caecum (from 176 (13) to 113 (11) minutes; p<0.001) and large bowel (from 50 (3.0) to 31 (3.4) h; p<0.001) transit times. It also reduced the proportion of deoxycholic acid in serum from 26 (2.3) to 15 (1.8)% (p<0.001), with a reciprocal increase in the proportion of cholic acid from 40 (3.5) to 51 (3.8)% (p<0.01). There were significant linear relationships between large bowel transit time and the proportions of deoxycholic acid (r=0.81; p<0.001) and cholic acid (r=-0.53; p<0.001) in fasting serum. INTERPRETATION/SUMMARY: Cisapride failed to overcome the adverse effects of octreotide on gall bladder emptying but it countered octreotide induced prolongation of small and large bowel transit. Therefore, if changes in intestinal transit contribute to the development of octreotide induced gall bladder stones, enterokinetics such as cisapride may prevent their formation.

Acromegaly↗

PubMed1999

Transformation of bile acids and sterols by clostridia (fusiform bacteria) in Wistar rats.

The effects on bile acid and sterol transformation of clostridia (fusiform bacteria), the dominant intestinal bacteria in rodents (ca. 10(10) counts per g wet feces) were examined in Wistar rats. After inoculation of clostridia into germ-free rats and into rats previously inoculated solely with Escherichia coli, most of the endogenous bile acids were deconjugated, and cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid were 7alpha-dehydroxylated to deoxycholic acid and lithocholic acid, respectively. Tauro-beta-muricholic acid, another major bile acid in rats, was deconjugated, but only part of it (ca. 30%) was transformed into hyodeoxycholic acid. Cholesterol and sitosterol were also reduced to coprostanol and sitostanol, respectively. Escherichia coli transformed neither bile acids nor sterols. These data suggest that clostridia play an important role in the formation of secondary bile acids and coprostanol in rats.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Bile acid metabolism in partially hepatectomized rats.

The bile flow and the bile acid secretion, calculated on liver weight basis, increased 12 H and 24 H after 60-70% hepatectomy and returned to the initial levels thereafter. The biliary phospholipid secretion much more increased than bile acids, but the cholesterol secretion decreased. Bile acid composition changed with an increase of the cholic acid group and a decrease of the chenodeoxycholic acid group in both bile and feces. These changes almost disappeared on Day 14. The pool size of bile acid decreased maximally on Day 4 to about 40% of the initial, but the distribution of bile acids in the enterohepatic circulation was not changed. The fecal cholesterol and coprostanol markedly decreased on Day 2 but gradually returned to the initial levels according to the recovery of diet intake. The fecal bile acids decreased on Day 2, increased on Day 4, and returned to the normal range after Day 7. In conclusion, the regenerating liver secretes more bile, bile acids and phospholipids, and less cholesterol than the normal liver. Cholic acid predominates in the bile acids. These changes restored to the initial levels by about one week after the operation.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Bile acids. LXVII. The major bile acids of Varanus monitor.

The major bile acids of gall bladder bile of Varanus monitor have been separated by thin-layer chromatography and shown to be derivatives of taurine. After alkaline hydrolysis, the free acids were separated by thin-layer and partition chromatography. Identification or characterization of the free acids was facilitated by gas-liquid chromatography and gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectometry of the methyl esters or methyl ester-trimethylsilyl ethers. About 13% of the total bile acids was represented by the C24 acids cholic, deoxycholic, allocholic, chenodeoxycholic, and 12-oxo-3 alpha-hydroxy-5 beta-cholanic acids, of which cholic acid constituted about 50%. The remainder of the bile acids consisted of eight C27 acids of which varanic acid was the major constituent; an isomer of varanic acid and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid were also identified. By chromatographic behavior and mass spectral fragmentation, the structures of four C27 acids with unsaturated side chains were elucidated as follows: 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-23-enoic, 3 alpha, 7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-24-enoic, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-23-enoic, and 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholest-24-enoic acids. Similarly, the structure of the 12-deoxy analog of varanic acid, 3 alpha, 7 alpha, 24 xi-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoic acid, was suggested for the component that constituted 7% of the total.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

Bile acid malabsorption in cystic fibrosis with and without pancreatic insufficiency.

Serum conjugated cholic acid (CCA) and conjugated chenodeoxycholic acid (CCDCA) fasting levels were measured in 30 children with cystic fibrosis (CF) without liver involvement, and mean levels were not significantly different from control values. In seven children (four with partially corrected pancreatic insufficiency and three without pancreatic insufficiency) serum levels of both primary bile acids (BAs) were also measured after the ingestion of a standard liquid meal; the values were then compared with those for total and fractional fecal BA excretion. The CCA mean peak increase was significantly reduced in patients with pancreatic insufficiency (p less than 0.01), as well as in those without pancreatic insufficiency (p less than 0.05), as compared to controls. The CCDCA mean peak increase was reduced only in patients with pancreatic insufficiency (p less than 0.01). Fecal results confirmed serum data, showing a significantly increased excretion of cholic and deoxycholic acids in patients without pancreatic insufficiency as compared to controls (p less than 0.02), despite a similar total BA excretion. In patients with pancreatic insufficiency, total fecal BA levels were markedly increased compared to control values (p less than 0.001); the fecal percentage of chenodeoxycholic and lithocholic acids was greater than that recorded in patients without pancreatic insufficiency (p less than 0.05), in agreement with the different behaviour of serum CCDCA postprandial curves for the two groups of patients. The results are consistent with selective malabsorption of cholic acid in CF, independent of the presence of pancreatic insufficiency; they confirm the usefulness of serum BA postprandial determinations in measuring BA malabsorption.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

The bile acids binding of the fibre-rich fractions of three starchy legumes.

The bile acid binding to undigestible fibre has a significance on bile acids excretion. This was known to result in lowering blood cholesterol (for the use of cholesterol in bile acid formation) as well as reducing the colorectal cancer risk (through decreased formation of secondary bile acids). Compared to the model fibres Solka floc and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), the investigated fibre fractions of lentils, broad beans and butter beans, were found to bind more cholic acid and chenodeoxycholic acid under conditions simulating the small intestine.

Bile Acids and Salts↗

PubMed2001

Bile acid acyl adenylate: a possible intermediate to produce a protein-bound bile acid.

The non-enzymatic production of a protein-bound adduct by the action of the acyl adenylate of bile acids is described. On incubation of deoxycholyl adenylate with substance P in phosphate buffer, peptides covalently bound with one or two molecules of the bile acid were detected. The modified peptides were structurally characterized by time-of-flight mass spectrometry with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI-TOFMS) in the post-source decay mode, and by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization MS/MS. The deoxycholic acid was bound on substance P through the amino group at Arg-1 and/or Lys-3. The adenylate of cholic acid also produced the protein-bound bile acid on incubation with lysozyme, and the binding sites of the cholic acid appeared to be the lysine residues at 1, 33, 97 and 116. The results clearly suggest that bile acid adenylates in vivo may act as active intermediates to produce covalently bound bile acid adducts with peptides and proteins by nucleophilic displacement of the 5'-adenylic acid through the free amino groups.

Adenosine Monophosphate↗

PubMed2002

Absorption of biologically active peptide hormones from the small intestine of rat.

Absorption of the 4, 10 and 34 amino acid forms of gastrin from the small intestine has been investigated in anaesthetized rats. The method of assessment of successful absorption of the hormone into the systemic circulation was when the amount of acid secreted by the stomach over consecutive 15-min periods was increased. When the natural hormones were infused into the ileum in a relatively high dose, there was no increase in gastric acid secretion, indicating that they had not been absorbed. Each of the forms of gastrin was conjugated at the free amino terminus to the carboxyl group of cholic acid. Subsequent infusion of the conjugated form of gastrin into the ileum, this time in relatively low doses, resulted in substantial and prolonged increases in gastric acid secretion, indicating that these hormones had been successfully absorbed. In addition, conjugation of the 10 and 34 amino acid forms of gastrin with cholic acid was shown to increase markedly the potency in evoking an increase in gastric acid secretion in response to intravenous injection of the hormone. Absorption of the gastrin conjugates was specific to the ileum thus indicating that they had been absorbed through the bile salt transporters.

Absorption↗

PubMed1984

A brain synaptic dopamine-binding protein: isolation and partial characterization.

A dopamine-binding protein (DABP) has been purified from the rat brain cortex to homogeneity. Solubilization of the DABP from the synaptosomal membranes (P2M) by cholic acid, subsequent agarose gel filtration of the cholic acid extract to separate phospholipids from the DABP, and lastly DA affinity chromatography successfully resulted in a purified DABP with approximately 0.006% yield in protein concentration and 0.03% yield in specific [3H]-DA binding. The specific [3H]-DA binding of the purified DABP was 117 fmol/mg protein/10 min with a 4.6-fold purification compared with the whole homogenate. The purified DABP had an Rf value of 0.67 on native disk polyacrylamide gel and it gave one single polypeptide subunit on the SDS gel with an Rf value of 0.63. The apparent molecular weight of this single subunit was estimated to be 34.5 kilodaltons. The elution patterns from either DA- or ADTN-affinity (2-amino-6,7-dihydroxy-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene-affinity) columns indicated that this DABP had higher affinity for DA agonists than for DA antagonists. Photoaffinity labeling of [3H]-DA to this DABP in the P2M fraction and the specific [3H]-DA to the purified DABP demonstrated a nanomolar range affinity corresponding to either D2 or D3 receptors. These data suggested that the purified DABP could be related to either D2 or D3 receptors in the brain.

Animals↗