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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1987

Effects of prepartum energy intake on steroids during late gestation and on cow and calf performance.

At 50 d prior to predicted calving, 37 multiparous Angus cows were grouped by sire of mating, age and weight of cow and placed on either a high energy (HE, n = 19) diet or a moderate energy (ME, n = 18) diet. Objectives were to determine the effect of prepartum nutrition on: prepartum serum concentrations of estrone (E1), estrone sulfate (E1SO4) and progesterone (P4); pre- and postpartum cow body weight changes; calf birth weight and cow and calf postpartum performance. The ME cows were group-fed Coastal bermudagrass hay ad libitum and dormant pasture; HE cows were group-fed 2.7 kg ground corn X head-1 X d-1 in addition to the ME treatment. Both groups were combined and fed identically after calving. Cows fed HE were heavier (P less than .01) than cows fed ME at d 10 prepartum and their calves were heavier (P less than .05) at birth and weaning than calves from cows fed ME. Serum E1 concentrations were not significantly different between groups, but serum E1SO4 was higher (P less than .01) at d 10 prepartum in ME cows compared with HE cows. Serum P4 concentrations of ME cows were higher (P less than .05) than those of HE cows. Cow body weights were greater (P less than .01) for the HE group than for the ME group during the first 6 mo postpartum. Cow rebreeding performance was identical for both groups.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

Interactions among chronic cold, corticosterone and puberty on energy intake and deposition.

We have shown that chronic cold stress strongly interacts with corticosterone (B) to determine subsequent regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis responses to novel stress. These studies, using the same 2 sets of rats, show that chronic cold also interacts with B and testosterone on signals of energy balance. The two groups of rats differed in weight by 20% and in age by 2 weeks (44-59 days of age). Adrenalectomized rats, replaced with varying doses of B, were exposed to cold or served as controls. Food intake and body weight during the experiments and hormones, metabolites and fat depots were measured on day 5. B, but not cold, affected food intake in the younger rats; by contrast, cold, but not B, affected food intake in the older rats. Testosterone was higher in older control rats and was markedly depressed by cold; younger rats had lower testosterone that was minimally affected by cold. Weight gain decreased in all rats at room temperature with increasing B, whereas they all lost weight in cold independently of B. Cold stimulated and B inhibited interscapular brown adipose tissue DNA content (reflecting sympathetic stimulation of thermogenesis). B stimulated insulin, whereas cold inhibited leptin and insulin; B also increased white adipose tissue weight gain in controls and inhibited its loss in cold. Leptin was unrelated to white adipose tissue depots in older control rats but was strongly related to these stores in younger rats and in all rats in cold. We conclude that: 1. By decreasing signals that act centrally to inhibit food intake (insulin, leptin and testosterone) cold allows B to stimulate food intake; 2. B inhibits weight gain although it causes accrual of fat; 3. Cold, probably through sympathetic stimulation of white adipose tissue, causes fat loss which is modulated by the inhibitory effect of B on sympathetic outflow; and, 4. The slope of the relationship between fat depot size and leptin becomes flatter in cold, possibly because of increased sympathetic outflow to these depots.

Adipose Tissue, Brown↗
PubMed1977

[Circulating lipids in prolonged postoperative parenteral feeding: their changes depending on the nature of energy intake].

Repeated estimations of circulating total lipids and various fractions were made during the postoperative period in patients receiving parenteral nutrition for more than ten days. The patients were paired in relation to the underlying pathology and divided into two group : the first receiving energy supplements in the form of carbohydrates alone, whilst the second received part of this supply in the form of lipid emulsions (Trive 1000). Total lipids and various plasma fractions, with the exception of free fatty acids, increased progressively during the postoperative period, regardless of the inital values and independently of the lipid content of the nutrition fluids given. There was no significant difference between those patients who received lipid emulsions and those who did not. Free fatty acids remained at levels slightly greater than normal in the group which did not receive lipids. They were significantly higher in the group given lipid emulsions, though it was not possible to precisely define their orgin.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

High dietary calcium reduces body fat content, digestibility of fat, and serum vitamin D in rats.

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated which aspect of energy balance was responsible for the decrease in body fat content of rats fed a high-calcium, high-dairy protein diet. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Male Wistar rats were fed a control diet (25% kcal fat, 14% kcal protein from casein, 0.4% by weight calcium) or high-calcium diet (25% kcal fat, 7% kcal protein from nonfat dry milk, 7% kcal protein from casein, 2.4% calcium) for 85 days. Body weights, digestible energy intakes, energy expenditures, rectal temperatures, body composition, and serum glucose, insulin, free fatty acids, triglycerides, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D were measured. RESULTS: Rats fed high-calcium diet gained significantly less weight than controls and had 29% less carcass fat. Gross energy intake was not significantly different between groups, but digestible energy was 90% of gross energy in the high-calcium diet compared with 94% in the control diet because of increased fecal excretion of dietary lipid. The difference in digestible energy intake accounted for differences in carcass energy. Body temperatures and energy expenditures of the rats were not different. The high-calcium diet reduced serum triglycerides by 23% and serum 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by 86%. DISCUSSION: These results confirm that a high-calcium diet decreases body weight and fat content due to a lower digestible energy intake caused by increased fecal lipid and a nonsignificant reduction in gross energy intake.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1983

Reproductive performance of Gyr cows: the effect of weaning age of calves and postpartum energy intake.

Two nutritional levels following parturition and five weaning ages for the calf were evaluated to study their effect of reproduction in Gyr cows in the savannas of West Central Brazil (Campos Cerrados). Early weaning of calves reduced postpartum weight losses and shortened the postpartum interval to conception. Energy level did not affect cow weight at weaning or conception, the number of days from parturition to first estrus or the number of matings/conception; however, the postpartum period to conception was reduced (116 vs 160 d; P less than .05) for cows on the higher energy diet. Weaning age significantly affected postpartum weight loss in cows. Six months after calving, cows that nursed calves for 1 mo were 89 kg heavier than those that nursed calves for 6 mo (384 vs 295 kg; P less than .05). Cows that were nursed for 1 mo returned to estrus at an average of 40 d postpartum, which was 23 d earlier (P less than .05) than the average of the other groups nursed for longer periods of time. There was no significant difference in the postpartum period to conception among cows that had their calves weaned at 1 mo, 3 mo and cows which were nursed twice daily beginning 30 d after parturition (57, 94 and 97 d, respectively), but was less (P less than .05) for cows nursed for 5 or 6 mo (212 and 231 d, respectively). The results show that Gyr cattle are genetically capable of responding reproductively to improve nutrition and reduced lactation stress achieved through early weaning or controlled nursing.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Regulation of bovine adipose tissue metabolism during lactation. 2. Lipolysis response to milk production and energy intake.

Lipolytic adaptations of bovine adipose tissue during late pregnancy, lactation, and dry period were studied in Holsteins. Treatment groups consisted of first lactation daughters of high or low bulls based on Predicted Difference for milk. Heifers were fed either a 60% concentrate, 40% hay diet or a 40% concentrate, 60% hay diet from 0 to 140 d lactation. Feeding a low energy diet for the first 140 d of lactation did not affect adipose tissue lipolytic rates measured in vitro. Epinephrine and norepinephrine responsiveness of bovine adipose tissue increased prior to parturition, increased further in early lactation, then remained elevated during lactation and into the dry period. This responsiveness was unaffected by feeding low energy diets. Basal glycerol release in high genetic merit heifers was 64, 17, 40, 23, 20, and 42% greater than in low genetic merit heifers at -30, -15, 30, 60, 180, and 349 d about parturition. Response to norepinephrine was 15, 20, 18, and 15% greater in high genetic than low genetic merit heifers and response to epinephrine was 12, 20, 14, and 50% greater in high genetic than low genetic merit heifers at 30, 60, 180, and 349 d postpartum. The lack of a dietary energy restriction effect on lipolysis in early lactation suggested that these rates were near the physiological maximum for those animals. Rates of lipolysis were positively related with milk fat production. This study indicates a genetic component in adrenergic regulation of lipolysis in adipose tissue, independent of energy balance, in supporting lactation.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1982

Obligatory urinary and faecal nitrogen losses in young Chilean men given two levels of dietary energy intake.

1. The obligatory nitrogen losses were measured in young adult males of the low socio-economic group, consuming an N-free diet at 192 kJ (46 kcal)/kg per d from day 1 to 10 and 243 kJ (58 kcal)/kg per d from day 11 to 18. 2. All subjects, except one, lost weight compatible with N loss. 3. A kinetic evaluation of the results showed that the asymptotically derived urinary N loss after stability had been reached was 35.8 mg N/kg per d. The mean time to stability was 6.5 d. The subjects showed a trend toward decline in N loss while consuming the high-energy N-free diet. 4. The obligatory faecal N loss for days 1-10 was 16.1 mg N/kg per d and 8 mg N/kg per d for days 11-18. 5. Based on the factorial approach the total obligatory N loss of our subjects, for the initial 10 d, was 57.5 mg N/kg per d.

Adult↗