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PubMed1980

[Epizootiological prerequisites and results of use of live vaccines].

Immunobiological action holds a firm position in veterinary legislation of the GDR with regard to the prevention and control of zoonoses, parasitoses, and other risk factors. Here are some of the conditions which have to be satisfied for systematic and purpose-oriented application of live vaccines: (a) Stringent procedures and rules for testing and acceptance of pharmaceutical preparations; (b) Availability of scientifically founded concepts of application which have to be submitted for translation from research to production and for acceptance and which require for use under practice conditions prior permission of veterinary authorities or other legal consent; (c) Knowledge of both prevalence and incidence of the epidemic diseases for which live vaccines are to be used in prophylaxis and after-care; (d) Verification of good success of live vaccines (decline and regression of diseases or reduction of economic loss) and identification of factors with detrimental impact upon effectiveness; (e) High organisational efficiency of public veterinary services and availability of comprehensive networks for diagnosis to ensure effectiveness and harmlessness of all strategical and tactical measures taken. In the GDR, the above demands are met. The epizootiological situation has clearly improved. Appropriate and meaningful use of live vaccines is not contradictory to culling concepts. Whenever the use of live vaccines appears to be impermissible for epizootiological and other reasons, the possible economic damage likely to result from non-use should be included in the discussion. The latter would be of particular importance in the context of industralised livestock farming with high concentration and specialisation.

Animal Diseases↗
PubMed1980

[Aerosol immunization of ducks with Spirovak erysipelas vaccine "Dessau"].

A method for active immunisation of ducklings during the raising period (between the first and 20th days of age) was devised in another attempt to control erysipelas septicaemia of duck on freeland fattening sites. Spirovak erysipelas vaccine "Dessau" was aerogenically applied through vortex injector nozzles, when the animals were between five and 20 days of age. Immunisation took place in groups of 5,000 animals each. The vaccine concentrations were four doses per cubic metre in the first immunisation and eight doses per cubic metre in the second. Exposures were 30 minutes in the first immunisation and 20 minutes in the second. Ten man-hours were required to immunise 10,000 ducks. Benefits of the method are substantive improvement of working conditions, higher labour productivity, and lower production cost.

Aerosols↗
PubMed1996

USDA: progress toward in vitro tests and other trends.

The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture has demonstrated a commitment toward replacement, reduction and refinement of animal use in the development and control of biological products. This presentation describes some specific approaches with which APHIS has reduced the number of animals used in testing by replacing host or laboratory animal potency tests with validated in vitro tests, reduced the number of animals required for tests by allowing sequential use of animals for tests of immunologically distinct entities, and replaced host or laboratory animal challenge studies with serological tests. It also describes APHIS' plans to reduce pain and suffering of animals by allowing euthanasia when death from causes unrelated to the test is expected. Finally, it reports on refinements in extraneous agent testing, which began when host animal tests were replaced with an in vitro test method and continued when the in vitro test was replaced with a more sensitive status of these approaches is discussed in the context of APHIS' current regulatory framework.

Animal Testing Alternatives↗
PubMed1976

[Production and testing of a live lyophilized bivalent vaccine against Aujeszky's disease and erysipelas in swine].

A live freeze-dried bivaccine against swine erysipelas and Aujeszky's disease in pigs was produced, its antigen titers reaching 10(8) and 10(4.67) for the two components, respectively. The immunity conferred to the vaccinated pigs (so far as Aujeszky's disease is concerned) had an antibody titer of 1:4, and in sheep the titer was up to 1:16, these animals showing resistance at a control infection with 5000 LD50 per head. The vaccinated pigs likewise withstood a control infection with a mixed 24-48-hour broth culture of virulent strains causing swine erysipelas.

Animals↗