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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1990

Calbindin immunoreactivity in sensory and autonomic ganglia in the guinea pig.

Immunoreactivity (IR) for the calcium binding protein, calbindin, was localized in sensory ganglia (nodose, trigeminal and dorsal root), in parasympathetic ganglia (otic and sphenopalatine) in sympathetic chain ganglia and in sympathetic pre-vertebral ganglia of guinea pig. In sensory ganglia, fine nerve fibres with calbindin-IR surrounded the majority of cell bodies, a low proportion of which were themselves reactive. In cranial parasympathetic and in sympathetic chain ganglia, a small proportion of nerve cells was surrounded with baskets of calbindin-IR nerve fibres, but very few cell bodies were reactive. In prevertebral sympathetic ganglia, dense networks of terminals surrounded many cell bodies, but few somata were themselves reactive. In the coeliac and inferior mesenteric ganglia, the calbindin-IR nerve fibres surrounded somatostatin-IR cell bodies, but not those with neuropeptide Y-IR. It is concluded that specific subgroups of peripheral autonomic and sensory neurones have calbindin-IR.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Origin of sympathetic and sensory innervation of the temporo-mandibular joint. A retrograde axonal tracing study in the rat.

The cells of origin of sensory and sympathetic innervation of the temporo-mandibular joint were studied by the intraaxonal transport method. Horseradish peroxidase or lectin-conjugated horseradish peroxidase was injected into the temporo-mandibular joint unilaterally in adult rats. Labelled cells were observed ipsilaterally in the superior cervical and stellate sympathetic ganglia, in the sensory trigeminal ganglion and in the second to fifth dorsal root ganglia; none were found contralaterally. The results are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that a nervous mechanism might be involved in the pathogenesis of joint inflammation.

Adrenergic Fibers↗
PubMed1991

Fucosylated glycoconjugates in human dorsal root ganglion cells with unmyelinated axons.

The same subset of small neurons in human dorsal root ganglia (DRG) was recognized by both of the two probes binding to fucosylated residue. Ulex europaeus agglutinin I (UEA-1) lectin and anti-fucosyl GM1 antibody, although these probes bind to different glycoconjugates. UEA-1 lectin also bound to unmyelinated axons in DRG and in biopsied sural nerve, but not to any neurons or unmyelinated axons in the sympathetic ganglia. Thus UEA-1 lectin and anti-fucosyl GM1 antibody may be used as specific probes for primary sensory neurons with unmyelinated axons.

Antibodies↗
PubMed1992

Distribution of NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerves in the uterine cervix and neurons in dorsal root and paracervical ganglia of the female rat.

Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was selectively stained in nerve fibers of the uterine cervix and neurons of the paracervical (PG) and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) by NADPH diaphorase histochemistry. In the cervix, numerous NADPH-diaphorase-positive nerve fibers were observed in the myometrium, endometrium and around arteries. In addition, a subpopulation of neurons within ganglia that innervate the cervix, i.e., the PG and DRG, were NADPH-diaphorase positive; thus the fibers in the cervix could be sensory and/or autonomic. NADPH-diaphorase/NOS localization identifies sites where nitric oxide (NO) can be synthesized. Since NO relaxes vascular and nonvascular smooth muscle, the prevalence and anatomical localization of NADPH-diaphorase-positive fibers suggest that they could influence functions of the uterine cervix.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗
PubMed1993

The neuronal nuclear antigen recognized by the human anti-Ri autoantibody is expressed in central but not peripheral nervous system neurons.

Anti-Ri is a human autoantibody that recognizes a neuronal nuclear antigen (Ri). Biotinylated IgG from serum of two patients with high titers of anti-Ri antibodies was used to study the distribution of the Ri antigen in a panel of normal human tissues. the expression of the Ri antigen was evaluated by an avidin-biotin peroxidase technique and confirmed by immunoblotting. The Ri antigen was restricted to the neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) and some pituitary cells. Most neurons in dorsal root, Gasserian and sympathetic ganglia, and myenteric plexus were negative or, a few of them, very weakly positive. The functional implication of the different expression of the Ri antigen between neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system is presently unknown.

Antigens↗
PubMed1993

Localization of sympathetic postganglionic neurons innervating the femoral-saphenous vein in cats.

Physiological and histochemical studies have suggested that the limb veins are innervated by sympathetic adrenergic fibers. In the present experiment, horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was used as a retrograde tracer to identify and localize the sympathetic postganglionic neurons that innervate the femoral-saphenous vein in cats. In anesthetized cats, HRP was applied perivascularly on a femoral and a saphenous vein segment (4-8 mm in length for each segment) to allow uptake into the nerve endings. The sympathetic chains on both sides were dissected after the animal was sacrificed and fixed 60 h following the HRP application. Histological examination on serial section was done to count the HRP-labeled neurons in each sympathetic ganglion from L1 to S1. In 10 cats, the total number of HRP neurons amounted to 8569. Most neurons arose from L3 (47%) and then L4 (31%). The number of neurons became progressively decreasing towards both ends of the sympathetic chain. Few neurons (less than 2% of the total) were discovered in the contralateral sympathetic ganglia. In each ganglion, the distribution of HRP neurons appeared to be scattering. Our findings provide anatomical evidence to support that the femoral-saphenous vein of the cat was innervated by the sympathetic efferent fibers. The main origins of these neurons are the third and fourth lumbar sympathetic ganglia.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Pan-neuronal mRNA expression of the secretory polypeptide 7B2.

The polypeptide 7B2 exhibits a widespread distribution in the CNS and in the endocrine tissues. By in situ hybridization in the mouse tissues, we detected 7B2-mRNA transcripts in most, if not all, neurons of the brain and spinal cord, and in the cranial and spinal ganglia. 7B2-mRNA was undetectable in supportive glial cells, ependymal cells and endothelial cells. In embryonic tissues, 7B2-mRNA expression was observed at midgestation, starting on day 11. Both differentiated neurons and neuronal precursors have been shown to express 7B2 transcript. We conclude that 7B2-mRNA is a good molecular marker of developing and definitive neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Basic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity in the rat basilar artery with reference to co-localization with NADPH-diaphorase in the trigeminal ganglion.

The location of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)-like immunoreactivity and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-diaphorase (neuronal nitric oxide synthase) activity in the rat basilar artery and in the trigeminal, sphenopalatine and superior cervical ganglia was investigated. bFGF immunoreactivity was seen mainly in adventitial nerve fibers of the rat basilar artery, but not in the endothelium. Electron microscopy of the tunica media showed a number of immunoreactive nerve endings in the vicinity of local smooth muscle cells. Among the cranial ganglia that innervate the basilar artery, only the trigeminal ganglion had bFGF-immunoreactivity neurons. Nerve cells and fibers with NADPH-diaphorase activity were detected in the basilar artery and in the sphenopalatine and trigeminal ganglia, and the co-localization of bFGF and NADPH-diaphorase was noted only in the trigeminal ganglion. Furthermore, Fluro-gold tracing in combination with bFGF immunohistochemistry demonstrated that bFGF-containing nerve fibers in the wall of the basilar artery arise from the trigeminal ganglion. These findings provide a morphological basis for the nitric oxide-mediated dilatation of cerebral arteries by bFGF.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

The sensory-efferent function of capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons.

Capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons convey to the central nervous system signals (chemical and physical) arising from viscera and the skin which activate a variety of visceromotor and neuroendocrine reflexes integrated at various levels (intramurally in peripheral organs, at level of prevertebral ganglia, spinal and supraspinal level). Much evidence is now available that peripheral terminals of certain sensory neurons, widely distributed in skin and viscera have the ability to release, upon adequate stimulation, their transmitter content. In addition to the well-known "axon reflex" arrangement, the capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons have the ability to release the stored transmitter also from the same terminal which is excited by the environmental stimulus. The efferent function of these sensory neurons is realized through the direct and indirect (i.e. mediated by activation of other cells) effects of released mediators. The action of released transmitters on postjunctional elements covers a wide range of effects which may have a physiological or pathological relevance. Development of drugs capable of controlling the sensory-efferent functions of the capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons represent a new and very promising area of research for pharmacological treatment of various human diseases.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Electrotonic synapses are formed by fetal rat sympathetic neurons maintained in a chemically-defined culture medium.

Principal neurons from the superior cervical ganglia of rat fetuses were maintained for up to 101 days in dissociated cell cultures in a serum-free, chemically-defined medium; non-neuronal cells were killed by the periodic addition of fluorodeoxyuridine to the medium. Intracellular recordings, obtained at various times between 16th and 98th day in vitro, showed that these neurons could generate substantial (up to 90 mV) action potentials in response to depolarizing current injections; these responses were dependent on tetrodotoxin-sensitive Na+ channels, cobalt-sensitive Ca++ channels, and tetraethylammonium-sensitive K+ channels. Action potentials were often followed by prominent, long hyperpolarizing after-potentials (10-15 mV, greater than 150 ms); the duration of these after-potentials was reduced by the addition of Co++ (2-5 mM) to the perfusate. Acetylcholine depolarized these neurons by a hexamethonium-sensitive mechanism. To determine whether sympathetic neurons formed synapses in a defined medium, intracellular recordings were obtained from pairs of neighboring neurons. Synaptic interactions were frequently observed at all times in vitro (up to 60% of all pairs tested). At many synapses, both hyperpolarizing and depolarizing DC potential changes spread from one neuron to another. At other synapses, the spread of DC potential changes could not be directly demonstrated; however, interactions at such synapses were not inhibited by antagonists of several neurotransmitters, by elevation of the Mg++/Ca++ ratio, or by the addition of Co++. Thus most, if not all, of the synaptic interactions among sympathetic neuron were electronic; such electrical synapses were not observed among dorsal root ganglion neurons maintained in the same medium. These data indicate that, when maintained in a chemically-defined culture medium, sympathetic neurons of rat fetuses express many of the basic membrane properties observed in neurons of superior cervical ganglia recently removed from adult rats. However, fetal sympathetic neurons maintained in this defined medium also differ from their counterparts in vivo; they adopt a mode of synaptic transmission (electrical) that has not been observed in the sympathetic ganglia of the adult rat. Thus, as late as the 21st embryonic day, not only the choice of neurotransmitter, but also the mode of transmission has not been irrevocably determined in sympathetic neurons.

Acetylcholine↗
PubMed1991

Effects of central and peripheral inputs on single pineal cell activity in the rat.

The influences exerted by central and peripheral afferents to the pineal gland have been studied in rats anesthetized with urethane (1.2 g/kg, i.p.). Spontaneous action potentials arising from the pinealocytes were recorded by means of glass micropipettes filled with 3 M NaCl containing a dye. The electrical stimulation of suprachiasmatic nucleus, superior cervical ganglia, sciatic nerve and retina evoked discharge changes in a significant number of pineal cells. However, a relatively higher proportion of pinealocytes failed to respond to these afferents. Three types of responses could be observed. Inhibitions were the predominant response patterns to suprachiasmatic nucleus, superior cervical ganglia and sciatic nerve, while excitations were mainly elicited following photic stimulation, whereas the remaining evoked activity was biphasic responses, which were observed in a small number of cells after stimulation of suprachiasmatic nucleus, superior cervical ganglia and retina. These data confirm some previous neural inputs to the pineal and demonstrate the existence of a modulatory effect of the suprachiasmatic nucleus on pinealocyte discharges as well as somatosensory afferents to the gland by way of the sciatic nerve.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1992

Receptor binding sites for cholecystokinin, galanin, somatostatin, substance P and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide in sympathetic ganglia.

Sympathetic ganglia are innervated by neuropeptide-containing fibers originating from pre- and postganglionic sympathetic neurons, dorsal root ganglion neurons, and in some cases, myenteric neurons. In the present report receptor autoradiography was used to determine whether sympathetic ganglia express receptor binding sites for several of these neuropeptides including bombesin, calcitonin gene-related peptide-alpha, cholecystokinin, galanin, neurokinin A, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide. The sympathetic ganglia examined included the rat and rabbit superior cervical ganglia and the rabbit superior mesenteric ganglion. High levels of receptor binding sites for cholecystokinin, galanin, somatostatin, substance P, and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide were observed in all sympathetic ganglia examined, although only discrete neuronal populations within each ganglion appeared to express receptor binding sites for any particular neuropeptide. These data suggest that discrete populations of postganglionic sympathetic neurons may be regulated by neuropeptides released from pre- and postganglionic sympathetic neurons, dorsal root ganglion neurons, and myenteric neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide is a sensory neuropeptide: immunocytochemical and immunochemical evidence.

Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP) is a vasoactive intestinal peptide-like hypothalamic peptide occurring as two variants, PACAP-27 and the C-terminally extended PACAP-38. Immunoreactive PACAP has also been demonstrated in the enteric nervous system and in the innervation of the respiratory tract. We have examined the possibility that PACAP occurs in the sensory nervous system of the rat. Immunocytochemistry revealed PACAP in numerous nerve fibres in the superficial layer of the dorsal horns of the spinal cord, in nerve cell bodies (most of them of small size) of the spinal ganglia and trigeminal ganglia and in nerve fibres running close to and within the surface epithelium in the skin of the nose, the tongue, the larynx-trachea, and the urinary bladder as well as around the ducts of the submandibular gland. In all locations, PACAP co-existed with calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P, the PACAP-immunoreactive fibres and cell bodies constituting a subpopulation of those storing substance P and/or calcitonin gene-related peptide. Additional PACAP-immunoreactive fibres not associated with epithelia seemed to lack calcitonin gene-related peptide and substance P. Capsaicin treatment reduced the density of PACAP- and calcitonin gene-related peptide/substance P-immunoreactive fibres in the tissues examined. On the whole, the immunocytochemical results agreed with those obtained by radioimmunoassay for PACAP and CGRP. The data favour a role for PACAP in primary sensory neurons.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

5-Hydroxytryptamine receptor subtype messenger RNAs in rat peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia: a polymerase chain reaction study.

While serotonin has been shown to play an important role in peripheral pain mechanisms, the specific subtypes of receptors involved and their differential distribution between the sensory and sympathetic nervous system remains poorly understood. In this study, the presence of messenger RNA for rat serotonin receptor subtypes in peripheral sensory and sympathetic ganglia was detected using the method of polymerase chain reaction. Lumbar dorsal root ganglia, superior cervical sympathetic ganglia and lumbar sympathetic ganglia were excised from anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Oligonucleotide primers were chosen based on unique regions of complementary DNA sequence for each of the 12 cloned rat serotonin receptor subtypes (i.e. 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT1F, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT5A, 5-HT5B, 5-HT6 and 5-HT7) and high stringency conditions were used during polymerase chain reaction. Within lumbar dorsal root ganglia, the presence of the 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C, 5-HT3 and 5-HT7 receptor subtype messenger RNAs was detected. Within superior cervical ganglia, the presence of messenger RNA for 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, 5-HT2A, 5-HT3, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptor subtypes was detected. Lumbar sympathetic ganglia displayed banding identical to the superior cervical ganglia with the exception of the 5-HT6 receptor which was not detected in the lumbar sympathetic ganglia. The polymerase chain reaction product from each positively-detected receptor subtype was subcloned and sequenced and found to correspond to published complementary DNA sequences. Findings from this study may direct further efforts to determine the role of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptors in the peripheral nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed1981

Assessment of true splanchnic glucoreceptors in the jejuno-ileum of the cat.

In anesthetized cats, the unitary activity of splanchnic sensory neurons were recorded from T9, T10 and T11 spinal ganglia by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. Twelve neurons, generally silent, were activated by perfusion of jejuno-ileum with glucose solutions (10, 50, 100 or 200 g/l). The responses indicated that the corresponding receptors belonged to the slowly adapting type. The discharge frequencies were always low (less than 10 Imp/sec), but varied according to the glucose concentration. Saline solutions (NaCl having the same osmotic pressure as glucose ones), acid solutions (HCl, pH 2.7), or mechanical stimulation were unable to stimulate them. These neurons must be associated with true glucoreceptors. These receptors were connected via non-myelinated fibres (conduction velocities-0.8-2.4 m/sec). It is concluded that these splanchnic glucoreceptors are similar to vagal glucoreceptors described previously.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1983

Thoracic esophageal mechanoreceptors connected with fibers following sympathetic pathways.

The existence of splanchnic mechanoreceptors was demonstrated in the esophagus including the lower esophageal sphincter of anesthetized cats. For this purpose, unitary activities were recorded in T9, T10 and T11 spinal ganglia by means of extracellular glass microelectrodes. Two types of receptors were evidenced according to their location: the muscular and the serosal receptors. The muscular mechanoreceptors usually exhibited a weak spontaneous discharge (0.8-18 imp/sec) and adapted slowly to mechanical stimulations (distension, contraction, digital compression). The potent physiological stimulus resulted in distension for the receptors situated in the thoracic esophagus and contraction for the receptors located in the lower esophageal sphincter. The serosal mechanoreceptors were always silent and belonged to the rapidly adapting type. They responded mainly to touching the serous membrane, but strong distension or stretching was sometimes efficient. A comparison with the vagal receptors already described in this region is drawn, and the role of splanchnic mechanoreceptors is discussed.

Action Potentials↗