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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed2001

Teaching children with autism to engage in conversational exchanges: script fading with embedded textual stimuli.

A multiple baseline across three sets of stimuli was used to assess the effects of a script-fading procedure using embedded text to teach 2 children with autism to engage in conversation statements about the stimuli. Both students stated all the scripted statements, and unscripted statements also increased. Generalization was assessed with novel peers and with untrained stimuli.

Autistic Disorder↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Globus pharyngis, personality, and psychological distress in the general population.

The authors approached 1,158 middle-aged women, who were assessed for the presence of the globus sensation in the prior 3 months. Seventy globus "cases" (6.0%) were identified. Twenty-eight women with globus and 35 control subjects completed a series of questionnaires designed to assess personality traits and psychological distress. The globus subjects were significantly higher on neuroticism and low on extra-version and had significantly elevated levels of psychological distress, including anxiety, low mood, and somatic concern when compared with the control subjects. Severity of throat symptoms, but not personality or psychological distress scores, predicted the degree of medical help sought for the symptom.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

[Instrumental conditioned defensive reflex to electrical stimulation of the hippocampus in dogs].

In experiments on 6 dogs an instrumental defensive conditioned reflex was elaborated to electrical stimulation of the ventral and dorsal hippocampus. This reflex possessed the same characteristics as reflexes to distant stimuli: it became extinguished when the reinforcement was discontinued; it reappeared when the reinforcement was resumed, and it was subject to generalization. In the course of reflex elaboration, the hippocampus function underwent a substantial reorganization. Initially it consisted in inhibition of behavioural reactions; following the reflex elaboration, a general motor activity took place anticipating conditioned paw lift.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

Generalization study with some narcotic and nonnarcotic drugs in rats trained for morphine-saline discrimination.

Rats were trained to lever-press on an FR-10 schedule for food reinforcement, and to respond differentially on two levers while discriminating the effects of morphine (10 mg/kg) injection from those of saline (1 ml/kg). Following discrimination training, the morphine stimulus was generalized to propoxyphene, methadone, fentanyl, and sulfentanyl in a dose-dependent manner, and saline was generalized to alcohol, pentobarbital, azaperone, clonidine, naloxone, and p-chloroamphetamine. p-Chloroamphetamine failed to block the morphine stimulus.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The discovery of the principles of reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and differentiation of conditional reflexes in Pavlov's laboratories.

The discovery of reinforcement, extinction, generalization, and differentiation with the conditional reflex method in Pavlov's laboratories is described. Modern American introductory texts show that contemporary understanding of the experimental work on conditioning in Pavlov's laboratories is derived from a 1927 English translation of Pavlov's lectures on the conditional reflexes. The lectures present the discoveries topically, not chronologically. In contrast, this article presents a chronological account of the contributions of S.G. Vul'fson, I.F. Tolochinov, and B.P. Babkin, which led to the conceptualization of reinforcement and extinction, and the work of V.N. Boldyrev and N.A. Kashereninova, which led to the formulation of the concepts of generalization and differentiation. This historical approach avoids giving the impression that the development of the Pavlovian paradigm was a highly systematic pursuit.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Homosexuality treated adventitiously in a stuttering therapy program: a case report presenting a heterophobic orientation.

The heterophobic orientation toward treatment of homosexuality is discussed. A case report is presented where homosexuality apparently "spontaneously remitted" and heterosexuality was instated while the patient underwent treatment for stuttering. The change in sexual orientation is interpreted as possibly adventitiously induced through generalization effects from treatment of the relevant phobic aspects of the stuttering problem to the associated social aspects of the sexual problem.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Stimulus properties of thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

Male Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a two-lever operant discrimination task using 20 mg/kg thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and saline as cues. Following completion of 40 daily training sessions, 22 of 25 subjects demonstrated a high level of discriminative responding based on the TRH and saline cues. An evaluation of the time course of TRH indicated that the stimulus properties peak between 5 and 15 min and dissipate substantially by 55--65 min. During additional testing, rats showed dose-dependent generalization between the training treatments (20 mg/kg TRH and saline) and novel doses of TRH (1, 5, 10, and 40 MG/KG). However, animals failed to show generalization between the training drug (20 mg/kg TRH) and d-amphetamine sulfate (0.8, 1.6, or 2.4 mg/kg); likewise, animals trained to discriminate d-amphetamine (0.8 or 1.6 mg/kg) from saline failed to show generalization between d-amphetamine and TRH (10, 20, OR 30 MG/KG). Microgram quanitites of TRH (2.5--25 microgram administered into either the lateral or third ventricle elicited dose-dependent generalization to the training drug (TRH 20 mg/kg, i.p.), suggesting a CNS mechanism of action for this effect of TRH.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Discriminative stimuli produced by clonidine: an investigation of the possible relationship to adrenoceptor stimulation and hypotension.

In a leverpressing operant procedure, male rats were trained to respond for food reinforcement on one lever after an injection of clonidine (0.04 mg/kg) and to respond on an alternate lever for food reinforcement after an injection of saline. All 36 rats learned to discriminate the drug reliably from saline, thereby indicating that clonidine produces discriminative interoceptive stimuli. The discriminative stimulus was both dose- and time-dependent, with an ED50 of 0.018 mg/kg and an optimum time of action occurring from 15 to 60 min after injection. Although clonidine produced a reduction in response rate, this was not the basis of the discriminative stimulus as other drugs with similar depressant action did not generalize. The clonidine stimulus was dose-dependently antagonized by the alpha-2 adrenergic antagonist, yohimbine, whereas receptor antagonists of alpha-1 adrenergic, beta adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, cholinergic or opioid systems were ineffective in blocking the interoceptive stimulus produced by clonidine Lofexidine, guanabenz and methyldopa, all centrally acting hypotensive drugs that act through alpha-2 adrenoceptor mechanisms dose-dependently generalized to the clonidine cue, whereas hydralazine, minoxidil, propranolol and prazosin, hypotensive drugs acting through other mechanisms, did not generalize. These results suggest that clonidine produces interoceptive stimuli that are discriminable by rats and mediated through central alpha-2 adrenoceptor stimulation.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Notes from "Pavlov's Wednesdays": Gestalt relationships as conditioned stimuli.

When A.O. Dolin's dog Ger was trained to differentiate between metronomic frequencies of 60 (positive) and 120 (negative) per minute, its conditioned salivary reaction to the positive stimulus was attenuated immediately after a test on a more positive stimulus (30 per minute) and that to the negative stimulus was augmented immediately after a test on a more negative stimulus (200 per minute). Pavlov and his colleagues considered explanations based on the relationship between the test and trained stimuli, on reciprocal induction, and on gradients of generalized excitation and inhibition à la Spence. This was just before Pavlov's death, but his last words on the topic leaned in the Gestalt relational direction.

Acoustic Stimulation↗
PubMed2006

Generalization gradients for acquisition and extinction in human contingency learning.

Two experiments investigated the perceptual generalization of acquisition and extinction in human contingency learning. In Experiment 1, the degree of perceptual similarity between the acquisition stimulus and the generalization stimulus was manipulated over five groups. This successfully generated a generalization gradient of acquisition. In the subsequent phase, the response to the generalization stimulus was extinguished in each group. Finally, the acquisition stimulus was presented again. The response recovered differently over groups, thereby establishing the generalization gradient of extinction. In Experiment 2, the acquisition stimulus itself was extinguished before the set of generalization stimuli was tested between groups. One group evidenced a response recovery at test, which suggests that the gradient of acquisition is somewhat broader than the gradient of extinction.

Extinction, Psychological↗
PubMed1994

Insulin omission in women with IDDM.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the extent of intentional insulin omission in an outpatient population of women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and examine its relationship to disordered eating, attitudes toward diabetes, other psychosocial factors, long-term complications, and glycemic control. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS: Before their routinely scheduled clinic appointments, female IDDM patients who were 13-60 years of age completed a self-report survey (final n = 341). The survey included standardized questionnaires assessing disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, psychological functioning (general distress, diabetes-specific distress, and hypoglycemic fear), attitudes toward diabetes, and self-care behaviors. All subjects were assessed for glycosylated hemoglobin within 30 days of survey completion. Long-term complications were determined through chart review. RESULTS: Approximately 31% of the subject sample, representing women of all ages, reported intentional insulin omission, but only 8.8% reported frequent omission. Compared with non-omitters, omitters reported more disordered eating, greater psychological distress (general and diabetes-specific), more hypoglycemic fear, poorer regimen adherence, and greater fears concerning improved diabetes management (which may lead to weight gain). Omitters evidenced poorer glycemic control, more diabetes-related hospitalizations, and higher rates of retinopathy and neuropathy. Multivariate examination revealed only two variables that independently predicted omission: diabetes-specific distress and fear of improved glycemic control ("because I will gain weight"). Of the omitters, approximately half reported omitting insulin for weight-management purposes (weight-related omitters). These subjects evidenced significantly greater psychological distress, poorer regimen adherence (including more frequent omission), poorer glycemic control, and higher rates of complications than did non-weight-related omitters as well as non-omitters. Non-weight-related omitters tended to fall between weight-related omitters and non-omitters on most measures of psychological functioning, adherence, and glycemic control. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that insulin omission is common, that it is not limited to younger women, and that the medical consequences of omission, especially frequent omission, may be severe. Although a strong association between omission and disordered eating was observed, these data suggest that this link may be complicated by important diabetes-specific factors. Patients preoccupied with eating and weight concerns may also become emotionally overwhelmed by diabetes and/or fearful of normoglycemia (and the associated weight-related consequences), thus reinforcing the desire to omit insulin and maintain elevated blood glucose levels.

Adolescent↗