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At least 1,099 records · Page 61Linked to original sources
PubMed1996

Short-term memory in children with Williams syndrome: a reduced contribution of lexical--semantic knowledge to word span.

Williams syndrome (WS) is a genetic syndrome of abnormal neurodevelopment, characterised by a specific linguistic pattern. Comparing performances of WS subjects with those of normal children in a word span task, we found that WS subjects revealed normal phonological similarity and length effects but a reduced frequency effect. Our results suggest comparable phonological encoding mechanisms in WS and normal controls and, at the same time, it provides evidence for an impaired access to lexical-semantic knowledge in WS subjects. This dissociation fits well with the particular pattern of linguistic abilities of these subjects.

Child↗
PubMed1995

Kluver-Bucy syndrome following heat stroke in a 12-year-old girl.

A 12-year-old girl developed Kluver-Bucy syndrome (KBS) following heat stroke. She demonstrated the features typical of human KBS, including visual agnosia, hypermetamorphosis, hypersexuality, language disorder with aphasia, hyperorality, placidity, flat affect, and memory dysfunction. Magnetic resonance imaging 11 1/2 months after onset disclosed mild, diffuse atrophy. Fourteen months after onset, she did not consistently respond to language or communicate verbally, and was dependent on others. A comparison is made with previously reported KBS cases in children.

Agnosia↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Receptive and expressive language skills in children with cri-du-chat syndrome.

Receptive and expressive language skills were assessed in 13 children with cri-du-chat syndrome. Two patterns of performance were found. One pattern was the discrepancy between the children's chronological ages and their presumed language ages. The second pattern was the receptive-expressive discrepancy with reduced expressive skills compared to receptive skills. One implication of these findings is that remediation that focuses on receptive skills may be more effective than traditional verbal methods.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Semantic memory is both impaired and anomalous in schizophrenia.

The integrity of semantic memory in schizophrenia was examined in a reaction time task requiring subjects to verify words as members or non-members of a conceptual category, where the words differed in their degree of semantic relationship to the category. Compared to matched normal controls, 28 schizophrenic patients were impaired on the task, showing slower responses in all conditions. In addition, their performance was anomalous in that they took longest to respond to items that were outside the category but semantically related to it, in contrast to the controls who took the longest to respond to ambiguous words at the borderline of the category. The pattern of 'yes' and 'no' responses of the patients was anomalous in a similar way. In both speed and accuracy of responding, the findings indicate that there is an outward shift of semantic category boundaries in schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

What test should I use?

Appropriate assessment of Hispanic children requires clinicians to have knowledge of the cultural and linguistic factors that influence the communication skills of these children. This knowledge base includes an understanding of variations in the social and linguistic characteristics of Hispanic subgroups. Knowledge of these characteristics provides clinicians with the framework necessary to conduct less biased assessments. Clinicians possessing this framework would be able to conduct assessments that take into consideration the child's social ecology and the impact of dialect, first and second language acquisition, and language loss on the child's communication skills.

Child↗
PubMed2004

Language and memory profiles of adolescents with traumatic brain injury.

The performance of adolescents who suffered a traumatic brain injury in childhood, on language comprehension tasks with varying working memory demands, was examined. It was hypothesized that adolescents with a traumatic brain injury would perform more poorly than their non-injured peers, particularly on those tasks with high working memory demands. A case study design allowed for both group and intra-participant comparisons. A battery of language comprehension and working memory tasks was administered to six adolescents aged 12-16 years. Their performance was compared with six individually age-matched peers with typical development and to the normative data of the standardized tests. Intra-participant performance was examined by comparing results across language tasks that varied in working memory demands. Analysis revealed that individuals with traumatic brain injury performed poorly compared with their age-matched peers. However, the pattern of listening comprehension impairment differed across individuals and marked variability within the comprehension profiles for some individuals with traumatic brain injury was evident. Language comprehension tasks with high working memory demands generally posed the most difficulty for individuals with traumatic brain injury.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Working memory and discourse production abilities following closed-head injury.

PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the relationship between working memory (WM) and narrative discourse production in individuals with closed head injury (CHI). It was hypothesized that those individuals with higher performance on tests of WM would demonstrate better performance on measures of discourse production. RESEARCH DESIGN: Correlation coefficients were calculated among five discourse measures from two story narratives and scores from three sub-tests of the Wechsler Memory Scale (WMS). METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Fifty-five individuals with moderate-to-severe CHI were studied. Participants included 16 females and 39 males ranging in age from 16-69. Narrative discourse samples were elicited from all participants under two conditions: story retelling and story generation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: The results revealed a number of modest, significant correlations (r=0.29-0.39, p<0.05) between sub-tests of the WMS and measures of discourse production. CONCLUSIONS: Results supported the hypothesis. Story elicitation task differences, limitations of using simple memory span tests as indices of WM and clinical implications of the relationship between WM and discourse production are discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1997

Access and organization of goal-derived categories after traumatic brain injury.

This study examined the access and organization of goal-derived categories in semantic memory with a group of chronic traumatic brain injured TBI adults and a group of age and gender-matched neurologically-intact controls. Goal-derived categories are developed by individuals for use in specialized contexts to achieve a goal, such as 'things to take on a camping trip.' Categories were presented to subjects in two task contexts: category verification and exemplar generation. Overall, the TBI subjects were able to accurately identify and organize category exemplars within particular categories. Interestingly, the TBI subjects produced significantly more total responses than the neurologically-intact subjects on exemplar generation; however, a high percentage of their responses (one-third) were inaccurate, consisting of out-of-set responses and repetitions. These findings suggest that difficulties in retrieval may exist in the presence of relatively intact access and organization of goal-derived category structure. The results are discussed relative to deficits in the executive control of verifying goal-directed behaviour and incomplete category representation.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Speech and language therapy service delivery for bilingual children: A survey of three cities in Great Britain.

BACKGROUND: Speech and language therapy (SLT) managers are expected to ensure that there are appropriate services available for bilingual and multilingual clients in order to ensure an equitable service to all clients. However, there is a paucity of data available to inform service planning. AIMS: To identify the level to which SLT services in three UK cities meet the recommendations of The Royal College of Speech and Language Therapists (RCSLT) Good Practice Guidelines. Socio-demographic information is provided about the number of children from ethnic minorities in the population and the proportion of (bilingual) children from ethnic minorities on the speech and language therapy caseload. Based on this information, it is estimated whether there is proportionate representation of bilingual children on SLT caseloads, and whether services are in place to meet the needs of those clients. METHODS & PROCEDURES: Population statistics were gathered from Census data and data were gleaned from Local Education Authorities. The study used a combination of interview and postal questionnaires to SLTs, with particular emphasis on the issues that may affect service provision. OUTCOMES & RESULTS: As in previous studies, it was difficult to find reliable data. However, two of the three cities studied appeared to be offering a proportionate service to both monolingual and bilingual children in terms of the relative numbers of children on caseloads. Only one city was confident that their SLT service was fully meeting the RCSLT Good Practice Guidelines on bilingualism, although all three cities were aware of them and appeared to be making an effort at varying levels to address the principles of those guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for a change in how data on linguistic diversity in society are collected and disseminated, both at a national level and within SLT services, so that informed decisions can influence the future of quality services to minority groups.

Child↗
PubMed2000

Language abilities of 8-year-old preterm children among the northern Finland 1-year birth cohort for 1985-1986.

The language abilities of 42 8-year-old preterm children with birth weight < 1,750 g from a 1-year birth cohort in northern Finland was studied with four different language tests. Control children from the same birth cohort matched individually with their preterm pairs for age, sex, twinship, mother's education, place of residence, birth order and family type were also studied. In psycholinguistic test, auditory skills did not differ between the preterm and the full-term groups. Nor did any other linguistic subtest differentiate between the groups. Instead, the preterm children scored significantly poorer than their controls in visual subtests. The study also showed that the poor performance in visual tests was associated with neonatal morbidity, namely neonatal infections, need for continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatment and patent ductus arteriosus (PDA). When studying the language abilities of preterm children, we suggest that qualitative methods should be used to analyse linguistic skills. We recommend versatile follow-up of preterm children until school age.

Catchment Area, Health↗
PubMed2006

Lost in semantic space: a multi-modal, non-verbal assessment of feature knowledge in semantic dementia.

A novel, non-verbal test of semantic feature knowledge is introduced, enabling subordinate knowledge of four important concept attributes--colour, sound, environmental context and motion--to be individually probed. This methodology provides more specific information than existing non-verbal semantic tests about the status of attribute knowledge relating to individual concept representations. Performance on this test of a group of 12 patients with semantic dementia (10 male, mean age: 64.4 years) correlated strongly with their scores on more conventional tests of semantic memory, such as naming and word-to-picture matching. The test's overlapping structure, in which individual concepts were probed in two, three or all four modalities, provided evidence of performance consistency on individual items between feature conditions. Group and individual analyses revealed little evidence for differential performance across the four feature conditions, though sound and colour correlated most strongly, and motion least strongly, with other semantic tasks, and patients were less accurate on the motion features of living than non-living concepts (with no such conceptual domain differences in the other conditions). The results are discussed in the context of their implications for the place of semantic dementia within the classification of progressive aphasic syndromes, and for contemporary models of semantic representation and organization.

Aged↗
PubMed1993

First impressions count: a controlled investigation of social skill following closed head injury.

This study examined social skills in 14 closed head injured (CHI) patients who were assessed at four months post-injury and compared with 19 orthopaedic control (OC) patients. Social skills deficits were found to be more common in the CHI patients, of whom over half were classified as socially unskilled. CHI patients displayed poorer social skills in the earlier (but not later) part of an extended social interaction, indicating that they make a poor first impression. It is suggested that poor initial impression formation skills may be one reason why CHI patients fail to establish and maintain friendships. Implications of these findings for patient management are discussed. Close others of CHI patients reported higher levels of mood disturbance. Higher levels of close other hostility were associated with social skills deficits in CHI patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1987

Huntington's disease in Colombia: a neuropsychological analysis.

This is the first publication of the presence of Huntington's disease (HD) in Colombia. We studied four families comprising nine adult HD patients and 45 high risk adult offspring; all received complete physical, neurological and neuropsychological examinations. Among affected individuals, intensity of mental involvement varied in direct proportion with duration of the symptoms. The HD patients and some of the asymptomatic offspring displayed similar low scores on standardized tests of memory, language and constructive abilities. Prolonged follow-up of the latter group will allow assessment of the potential value of such tests for early diagnosis. The sequence followed by mental deterioration is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Speech-language interventions in Alzheimer's disease. A functional communication approach.

Alzheimer's disease is a progressive degenerative neurogenic disease that is more prevalent among the old than the young. The primary symptoms are forgetfulness, repetitiousness, losing one's way, and the loss of ability to perform complex tasks on the job. Diagnostic confirmation of Alzheimer's disease is determined by autopsy. As of this writing, there is no specific drug that can stop or reverse the disease. Medical management is focused on treating behavioral symptoms and managing the individual's general well-being. The communication needs of the Alzheimer's client depend on the individual's level of cognition, degree of independence, circumstance, and communicative abilities. Due to their poor rehabilitation potential, the majority of persons with Alzheimer's disease are not suitable candidates for traditional therapy programs. An alternative to traditional therapies is the Tri-Model system. The Tri-Model philosophy of rehabilitation and service delivery systems (Glickstein and Neustadt, 1992) lends itself readily to the needs of the dementia client because the model is designed to maintain the continuum of rehabilitation care for individuals with "red flag" diagnoses such as dementia. Establishing a treatment protocol based on the Tri-Model philosophy of rehabilitation not only assures the individual treatment based on his or her level of functional ability and rehabilitation need, it provides a framework for the rehabilitation specialist to use as reference for the various stages of disability and change during rehabilitation. The Tri-Model System is a decision tree which allows movement in any direction according to the client's needs (Figure 1). Clients, staff, and families are encouraged to set realistic goals at the outset of the rehabilitation program. By delineating three overlapping phases in the recovery process a base is established which allows the rehabilitation professional to appropriately follow the client after discharge and maintain the continuum of care. Since each restorative phase in the system requires the design of restorative programs which address that particular phase of the rehabilitation process and cooperation of an interdisciplinary team, addressing all three phases of rehabilitation at the time of the initial evaluation maintains the continuity of the client's treatment protocol throughout the course of the disease. Inclusion of Restorative III (functional maintenance) assures the continuum of care. The strength of the Tri-Model philosophy and system of rehabilitation is the inclusion of the definition and delineation of functional maintenance, the most neglected and for many clients the most important part of a complete rehabilitation program. When an incomplete definition of rehabilitation is used, questions regarding the efficacy of treatment is common.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Aged↗
PubMed2002

Diagnosis of AOS: definition and criteria.

Presented in this article is a discussion of current progress in behavioral, cognitive, and neuroanatomic definitions of apraxia of speech (AOS). A behavioral definition summarizes the speech symptoms that should be considered diagnostic of AOS with or without co-occurring aphasia and dysarthria. AOS is defined in cognitive terms as an impairment in the translation of phonological representations into specifications for articulation. Progress toward a neuroanatomic definition of AOS will rely on mapping the processes described by increasingly sophisticated cognitive models of normal speech production to the brain. The article describes criteria that have been proposed for differentiating apraxic from phonological and dysarthric disorders and suggests that syndrome-based approaches to the diagnosis of AOS may obscure important differences between individual presentations of apraxic disruption as well as similarities between AOS and other speech-language disorders.

Apraxias↗
PubMed1997

[Acquired aphasic epilepsy (Landau-Kleffner syndrome). Report of 10 cases].

OBJECTIVE: The association of a language disorder with epilepsy is observed in some circumstance, with or without a causal relationship. In Landau-Kleffner syndrome (LKS), it is estimated that the aphasia is directly caused by epileptic discharges in language areas. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Ten children with LKS are studied. The clinical and electroencephalographic characteristics in these ten cases were analyzed. RESULTS: Aphasia was present between 3 years and 6 years 5 months of age (X: 4 years 8 months) in a progressive form in 8 cases and abruptly in 2 cases. The epileptic seizures present in nine children began between 22 months and 7 years 3 months of age (X: 4 years 1 month). Focal, multifocal and/or generalized discharges, unstable and variable, were frequently noted during awake state EEG records and on EEGs during the sleep state in four children continuous spike waves during 75-80% of slow sleep were observed. CONCLUSIONS: We discuss the importance of the different clinical and EEG findings in the evolution of aphasia which condition the longterm prognosis, emphasizing the value of the discharges on the sleep EEGs. This suggests that LKS could be the severe form of a more widespread age-dependent epileptic syndrome that also includes the CSWS (epilepsy with continuous spike and waves during slow sleep) and the atypical benign partial epilepsy. Three syndromes have cognitive and behavioral manifestations and continuous spike waves during slow sleep.

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone↗
PubMed1995

Behavioral genetics: concepts for research and practice in language development and disorders.

This paper is an introduction to behavioral genetics for researchers and practitioners in language development and disorders. The specific aims are to illustrate some essential concepts and to show how behavioral genetic research can be applied to the language sciences. Past genetic research on language-related traits has tended to focus on simple etiology (i.e., the heritability or familiality of language skills). The current state of the art, however, suggests that great promise lies in addressing more complex questions through behavioral genetic paradigms. In terms of future goals it is suggested that: (a) more behavioral genetic work of all types should be done--including replications and expansions of preliminary studies already in print; (b) work should focus on fine-grained, theory-based phenotypes with research designs that can address complex questions in language development; and (c) work in this area should utilize a variety of samples and methods (e.g., twin and family samples, heritability and segregation analyses, linkage and association tests, etc.).

Environment↗