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PubMed1985

In vitro antibacterial activity of imipenem against Pseudomonas and Staphylococcus species. Comparison with thirteen other antimicrobial agents.

The in vitro antimicrobial activity of imipenem against recent clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp. (94 strains) and penicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (50 Staph. aureus and 50 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus) was assessed using the Mueller-Hinton agar dilution method. Results were compared with those simultaneously obtained for amikacin, netilmicin, tobramycin, norfloxacin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, ceftriaxone and azthreonam against Pseudomonas spp., and for rifampicin, clindamycin, netilmicin and cefoxitin, besides penicillin and methacillin, against Staphylococcus spp. About 50 and 90% of 84 Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were inhibited by concentrations of imipenem equal to or less than 2 and 8 mg/l respectively. The in vitro activity of imipenem was comparable to that of ceftazidime and norfloxacin, but superior to that of the aminoglycosides and all the other antibiotics tested, in terms of potency by weight. Among other Pseudomonas spp. only P. malthophilia (2 strains) proved resistant to imipenem. Rifampicin was the most active antibiotic by weight against Staph. aureus but imipenem was more active than clindamycin and, especially, netilmicin and cefoxitin. Imipenem was highly active also against coagulase-negative staphylococci, with some differences related to the high incidence of methicillin-resistant strains. MICs of imipenem in Mueller-Hinton broth correlated with those obtained in agar, unlike the aminoglycosides. There were no significant inoculum effects on MICs of imipenem and MBCs were within one twofold dilution of MICs in over 75% of assays.

Aminoglycosides↗

PubMed1985

[Comparative evaluation of 2 methods--dilution in agar and diffusion in agar--in determining Pseudomonas aeruginosa sensitivity to antibiotics].

Sensitivity of 200 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to 8 antibiotics was studied with 2 methods, agar dilution and agar diffusion. The data obtained with the two methods were in good agreement. The simple method of agar diffusion provided sufficiently precise results in determination of the Pseudomonas sensitivity to carbenicillin and polymyxin. With the use of the correction principle by the "mobile intermediate zone" it also provided sufficiently precise results in determination of the Pseudomonas sensitivity to gentamicin. The necessity of using the reference strain ATCC 27853 of P. aeruginosa in every experiment is stressed. The peculiarities of the data interpretation in determination of antibiotic sensitivity of Pseudomonas are discussed.

Agar↗

PubMed1981

Anti-Pseudomonas immunoglobulin I. Immunization of sheep.

The production of sheep Pseudomonas immune serum is described. The animals were immunized with Pseudomonas vaccine prepared from strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa belonging to seven immunotypes of Fisher's schema. Immune sera obtained from hyperimmunized sheep are characterized by a high level of stabel antibodies with a good protective activity for mice against infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It has been demonstrated that sheep may be used for a long time as a source of immune serum.

Animals↗

PubMed1981

Lectin-bearing protoplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa induce capping in human peripheral blood lymphocytes.

The redistribution of surface membrane receptors and cap formation by pseudomonas aeruginosa lectins (Ps-GAL, which binds D-galactose, and Ps-MAN, which binds D-mannose and L-fucose) was studied in human peripheral blood lymphocytes by scanning electron microscopy. When Ps-GAL and Ps-MAN-bearing protoplasts of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were incubated with lymphocytes, cap formation was revealed by the accumulation of protoplasts at one pole of the lymphocyte. No adherence or capping was observed when intact Pseudomonas aeruginosa cells were used. Pretreatment of the lymphocytes by papain or neuraminidase did not enhance the capping. No capping or adherence of protoplasts to lymphocytes was observed in the presence of D-galactose, while addition of D-mannose had no effect. The inhibitory effect of D-galactose on the adherence and capping in human peripheral lymphocytes by Pseudomonas aeruginosa protoplasts suggests that the Ps-GAL lectin is responsible for both phenomena.

Galectins↗

PubMed1981

Reduced resistance to Pseudomonas septicaemia in diabetic mice.

Antibacterial resistance in a diabetic state was studied using experimental Pseudomonas infection in streptozotocin (SZ) induced diabetic mice. The results obtained were as follows: (1) there was no difference in acute death rate between normal and diabetic mice when infected with Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, a significant increase in the number of bacteria in the kidney and liver occurred at a later stage of infection in diabetic mice. (2) Active immunization with a phenolized vaccine resulted in 100% survival in either normal or diabetic mice; otherwise challenge was lethal. However, the organs examined in diabetic vaccinated mice contained distinctly increased numbers of bacteria as compared with normal vaccinated mice 7 days after infection. (3) There were no significant differences in antibody titre between normal and diabetic ice after infection, but passive protection with immune serum from diabetic vaccinated mice was less effective than that from vaccinated mice. Furthermore, immune serum from normal vaccinated mice exerted protective action less efficiently in diabetic recipients than in normal recipients. (4) The bactericidal effect of peripheral whole blood was apparently lower in diabetic mice than in normal mice. (5) Treatment with insulin restored such reduced resistance to Pseudomonas infection in diabetic mice. These findings suggest that the decreased resistance to Pseudomonas infection in diabetic mice should be ascribed to impaired function of antibody, abnormalities in phagocytic cells and disturbed microcirculation caused by the insulin-deficient state.

Animals↗

PubMed1982

Nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria and their differentiation from Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains and other nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria isolated from surgical patients and environmental washings at a surgical in-patient department were characterized bacteriologically. The biochemical and cultivation features of 156 P. aeruginosa strains, 35 strains of oxidase-negative and 31 strains of oxidase-positive Gram-negative bacteria other than P. aeruginosa were studied. Nonpigmented P. aeruginosa strains and strains with delayed pigmentation accounted for, respectively, 8.3% and 21.2% of the P. aeruginosa isolates. Deviations other than pigmentation deficiency from typical characteristics of P. aeruginosa cultures included absence of the following activities: Glucose and xylose oxidation, gelatin liguefaction, proteolysis on milk agar and some others. Thirty-five strains of oxidase-negative nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria were identified as Acinetobacter anitratus (21 strains), Moraxella lwoffi (11 strains) and Pseudomonas maltophilia (3 strains). Oxidase-positive nonfermenting Gram-negative bacteria (31 strains) were mainly represented by Pseudomonas alcaligenes (11 strains) and Pseudomonas cepacia (6 strains). Other species were isolated in individual cases only. The investigation scheme and tests proposed by Gaislerová (1977) allowed identification to species of most of the nonfermenting Gramnegative bacteria isolated.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed1996

[Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis after depilation].

INTRODUCTION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is usually the responsible agent for epidemics of folliculitis acquired in swimming pools and whirlpools. Sporadic cases of Pseudomonas folliculitis after epilation of the legs are well known by dermatologists, but unfrequently reported in the literature. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a 18-year-old female affected of folliculitis of the legs caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa, after depilation. A meticulous investigation of contaminant sources was performed, and the responsible was the sponge used to wash the legs after depilation. DISCUSSION: Pseudomonas aeruginosa folliculitis after depilation is more frequent than usually reported. A meticulous study of the concomitant source of contamination is essential to avoid recurrent episodes.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed1996

Topical treatment of Pseudomonas sp-infected corneal ulcers in horses: 70 cases (1977-1994).

OBJECTIVE: To determine which antimicrobial agents were most effective against Pseudomonas sp-infected ulcerative keratitis, and identify any trends in the various clinical conditions associated with these bacteria that might assist in effective treatment of the disease. DESIGN: Retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 66 horses with 70 Pseudomonas sp-infected corneal ulcers. PROCEDURE: We reviewed medical records of horses admitted to the George D. Widener Hospital for Large Animals, University of Pennsylvania between July 1977 and December 1994. Records of horses that had Pseudomonas sp isolated from a corneal ulcer scraping or deep swab were included in the study. RESULTS: Aggressive topical medical treatment was successful in 57 ulcers and most likely would have been effective in 5 additional ulcers. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing indicated susceptibilities of 87, 85, and 93% to tobramycin, gentamicin, and amikacin, respectively. Although concurrent fungal infections were identified in only 2 of 35 ulcers examined, almost three fourths of the ulcers were treated with antifungal medications prophylactically. Clinical outcomes of the 70 affected eyes included: excellent vision with minimal leukoma, 73%; enucleation, 19%; blind phthisical eye, 4%; peripheral vision only, 3%; and euthanasia of newborn, 1%. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: Aggressive topical medication with microbial agents effective against Pseudomonas sp can result in excellent vision with minimal leukoma in most horses with corneal ulcers.

Administration, Topical↗

PubMed2005

Evaluation of Etest MBL for detection of blaIMP-1 and blaVIM-2 allele-positive clinical isolates of Pseudomonas spp. and Acinetobacter spp.

The Etest MBL (AB BIODISK, Solna, Sweden) correctly differentiated all 57 isolates of Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas aeruginosa with the bla(IMP-1) allele and 135 of 137 (98.5%) Acinetobacter spp. and Pseudomonas spp. isolates with the bla(VIM-2) allele. The Etest MBL was reliable for detecting the IMP-1- and VIM-2-producing Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter isolates.

Acinetobacter↗

PubMed2001

Molecular analysis of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa regulatory genes ptxR and ptxS.

We have previously described two Pseudomonas aeruginosa genes, ptxR, which enhances toxA and pvc (the pyoverdine chromophore operon) expression, and ptxS, the first gene of the kgu operon for the utilization of 2-ketogluconate by P. aeruginosa. ptxS interferes with the effect of ptxR on toxA expression. In this study, we have utilized DNA hybridization experiments to determine the presence of ptxR and ptxS homologous sequences in several gram-negative bacteria. ptxR homologous sequences were detected in P. aeruginosa strains only, while ptxS homologous sequences were detected in P. aeruginosa, Pseudomonas putida, and Pseudomonas fluorescens. Using Northern blot hybridization experiments and a ptxS-lacZ fusion plasmid, we have shown that P. aeruginosa ptxR and ptxS are expressed in P. putida and P. fluorescens. Additional Northern blot hybridization experiments confirmed that ptxS is transcribed in P. putida and P. fluorescens strains that carried no plasmid. The presence of a PtxS homologue in these strains was examined by DNA-gel shift experiments. Specific gel shift bands were detected when the lysates of P. aeruginosa, P. putida, and P. fluorescens were incubated with the ptxS operator site as probe. kgu-hybridizing sequences were detected in P. putida and P. fluorescens. These results suggest that (i) ptxR is present in P. aeruginosa, while ptxS is present in P. aeruginosa, P. putida, and P. fluorescens; (ii) both ptxR and ptxS are expressed in P. putida and P fluorescens; and (iii) a PtxS homologue may exist in P. putida and P. fluorescens.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗

PubMed1982

Pseudomonas. Clinical problems related to virulence factors and development of resistance.

Pseudomonas aeruginosa has emerged into the limelight mainly as a result of compromised host problems and the development of resistance leading to serious treatment difficulties. The organism possesses virulence factor that produce an effect in certain clinical situations. Changes in local anatomy, often with the presence of foreign bodies, are important (bladder and intravenous catheters, tracheostomy, burns, wounds, and injuries). Deficiencies in immune defense, particularly granulocytopenia, are almost a prerequisite for development of Pseudomonas septicemia and meningitis. The toxic factors of Pseudomonas organisms in combination with a disturbed defense mechanism produce characteristic necrotic skin lesions. A mucoid form of P aeruginosa is a characteristic feature of cystic fibrosis. Resistance of P aeruginosa to antibiotics is very definitely associated with overuse of broad-spectrum antibiotics in hospitals. New and more effective antibiotics may be needed.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗

PubMed1999

Recombinant protein composed of Pseudomonas exotoxin A, outer membrane proteins I and F as vaccine against P. aeruginosa infection.

We have constructed a chimeric protein composed of the receptor binding and membrane translocation domains of Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE) with the outer membrane proteins I and F, together designated as PEIF. The potential of PEIF as a vaccine against Pseudomonas infection was evaluated in BALB/c mice and New Zealand white rabbits. We examined titers of anti-PE and anti-OprF antibodies, and the ability both to neutralize PE cytotoxicity and to increase opsonophagocytic uptake of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strain PAO1, serogroups 2 and 6. The results showed that PEIF can induce antibodies not only to neutralize the PE cytotoxicity but also to promote the uptake of various strains of P. aeruginosa by murine peritoneal macrophages. In a burned mouse model, PEIF afforded significant protection against infection by the homologous P. aeruginosa strain PAO1, heterologous serogroup 2, and the PE hyperproducing strain PA103. These observations thus indicate that PEIF may be used as a novel vaccine against P. aeruginosa infection.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗

PubMed1998

A new metabolic link between fatty acid de novo synthesis and polyhydroxyalkanoic acid synthesis. The PHAG gene from Pseudomonas putida KT2440 encodes a 3-hydroxyacyl-acyl carrier protein-coenzyme a transferase.

To investigate the metabolic link between fatty acid de novo synthesis and polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) synthesis, we isolated mutants of Pseudomonas putida KT2440 deficient in this metabolic route. The gene phaG was cloned by phenotypic complementation of these mutants; it encoded a protein of 295 amino acids with a molecular mass of 33,876 Da, and the amino acid sequence exhibited 44% amino acid identity to the primary structure of the rhlA gene product, which is involved in the rhamnolipid biosynthesis in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PG201. S1 nuclease protection assay identified the transcriptional start site 239 base pairs upstream of the putative translational start codon. Transcriptional induction of phaG was observed when gluconate was provided, and PHA synthesis occurred from this carbon source. No complementation of the rhlA mutant P. aeruginosa UO299-harboring plasmid pBHR81, expressing phaG gene under lac promoter control, was obtained. Heterologous expression of phaG in Pseudomonas oleovorans, which is not capable of PHA synthesis from gluconate, enabled PHA synthesis on gluconate as the carbon source. Native recombinant PhaG was purified by native polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis from P. oleovorans-harboring plasmid pBHR81. It catalyzes the transfer of the acyl moiety from in vitro synthesized 3-hydroxydecanoyl-CoA to acyl carrier protein, indicating that PhaG exhibits a 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA-acyl carrier protein transferase activity.

Acyltransferases↗

PubMed1996

Immunogenicity of a 24-valent Klebsiella capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an eight-valent Pseudomonas O-polysaccharide conjugate vaccine administered to victims of acute trauma.

We measured the antibody response in 10 victims of acute blunt trauma and penetrating trauma who were immunized against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas species within 72 hours of injury. The two vaccines, which were previously shown to be safe and immunogenic in uninjured humans, were a 24-valent K. pneumoniae capsular polysaccharide vaccine and an eight-valent Pseudomonas O-polysaccharide-toxin A conjugate vaccine. The patients were between 18 and 44 years of age, had Injury Severity Scores that ranged between 9 and 34, and did not have chronic infections or malignancies. On days 14 and 28 after immunization, all patients had a response of greater than fourfold to at least six of the nine Pseudomonas vaccine antigens. Half of the patients responded to eight of the nine antigens. Nine patients responded to at least 18 of 24 Klebsiella antigens, and seven patients responded to 22 of the 24 antigens. No important side effects were attributed to the vaccines. The results of this preliminary study indicate that active immunization against potential pathogens is possible in victims of acute trauma.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Immunization of burned patients against Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection at Safdarjang Hospital, New Delhi.

Patients (746) aged one to 60 years admitted to Safdarjang Hospital with full skin-thickness burns over 5%-70% of their body surface were randomly allocated to a group in a controlled clinical trial in which polyvalent pseudomonas vaccine (PEV-01), antipseudomonas human immunoglobulin, pseudomonas vaccine and immunoglobulin, or no immunologic prophylaxis was administered. The mortality rate for 297 patients immunized with PEV-01 was reduced fourfold in adults and more than twofold in children as compared with that for the 263 patients who received no immunoprophylaxis. Children particularly benefited from prophylaxis with immunoglobulin; the mortality rate for children who received PEV-01 was more than twofold less than that for a control group of unimmunized children. In both children and adults, immunoprophylaxis with PEV-01 plus immunoglobulin was less effective in reducing mortality than was PEV-01 or immunoglobulin administered alone. Antibodies measured by passive hemagglutination and by passive protection tests failed to correlate with one another, but all three immunologic regimens enhanced the bactericidal capacity of whole blood against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Klebsiella pneumoniae emerged as the dominant gram-negative bacterial species causing bacteremia in patients receiving immunoprophylaxis against P. aeruginosa.

Adolescent↗

PubMedDate not supplied

The role of exotoxin A in pseudomonas disease and immunity.

Exotoxin A is an extracellular enzyme that is produced by most clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. It is a single-chain polypeptide (molecular weight, 71,000) with A and B fragments that mediate enzymatic and cell-binding functions, respectively. Exotoxin A catalyzes the transfer of the adenosine diphosphate-ribosyl moiety from nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide to elongation factor 2, which results in the inactivation of the latter and the inhibition of protein biosynthesis. Exotoxin A is a potent cytotoxin and is lethal for a variety of animals, including subhuman primates. Produced in vivo during P. aeruginosa infections, exotoxin A apparently causes disease by inhibition of protein synthesis, direct cytopathic effects, and interference with cellular immune functions of the host. Antibodies to exotoxin A provide protection from some of the biochemical, pathologic, and lethal consequences of both experimental and clinical pseudomonas infections. Toxoid produced from exotoxin A is currently undergoing evaluation as a vaccine for possible use in the immunoprophylaxis against pseudomonas disease in humans.

ADP Ribose Transferases↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Host defense mechanisms against pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Pneumonia due to Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with unusually high mortalities. Accordingly, efforts to define better the most important components of lung defenses against this infection are justified as a prelude to defining improved management strategies. In this report, a guinea pig model of experimental aspiration pseudomonas pneumonia was employed for studies of cellular and humoral mechanisms of pulmonary defense. Animals treated with cortisone acetate plus cyclophosphamide experienced decreased survival from pneumonia, and survival rates correlated directly with the degree of myelosuppression. Numbers of pulmonary macrophages and polymorphonuclear neutrophils were reduced in drug-treated animals before impairment of macrophage antibacterial function. Thus, a reduction in numbers of phagocytes alone was sufficient to markedly reduce lung defenses. In additional experiments, normal guinea pigs were vaccinated with a lipopolysaccharide pseudomonas vaccine. Improved survival from pneumonia correlated with high titers of type-specific, heat-stable opsonic antibody. It is concluded that adequate numbers of lung phagocytes, plus type-specific opsonic antibody, represent the ideal status for lung defense against P. aeruginosa infection.

Animals↗

PubMed1984

L-arginine utilization by Pseudomonas species.

The utilization of arginine was studied in several different Pseudomonas species. The arginine decarboxylase and agmatine deiminase pathways were found to be characteristic of Pseudomonas species of group I as defined by Palleroni et al. (1974). Pseudomonas putida strains had three distinct arginine catabolic pathways initiated by arginine decarboxylase, arginine deiminase and arginine oxidase, respectively. The two former routes were also present in P. fluorescens and P. mendocina and in P. aeruginosa which also used arginine by a further unknown pathway. None of these pathways occurred in P. cepacia strains; agmatine catabolism seemed to follow an unusual route involving guanidinobutyrate as intermediate.

Amino Acid Oxidoreductases↗