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PubMed1994

Self-perception and adolescent psychopathology: a clinical-developmental perspective.

The relationship between self-perception and adolescent psychopathology was examined on nine domains of self-perception in a group of adolescent psychiatric inpatients and a comparison group of nonpatients. Inpatients rated themselves significantly lower in four domains, and correlations between symptom reports and domains of self-perception supported a relationship between negative self-perception and psychopathology. Further analysis suggested less differentiated self-perceptions among inpatients than among nonpatients. Implications for developmental assessments and clinical interventions are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Sex, race/ethnicity, socioeconomic status, and BMI in relation to self-perception of overweight.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the self-perception of overweight in the study population according to sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status and to compare the self-perception of overweight among individuals classified as normal weight, overweight, and obese. RESEARCH METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Data from 5440 adults who participated in the 1994 to 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals and the Diet and Health Knowledge Survey conducted by the U.S. Department of Agriculture were analyzed. Data for analysis included self-perceived weight status, self-reported weight and height, and demographic and socioeconomic data. Underweight individuals, defined as those with a body mass index <18.5 kg/m2, were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: Self-perception of overweight was more common in women compared with men and in whites compared with blacks or Hispanics. Both the correct and incorrect perception of overweight was more common in normal weight and overweight white women compared with black women. More overweight and obese white men correctly perceived their overweight status compared with black men. Multiple logistic regression showed that the odds ratio of perceived overweight was significantly higher in women, whites, and individuals with higher body mass index, higher income, and higher education. DISCUSSION: Self-perceived overweight varied by sex, race/ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Erroneous perception of body weight may have important health and behavioral implications. In particular, a considerable proportion of overweight men may be at risk of obesity if they continue to perceive themselves as having normal weight.

Black or African American↗

PubMed2005

Self-perception of physical competences in preadolescent overweight Chinese children.

OBJECTIVE: To compare self-perceptions of physical competences in overweight and in normal weight preadolescent Chinese children. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Three primary schools and a university hospital in Hong Kong. SUBJECTS: A total of 634 children, comprising 558 (462 normal weight, 96 overweight) aged 8-12 y randomly sampled from three primary schools, and 76 similar age overweight children recruited from the community for a diet and exercise intervention programme. MEASUREMENTS: Height, weight and percentage body fat were measured. Self-perceptions of physical competences were determined by Physical Self-Descriptive Questionnaire (PSDQ). Corresponding actual physical competences were measured by physical fitness tests. RESULTS: Overweight children perceived themselves to have significantly more body fat than normal weight children, with poorer appearance, sports competence, endurance, coordination, flexibility, overall physical self-concept and self-esteem, but to be no less healthy, no less physically active and no less strong. Overweight children performed less well than normal weight children in measures of endurance, coordination and flexibility but better in strength. Poor self-perception of physical competences appeared only partly related to deficiencies in actual physical competences. CONCLUSION: Overweight children have poorer self-perception of their physical competences but do not perceive themselves to be less strong, healthy or physically active than normal weight children. Exercise programmes for overweight children could be more effective if designed with the knowledge of these self-perceptions.

Body Composition↗

PubMed1998

Alterations in self-perceptions following childhood onset of spinal cord injury.

Most research into psychological aspects of spinal cord injury (SCI) has focused on adult onset. This is a retrospective study of self-perceptions following a childhood onset of SCI. Self-esteem, depression and self-perception were examined in 86 people who had a traumatic SCI before the age of 16. Depression was measured using the Beck Depression Inventory, and self-esteem using the Culture-Free Self-Esteem Inventory Self-perception was measured using a scale developed for this study, consisting of 20 adjectives, with participants themselves on dimensions of 'As I am', 'As I would be without the injury', and 'as I would be ideally'. The participants' self perceptions of the injured self and the uninjured self were found to be significantly different on only nine of the 20 adjectives. Low self-perception was found to be associated with low self-esteem and high depression levels, but independent of age at injury, level of injury and gender. The change noted by the participants between how they see themselves now and how they would have been without the injury is not as great as might have been expected.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Effect of acute and chronic levosulpiride administration on gastric tone and perception in functional dyspepsia.

BACKGROUND: Altered visceral perception is common in functional dyspepsia (FD). Dopaminergic pathways control gastrointestinal motility, but whether they modulate visceral sensitivity is unknown. AIM: To investigate whether levosulpiride, a D2 antagonist, modulates gastric sensitivity and compliance in dyspeptic patients. METHODS: Eight healthy subjects and 16 dyspeptic patients underwent graded gastric distensions using a tensostat. In dyspeptic patients the same isotonic distensions were repeated during either levosulpiride or saline administration. Eight FD patients were evaluated after 4-week treatment with oral levosulpiride. Gastrointestinal symptoms were evaluated using a 100 mm visual analogue score. Perception was scored on a scale of 0 to 6. RESULTS: Although healthy subjects and FD patients had similar gastric compliance, FD patients tolerated lower tension levels. At the same distending tension levels, levosulpiride decreased gastric compliance and perception score (14 +/- 6% and 38 +/- 10% change, respectively; P < 0.05 vs. saline) only in FD patients. Isotonic distensions exhibited very reproducible perception. Chronic levosulpiride administration significantly reduced dyspeptic symptoms and increased discomfort threshold. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with healthy subjects, FD patients show marked gastric hypersensitivity. In FD patients levosulpiride decreased the perception of gastric distension with an action unrelated to change of gastric tone. Chronic levosulpiride administration significantly ameliorates gastrointestinal symptoms and increases the discomfort threshold.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Preceptors' perceptions of benefits, rewards, supports and commitment to the preceptor role.

The purpose of this descriptive correlational study was to examine the relationships among preceptors' perceptions of benefits, rewards, supports and commitment to the preceptor role. A convenience sample of 59 nurse preceptors in a 400-bed urban teaching hospital participated by completing a four-part questionnaire: the Preceptor's Perception of Benefits and Rewards Scale, the Preceptor's Perception of Support Scale, the Commitment to the Preceptor Role Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Kanter's (1977) model 'Structural Determinants of Behaviour in Organizations' provided the conceptual framework for the study. Three study correlations reached statistical significance, suggesting that commitment to the preceptor role is positively associated with: (a) preceptors' perception of benefits and rewards, (b) preceptors' perception of support, and (c) the number of preceptor experiences. The results have implications for nursing administrators and nursing educators to ensure that adequate benefits, rewards and supports are available to preceptors. Recommendations for developing more effective preceptor programmes are proposed.

Adult↗

PubMed1999

Nurses' perceptions of collaborative nurse-physician transfer decision making as a predictor of patient outcomes in a medical intensive care unit.

This prospective correlational study examined nurses' perceptions of collaborative nurse-physician transfer decision making as a predictor of patient outcomes in a medical intensive care unit, adjusting for risk. The convenience sample consisted of 175 patient transfer decisions. Charts and computerized databases were used to collect patient information, and a questionnaire developed by the investigator was used to obtain demographic data from the 42 medical intensive care nurses. An adapted version of the Decision About Transfer scale served to measure the nurses' perceptions of collaboration and satisfaction with respect to specific patient transfer decisions, as well as decision task complexity, and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation was utilized to adjust for patient risk. Information Processing Theory guided the study. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses first showed that the nurses' perceptions of collaboration were not a significant predictor of patient outcomes. Furthermore, the analysis also showed that decision task complexity and the nurses' years of critical care experience did not significantly moderate the contribution of nurses' perceptions of collaboration to patient outcome prediction. Finally, a Pearson product moment correlation coefficient of 0.28 revealed a statistically significant (P = 0.000), positive relationship between the nurses' perceptions of collaboration and their satisfaction with the decision making process about decisions to transfer.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Child and parent perceptions of stimulant medication treatment in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate child and parent perceptions of treatment with stimulant medication in a sample of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHODOLOGY: Child and parent perceptions questionnaires were completed for 102 subjects participating in a double-blind, crossover trial of methylphenidate (MPH) and dexamphetamine (DEX). RESULTS: Most children viewed medication effects favourably, although 12.7% and 18.8% of children reported feeling worse than usual when taking MPH and DEX, respectively. There was disagreement between the child's and parents' perceptions of response in over one quarter of cases. Most disagreements involved parents viewing the child's response favourably, but the child rating reporting an unfavourable outcome. Side-effects were the main determinant of children's perceptions of adverse response. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial proportion of children with ADHD experience treatment with stimulant medication adversely. Side-effects are the principal determinant of negative child perceptions. Parental report is usually in agreement with child report; however, parental report alone is not infallible in providing reliable information regarding effects as experienced by the child.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1998

Maternal perceptions of labor with fetal monitoring by pulse oximetry in a research setting.

OBJECTIVE: Little research has evaluated maternal experience with fetal pulse oximetry for fetal surveillance. The purpose of this study was to compare maternal perceptions of labor with intrapartal cardiotocography with or without fetal pulse oximetry in a research setting. METHODS: One hundred women with vaginal, vertex deliveries and uncomplicated fetal outcomes were enrolled. The study group was a subset of 50 mothers who had participated in a pulse oximetry trial. The control group of 50 mothers was monitored by cardiotocography only. Both groups were matched for age, parity, weeks of gestation, epidural anesthesia use, and duration of labor. A global measure of maternal perception of labor was established by experience with labor, general attitude toward monitoring devices, satisfaction with monitoring, nursing and medical care, and anxiety, each of which was evaluated separately. The mothers in the study group were also interviewed about aspects related to the fetal pulse oximetry research setting, such as information, movement restriction, discomfort, care, privacy, and safety. The questionnaires were based on a standardized rating scale model, and the interviews were conducted two to four days after delivery. The results were analyzed by chi-squared, paired t test, and ANOVA. RESULTS: No significant differences were observed between the study and control participants in any parameter concerning the maternal perception of labor. Mothers' experiences with pulse oximetry as assessed by interview was overwhelmingly positive. CONCLUSIONS: Fetal monitoring by pulse oximetry in a research setting did not affect maternal perceptions of labor. Mothers' experiences with pulse oximetry were highly positive, suggesting that research in fetal pulse oximetry need not compromise maternal perceptions of labor.

Adult↗

PubMed2003

Defibrillation efficacy and pain perception of two biphasic waveforms for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation.

UNLABELLED: Efficacy and Pain Perception of Two Biphasic Waveforms. INTRODUCTION: We evaluated the influence of the peak voltage of waveforms used for internal cardioversion of atrial fibrillation on defibrillation efficacy and pain perception. A low peak voltage biphasic waveform generated by a 500-microF capacitor with 40% tilt was compared to a standard biphasic waveform generated by a 60-microF capacitor with 80% tilt. METHODS AND RESULTS: In 19 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (79% male, age 55 +/- 11 years, 21% with heart disease), the atrial defibrillation threshold (ADFT) was determined during deep sedation with midazolam for both waveforms in a randomized fashion using a step-up protocol. Internal cardioversion with a single lead (shock vector: coronary sinus to right atrium) was successful in 18 (95%) of 19 patients. ADFT energy and peak voltage were significantly lower for the low-voltage waveform (2.1 +/- 2.4 J vs 3.5 +/- 3.9 J, P < 0.01; 100 +/- 53 V vs 290 +/- 149 V, P < 0.01). Sedation then was reversed with flumazenil after ADFT testing. Two shocks at the ADFT (or a 3-J shock if ADFT >3 J) were administered to the patient using each waveform in random order. Pain perception was assessed using both a visual scale and a numerical score. ADFTs were above the pain threshold in 17 (94%) of 18 patients, even though the ADFT with the 500-microF waveform was <100 V in 63% of the patients. Pain perception was comparable for both waveforms (numerical score: 6.5 +/- 2.4 vs 6.3 +/- 2.6; visual scale: 5.4 +/- 2.6 vs 5.2 +/- 3.1; P = NS, 500-microF vs 60-microF). The second shock was perceived as more painful in 88% of the patients, independent of the waveform used. CONCLUSION: Despite a 66% lower peak voltage and a 40% lower energy, the 40% tilt, 500-microF capacitor biphasic waveform did not change the pain perceived by the patient during delivery of internal cardioversion shocks. Pain perception for internal cardioversion probably is not influenced by peak voltage alone and increases with the number of applied shocks.

Atrial Fibrillation↗

PubMed2000

Association of patients' perception of health status and exercise electrocardiogram, myocardial perfusion imaging, and ventricular function measures.

BACKGROUND: Patients' viewpoint of their health status is increasingly used as an important outcome measure of the success of treatments. Because clinicians rarely formally measure patients' health-related quality of life, the question arises whether noninvasive testing for ischemia can provide similar information regarding physical functioning and general health perception. METHODS: We measured physical functioning and general health status with the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-36) survey in 195 consecutive patients (68% male, mean age 55.6 +/- 11.1 years) referred for exercise testing with myocardial perfusion imaging. The survey was completed immediately before the exercise test. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, the strongest predictor of physical functioning and general health perception was metabolic equivalents. However, the best model, including demographic, clinical, and test variables, predicted only 14% of the variation in physical functioning and 10% of the variability in general health perception. CONCLUSIONS: The variation in physical functioning and general health perception, as measured by the SF-36, among patients referred for exercise testing is not predicted well by the results of the test. As expected, several test results are significantly associated with physical functioning and general health perception; however, there was substantial overlap among individual patients, suggesting that the parameters are poor surrogates for the actual assessment of the domains. If these domains are deemed important to tracking patient outcomes, then they should supplement the current assessments of these patients.

Adult↗

PubMed1993

Gestalt relations and object perception: a developmental study.

We investigated whether adults and infants aged 3, 5, and 9 months perceive the unity and boundaries of visible objects in accord with the Gestalt relations of color and texture similarity, good continuation, or good form. Adults and infants were presented with simple but unfamiliar displays in which all three Gestalt relations specified either one object or two objects-perception of the objects was assessed by a verbal rating method in the adults and by a preferential looking method in the infants. The Gestalt relations appeared to influence the adults' perceptions strongly. However, the relations appeared to have no effect on the perceptions of 3-month-old infants and weak effects on the perceptions of 5-month-old and 9-month-old infants. The findings support the suggestion that developmental changes in object perception occur slowly. These changes, and the organizational phenomena to which Gestalt psychology called attention, may depend in part on the child's developing ability to recognize objects of particular kinds.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

Risk assessment and perception.

Injury prevention efforts often focus on reducing the risk of potentially dangerous activities, facilities or equipment, such as diving, swimming pools or flotation devices. This paper aims to clarify the concepts of risk assessment and risk perception. Statistically, risk denotes the probability of an untoward event, often expressed in terms of potential financial loss. Subjectively, though, risk denotes an individual's perception of the likelihood and the seriousness of an undesirable event. Individual perception appears to be strongly influenced by personal traits and socio-cultural parameters. Risk assessment helps to form the basis for public health interventions. The implementation and effectiveness of these are influenced by individual risk perception. Therefore, preventive efforts need to incorporate and hopefully influence the determinants of risk perception among the target populations. Considering drowning, both hazard and incidence of submersion injuries are underestimated, whereas treatment options are usually overestimated. Consequently, individual risk alertness needs to be improved--drowning remains a ubiquitous risk.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1993

Multidimensional self-perception: linkages to parental nurturance.

Childhood experiences are important for developing self-perception. The present study examined the relationship between parental nurturance and Harter's (1988) multidimensional domains of self-perception as well as gender differences in patterns of perceived nurturance. We had 207 college students complete the Neemann & Harter's Self-Perception Profile for College Students (1986) and Buri's Parental Nurturance Scale (1989). Both men and women saw their mothers as more nurturant than they saw their fathers. We found, consistent with previous findings, a positive relationship between parental nurturance and global self-worth. Nurturance also showed a positive relationship with several dimensions of self-perception. This research underscores the importance of nurturance in the development of self-esteem and the usefulness of a multidimensional construct of self-perception.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Children's physical activity and physical self-perceptions.

The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between physical self-perceptions and physical activity in Canadian school children aged 10-14 years. The sample consisted of 220 boys and 246 girls in grades 5-8. Physical activity was assessed by 7-day recall using the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Older Children. Self-perceptions of physical conditioning, sports competence, strength, body appearance and general physical self-worth were measured by the Physical Self-Perception Profile (PSPP). We found that boys were more physically active than girls and had higher perceptions of sport competence and strength. All PSPP scales were significantly correlated with physical activity in both boys and girls. Structural equation modelling procedures found the hierarchical PSPP model provided a good fit to the observed data, with little evidence of differences between the sexes. Analysis of five alternative structural models of the relationship between the PSPP and physical activity found the most parsimonious model to have significant pathways from both physical conditioning and sport skills to physical activity. Models for the sample as a whole, for boys and for girls were similar, accounting for an R2 of 0.27-0.29 for physical activity. Our results demonstrate that physical self-perceptions, especially physical conditioning and sport skills, are significant correlates of activity in this population.

Child↗

PubMed2006

Control of ventilation, breathlessness perception and alexithymia in near-fatal asthma.

Several studies have demonstrated impaired control of ventilation in some patients with near-fatal asthma (NFA). The objective of our study was to determine a possible relationship between alexithymia (a cognitive processing disorder), control of ventilation, and breathlessness perception in patients who had an NFA attack. We analyzed data from 100 subjects: 50 with NFA, 25 asthmatics without NFA, and 25 non-asthmatic controls. Ventilatory responses to hypoxia and hypercapnia were measured by the rebreathing technique in terms of slope of ventilation and mouth occlusion pressure (P0.1). Breathlessness perception was assessed with the Borg scale and alexithymia with the Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS). No statistical differences were observed between groups in breathlessness perception and ventilatory responses. The mean (SD) TAS score of 63.6 (14.9) in the NFA group was significantly higher than the score of 56.4 (12.1) in the non-asthmatic group (p = 0.007). More subjects with alexithymia were identified in the NFA group (24%) than in the non-NFA group (12%) or the non-asthmatic control group (12%). Although the presence of alexithymia did not correlate with poor ventilatory responses or breathlessness perception, it was associated with a larger number of previous hospitalisations: 6.2 (8.1) in the NFA group and 2.8 (4.8) in the non-NFA group (p = 0.036). In conclusion, the prevalence of alexithymia is higher among NFA patients than among asthmatics who have not experienced NFA attacks. Neither altered breathlessness perception nor ventilatory response to hypoxia seems to play a role in NFA, although alexithymia may favor poor clinical control.

Adult↗

PubMed2006

Workers' perceptions of workplace safety: an African perspective.

This study investigated workers' perceptions of workplace safety in an African work environment, specifically in Ghanaian work places. Workers' safety perceptions were examined with Hayes et al.'s. (1998) Work Safety Scale. Comparative analyses were done between high- and low-accident groups, and t tests were employed to test for differences of statistical significance. Relative to their colleagues in the low-accident category, workers in the high-accident category exhibited negative perceptions on safety. They had negative perceptions regarding work safety, safety programmes, supervisors, and co-workers' contributions. Besides, they expressed less job satisfaction and were less committed to safety management policies. Perceptions regarding management's attitude towards safety between the 2 groups were not of statistical significance. The analyses provided an explanation for the cause of a substantial portion of the high rate of industrial accidents in Ghana's work environment. Implications for safety management are discussed.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2002

Deficits in auditory and visual temporal perception in schizophrenia.

INTRODUCTION: Characteristics of time perception have not been well documented in patients with schizophrenia. The current study investigated time estimation to (1) test whether visual and auditory time perception varied between patients and controls, (2) assess the degree to which patients and controls can differentiate changes in experimental intervals, and (3) explore whether the temporal deficits suggest a general time perception deficit versus modality-specific differences. METHODS: Participants were asked to decide whether temporal intervals were shorter or longer than standard intervals on computer-based auditory and visual temporal perception tasks. Data are presented for a sample of 10 patients with schizophrenia and 10 normal controls. RESULTS: Data suggest that patients with schizophrenia exhibit deficits in differentiating subtle differences in intervals in the tens of milliseconds range, compared to their normal control peers on both auditory (p < .01) and visual perception tasks (p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Preliminary data suggest that there is a general temporal processing deficit in schizophrenia. However, future research using complementary techniques may provide useful information regarding the specific types of temporal deficits that affect patients with schizophrenia and the physiology of the dysfunction.

Journal Article↗