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The injection of different substances into early, unruptured tubal pregnancies is increasingly advocated. In this study, fertility was evaluated after treatment of tubal pregnancy by means of prostaglandins. The overall tubal patency rate was 86.4% and 14 of 20 patients (70%) could subsequently achieve pregnancy.
The Spical strain of the predatory mite Neoseiulus californicus (McGregor) is used as a biological control agent, but little is known about its preferred prey and host plants in Japan. Here we studied the development, reproduction and prey consumption of the Spical strain when fed on eggs of five different spider mite species deposited on both their laboratory-rearing plant and cherry, on which all five spider mite species developed well. The developmental periods of immature N. californicus females and males were significantly affected by the prey species they fed on, but not by the plants. No difference was found between males and females. The developmental period was shorter on eggs of two Tetranychus species than on eggs of Panonychus ulmi. Immature females had a higher predation rate than immature males. Preoviposition period, oviposition period and the number of eggs laid per female were not significantly affected by either the plants or the type of prey eggs. The postoviposition period and total adult longevity were shorter on eggs of P. ulmi than of the other four prey species, but there was no effect of plant substrate. The postoviposition period of the Spical strain was much longer than that of other N. californicus strains or other predatory mite species: the postoviposition period of the Spical strain was more than three times longer than the oviposition period, accounting for more than 75% of the total adult longevity. This suggests that the females need multiple mating to reach full egg load, but this remains to be tested. Total consumption by N. californicus adults was lower for eggs of P. ulmi than for eggs of the other four species, apparently because of the shorter postoviposition period when fed on eggs of P. ulmi. The intrinsic rates of natural increase (r(m)) on the rearing plant did not differ among prey species, whereas those on cherry were significantly different: the value was higher on Tetranychus urticae eggs than on eggs of other species. Only when N. californicus fed on T. urticae eggs, the r(m)-values were significantly different between the rearing plant and cherry (higher on cherry). Thus, the Spical strain of N. californicus could feed on eggs of all five spider mite species, deposited on a variety of plants with similar r(m)-values, suggesting that it could be successfully used to control spider mites in orchards and various crop fields of Japan.
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Eclampsia is a common complication of pregnancy in Ibadan, although its long term effects on subsequent pregnancies is unknown. In a prospective study of 64 women who had eclampsia in their previous pregnancies and were followed up in their current pregnancies, 15.6% of them had recurrent eclampsia, in spite of optimal antenatal care. Of the 18 patients with diastolic blood pressure of 80 mmHg 22.2% or over at booking had antepartum or intrapartum eclampsia as compared with only 2.2% of 46 patients with diastolic blood pressure of less than 80 mmHg at booking. This finding was statistically significant (P less than 0.01), showing that the diastolic blood pressure at booking can be a measure of the potential for developing eclampsia because of the possibility of residual hypertension on which pre-eclampsia may be superimposed. Similarly, there was a significant association (P less than 0.05) between the birthweight of the babies and the diastolic blood pressure at booking, and may be a measure of the effect of vascular effect of pre-eclampsia on the placenta. However, there was no difference in the perinatal mortality rate in this study and the overall hospital figures in spite of the high risk pregnancies being managed. It was concluded, therefore, that the outcome of these pregnancies would depend much on the standard of antenatal care provided for the patients.
OBJECTIVES: Our purpose was to determine the obstetric outcome following a second ectopic gestation in women actively trying to conceive, with a review of the literature. METHODS: Charts of 37 patients coded for having at least two ectopic pregnancies between 1986 and 1989 were reviewed. Duration of follow-up ranged from 7 months to 7 years with a mean follow-up time of 25 months. RESULTS: We report a 45.4% intrauterine pregnancy rate, 27.3% live birth rate, and 36.4% recurrent ectopic pregnancy rate. Review of the literature shows an intrauterine pregnancy rate of 26-50%, live birth rate of 25-31.2%, and recurrent ectopic pregnancy rate of 7.7-40%. CONCLUSIONS: Four of five studies report the risk of a third ectopic gestation is less than an intrauterine gestation. This may prove helpful in counseling patients with a history of recurrent ectopic gestation in choosing IVF or attempting conception naturally.
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Border Leicester x Merino ewes were fasted for the first six days or the second six days of the oestrous cycle preceding mating in the fall season. When not fasting, ewes were grazed with a control group on irrigated pasture. Compared with control ewes, fasting had no effect on oestrous occurrence or fertilization but did reduce the ovulation rate, especially where fasting occurred early in the oestrous cycle.
The first experiment was a 2 x 2 factorial experiment with calf removal (none or short-term) and method of GnRH administration (intramuscularly in saline or subcutaneously in gelatin capsules) as main effects. The durations of the GnRH-induced LH surges were similar among groups but the LH surges were delayed in the cows that received GnRH subcutaneously in gelatin capsules. Calf removal enhanced the GnRH-induced LH release for cows administered GnRH subcutaneously in a gelatin capsule but not for cows administered GnRH intramuscularly in saline. In the second experiment, 191 postpartum suckled beef cows were administered two injections of prostaglandin F(2)alpha(PGF(2)alpha) 11 days apart. After the second PGF(2)alpha injection, the cows were assigned to a 2 x 2 factorial experiment as in Experiment 1 plus one control group. Short-term calf removal (47 h) began 28 h after the second PGF(2)alpha injection. GnRH was administered 30 h after the time of calf removal. The number of cows that ovulated following the time of the GnRH treatment, the number that had abnormal luteal phases and the first-service pregnancy rates among treatment groups within the anestrous and cyclic cows classifications were not significantly different. However, several effects were detected and are reported.
Methods for inducing a fertile estrus in anestrous beef cows suckling calves were explored in three studies. Trial 1 . Eighty-two primiparous and pluriparous Brahman-Hereford crossbred and Angus cows suckling calves were divided into four groups: 1) good body condition, high level of nutrition (GH); 2) good body condition, low level of nutrition (GL); 3) poor body condition, high level of nutrition (PH); 4) poor body condition, low level of nutrition (PL). All cows received the Shang Treatment (S). Following treatment, more cows (P<0.05) ovulated in the GH group (95%) than either the GL (61%), PH (58%), or PL (53%) group. Pregnancy rates were low and were not different between groups following the insemination taking place 54 hours after implant removal or after cows had been bred for 21 days. Trial 2 . One hundred fourteen two-year-old Santa Gertrudis-Hereford crossbred cows in poor body condition were divided into four groups. Forty-nine cows received S treatment and 65 cows served as controls (C) with approximately half of each group fed a high (H) or a medium (M) level of nutrition (SH, SM, CH, CM). One cow in the SH group ovulated and was pregnant 21 days after breeding. The remaining cows failed to exhibit estrus, ovulate or become pregnant. Trial 3 . Cows used in this trial were those from Trial 2 which did not exhibit estrus nor had a palpable corpus luteum present 21 days after implant removal. Cows were divided into 1) control (C), 2) wean (W), 3) wean + Syncro-Mate-B (W+SMB) and 4) Syncro-Mate-B + wean (SMB+W). The percentage of cows ovulating by 2 and 40 days after the start of breeding was similar (P>0.05) in the W, W+SMB, and SMB+W groups but all were greater (P<0.05) than the percentage of cows ovulating in the C groups. Pregnancy rates of cows in the W+SMB and SMB+W groups were higher (P<0.05) than pregnancy rates of cows in the W and C groups by two days after the start of breeding. Pregnancy rates 40 days after the start of breeding were higher (P<0.05) for cows in the W, W+SMB) and SMB+W groups than for cows in the C group.
The first-service conception rate for 74 commercial dairy cows that were given a single injection of dinoprost tromethamine (prostaglandin F(2)alpha THAM) between 14 and 28 d after calving was 56%. For 74 untreated control herdmates the rate was 47%. The average interval from calving to first oestrus was 57 d for treated cows and 70 d for the control group. The difference is significant at the P = 0.017 level. The advantage in the conception rate of treated over control group cows occurred mostly in cows with a blood progesterone concentration of less than 0.5 ng/ml at the time of treatment; this numbered about two-thirds of the cows in the trial. The results support the findings of a previous study.
Sixty mares in transition from winter anestrus to normal cyclicity were assigned to a 3 x 2 factorial experiment to determine the effect of energy intake and percentage of body fat on the interval to first ovulation. The factors were 1) percentage of body fat--thin (<11.5), good (11.5 to 15), or fat (>15); and 2) energy intake--maintenance (100% of National Research Council (NRC) digestible energy requirement for maintenance) or high energy (150% of NRC digestible energy requirement for maintenance). Percentage of body fat was estimated by ultrasonographic scanning of rump fat thickness. Energy treatments began on April 2 and ended on June 4. Mares were teased daily with a stallion and their ovaries were palpated per rectum daily or every third day. A high energy intake was effective in hastening ovulation for mares in the thin group (P < 0.05) but not for mares in the moderate or fat groups. Mares in the fat group had a shorter (P < 0.05) interval from April 2 to ovulation (26.4 +/- 4.2 d) than those in the good or high energy-thin groups (48.7 +/- 2.8 and 49.1 +/- 4.2 d, respectively). Duration of the initial estrus was shorter (P < 0.05) for mares in the fat group (16.2 +/- 5.7 d) compared with mares in the good group (34.7 +/- 3.9 d) and tended (P<0.12) to be shorter than mares in the high energy-thin group (29.0 +/- 5.7 d).
Angus, Polled Hereford and Santa Gertrudis bulls were subjected to a breeding soundness evaluation (BSE) just prior to being exposed to cows for 90 to 95 days in single-sire units under natural breeding conditions on pasture. Forty-eight of 55 bulls subjected to scrotal and semen evaluations passed the BSE and were considered acceptable for breeding. Of the bulls that passed BSE, 18 (six bulls from each breed) were used for breeding for each yr of the 2-yr study. Of the bulls used for breeding, breed of sire differences were significant for scrotal circumference and calving rate, while differences among sires within breed of sire were significant for secondary morphology, motility score and calving rate. The difference between means for bulls used vs bulls that failed BSE was significant for all eight traits. Correlations among various scrotal and semen evaluations were compared for bulls used vs bulls that failed BSE. Of the eight traits, only the motility score was significantly correlated with the calving rate. After the exclusion of bulls that failed to pass BSE, there remained differences (P<0.01) among bulls within breed of sire for calving rate. Thus, there is a need for an additional easy-to-use procedure that would more accurately predict the breeding performance of bulls.
Two experiments were designed to evaluate postlight treatment use of melatonin as a method of overcoming photorefractory response by measuring the lambing percentage of early-postpartum Polypay ewes bred either late in the breeding season or during anestrus. In Trial 1, pregnant ewes (n = 140) were assigned to one of three groups: 1) ambient photoperiod (control), 2) extended light (20 h) from October 21 to December 27, and 3) extended light as in Group 2, followed by supplemental feeding of 10 mg melatonin/head (hd) daily until April 6. Breeding started on February 3 and ended April 9. A greater percentage of ewes given extended light plus melatonin (54%) and extended light alone (45%) lambed than controls (24%) (P = 0.06). In Trial 2, pregnant ewes (n = 158) were assigned to groups as in Trial 1, except extended light was given to Groups 2 and 3 from January 1 to March 11, and Group 3 ewes were supplemented with 10 mg melatonin daily from March 12 to June 10. Breeding started April 18 and ended June 10. Lambing percentage was increased (P < 0.01) by extended light plus melatonin (54%) compared to controls (6%) or ewes given only extended light (10%). The shift from artificially extended light to the shorter ambient light with or without melatonin enhanced the lambing percentage of early postpartum ewes on an accelerated lambing program during breeding late in the season. However, only the more pronounced shift from long days to short days, accomplished with extended light plus melatonin, was effective in inducing out-of-season breeding in Polypay ewes.
Comparative experiments were carried out for elucidate the mechanisms that establish and control sexual behaviour of rams. Fifty-four ram lambs 2 to 24 wk of age were used for each of two genotypes and their crosses. The genotypes examined were the highly fertile nonseasonal D'Man breed and the low fertile seasonal Timahdite breed as well as the crossbreed of these two genotypes. Morphological, spermatological, ethological and endocrine parameters were compared. There seems to be a breed-dependent difference in the luteinizing hormone (LH) releasing pattern after gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulation at a specific prepubertal time period. This in turn reflects a breed-dependent difference in behavioral response in similar stages of physical maturation. The difference in behaviour is much more marked than the difference in physical characteristics.
Adult Moroccan rams of two different genotypes were compared on the basis of seasonality, fertility and sensitivity to gonadal feedback on the pituitary and hypothalamus. One breed with less seasonal breeding and high fertility, D'Man and one with less fertility and marked seasonal variation in breeding behaviour, Bnihsen. Four animals in each genotype were hemicastrated and 9 mo later castrated, to examine the effect of hormonal control on the hypothalamo-hypophyseal feedback system. Nine months after hemicastration the D'Man breed showed higher gonadotrophine values (LH, FSH). The remaining testicule in turn produced more estradiol-17beta but less testosterone in these rams. The testosterone production was increased in the Bnihsen rams following castration. After castration the FSH values increased rapidly in all animals with higher values for the D'Man rams. LH-release was faster in the hemicastrated rams than in controls. This is the first report on differences for hormonal feedback-systems in adult rams from different genotypes. The hormonal feedback-system is less sensitive for adult rams from breeds with higher fertility and nonseasonaly. In addition to that it was found that a difference seems to exist in the regulation for the release of FSH and LH.
Grazing location and biostimulatory treatments were imposed on 55 Brangus and crossbred heifers in a 2x2x2 factorial arrangement. Grazing locations (postweaning) were semi-desert rangeland with supplementation or irrigated small grains pasture. Biostimulatory treatment involved either weekly oronasal application of bull urine or no treatment (control). The duration of bull urine treatments was 8 weeks. Grazing location affected heifer weights from February through August (P<0.01). Rate of weight gain on irrigated pasture exceeded native range (P<0.01). Cyclicity was similar between the location groups before the treatment period. Post-treatment cyclicity rates of heifers were 25 and 78% for native range and irrigated pasture, respectively (P<.01). Twenty-five percent of cyclic heifers grazing native range went into anestrus during this treatment period, while no loss of cyclicity was observed in the heifers on irrigated pasture (P<0.10). Heifers maintained on irrigated pasture exhibited more standing estrus following synchronization (P<0.10), higher pregnancy rates following breeding (P<0.05), heavier fall weights (P<0.01), higher body condition scores (P<0.01), and greater pelvic widths (P<0.05) than those on native range. Cyclic heifers grazing native range had prolactin levels twice those of irrigated pasture heifers. Serum growth hormone levels were not consistently affected by treatments. Heifers which became pregnant while grazing irrigated pasture had much lower prolactin concentrations in serum collected in January than the noncyclic heifers.
A 122-day trial was conducted with grazing beef heifers (N=120; 14 to 17 months of age) to determine the effects of a silastic Norgestomet prototype implant on heifer weight gain and on the suppression of ovarian luteal activity. The retention rate of the Norgestomet implants and of silastic placebo implants, which were either left untreated, or were topically treated with oxytetracycline, was determined. Medication of the placebo implants with oxytetracycline increased (P < 0.01) implant retention rate at both Day 56 and Day 122. Heifers with Norgestomet implants had higher body weight gains during the last 66 days (P < 0.05), and during the entire 122-day trial (P < 0.07) than heifers with placebo implants. Serum progesterone concentrations on Day 111 or Day 112 indicated a decrease (P < 0.01) in percentage of heifers with ovarian luteal activity on the Norgestomet treatment compared with heifers receiving placebos (23.8% vs 87.7%, respectively). The Norgestomet implant has the potential for suppressing ovarian luteal activity while improving weight gain in beef heifers.